World Journal of Experimental Biosciences
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Antibiotic Susceptibility of Clinical and Environmental Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Get PDFPseudomonas aeruginosa isolates resistant to several antibiotics. These bacteria are responsible for different disease in patients suffering from immune suppressive diseases. The ability of these isolates to resist several antibiotics is variable according to different factors. In present study, many isolates of P. aeruginosa were isolated from sputum of patients suffering from respiratory tract infection (PAC1, PAC2, PAC3, PAC4, and PAC5) and isolated from soil contaminated with oil products (PAE1, PAE2, PAE3, PAE4, PAE5, PAE6, PAE7, and PAE8). Susceptibility of these isolates to several antibiotics (ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin/Sulbactam, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefazolin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, imipenem, gentamicin, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, tricarcillin, and amikacin). VITEK 2 DensiCheck instrument (bioMe´rieux) was used to check the susceptibility of clinical and environmental isolates. The current study showed that the clinical isolates were resisted to higher number of antibiotics as compared with environmental isolates. The Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of antibiotics was high for clinical isolates as compared with environmental isolates. Imipenem was the highest effective antibiotic against all clinical and environmental isolates of P. aeruginosa. It can be concluded from current study that the clinical isolates are high resistant to antibiotics as compared to environmental isolates of P. aeruginosa and all isolates was sensitive to imipenem.
 
Optimal conditions of phospholipid produced from Bacillus subtilis
Get PDFPhospholipid contains antimicrobial activity against different kinds of microorganisms. This article aimed to study the optimal conditions for the production and extraction of phospholipid produced from Bacillus subtilis. The result showed that the best production was obtained in NG medium containing 1% glucose, 50 μg/ ml tryptophan, pH 10, inoculated with 10% of bacterial culture and incubated at 30oC for 72 h in shaker incubator. The phospholipid was extracted with 50 % n-butanol three times, 10 % methanol, and then 10 % ethyl acetate. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis for B. subtilis Bf21 phospholipid showed peaks as 3460.06, 3359.77cm-1, 3228.62 cm-1, 2945.10 cm-1, 1728.68 cm-1, 1110.92 cm-1, and 1080,06 cm-1. These peaks indicate the presence of stretching (O-H, N-H, C-H, C=O, C-O, and P=O), which are functional groups present in phospholipid. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis for B. subtilis Bf21 phospholipid was visualized after sprayed with spraying solution, as blue zone on a white background and Rf of phospholipid was 0.7.
 
Morphological, anatomical and geographical distribution studies of species Strigosella africana (L.) Botsch. in Iraq
Get PDFStrigosella africana is wide distribution in Middle East. The morphological, anatomical features and geographical distribution of this plant in Iraq is scanty in literature. Thus, in present study, these were covered. The plants were collected from different districts of Iraq. The anatomical, morphological and geographical studies were conducted in present study. Our study provides first time the anatomical study of the stem, root and leaf of S. africana. Moreover, uniform kind of hairs was described. Three kinds of hairs were found on stem, simple unicellular with thick wall, unicellular hair with a bulge near the base and forked with either two or three branches. While, in leaves three kinds of hair were also found, simple unicellular hairs, forked with either two or three branches and two armed calcified hair, the last one has been described first time in present study. The morphological features of this plant were similar to general morphological characters of its family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). The characters and numbers of nectar glands in S. africana were described first time here. It has pentagonal shape and located in the base of the stamens. Moreover, the number of these glands was six. The distribution of S. africana was all over the studied area (Iraq). Our study proved that the plant can grow on different kinds of soil gave priority for this plant to appear in different geographic area. The present study gave the original information about the anatomical characteristics of S. aftricana and the uniform of hairs and nectar glands. These features may help in classification of this plant. Furthermore, the study shows the S. africana is widely distribution allover the Iraqi districts. The data of this study may help in updating the characters of plants presented in flora of Iraq.
 
Effect of phenolic and alkaloid compounds extracted from Brassica oleracea var. capitata seed on glucose level in blood of alloxan-induced diabetes rabbits
Get PDFBrassica oleracea var. capitata is herbal plant traditionally used in different country to treat diabetes. In present study, the chemical compounds of B. oleracea var. capitata seed were specified by GC-Mass technique. Twenty four compounds were found. From these compounds one phenolic compound [2,4- bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-] and one alkaloid compound (2,3-Dicyano-5,6-diphenylpyrazine) was specified with different concentrations. Alloxan-induced diabetic rabbit was prepared in present study after injecting the experimental rabbit with three doses of alloxan (i.v.). Alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits were divided to two main groups. First group was administrated orally with 0.3 g/kg phenolic compound (test group) while, second group was administrated with 0.3 g/kg alkaloid compounds (test group). The control of both groups was alloxan induced diabetic rabbit administrated orally with normal saline. The lowest level of glucose was observed in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits that administrated with phenolic compound and the significant reduction was observed after 2 h of administration. While, the moderate reduction of glucose level was observed in alloxan-induced diabetes rabbit that administrated with alkaloid compound and the significant moderate reduction was observed post 24 h. It can be concluded from current study the phenolic compound [2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-] that extracted from of B. oleracea var. capitata seed is a good treatment for reducing blood glucose in experimental animal and this compound better is better than alkaloid (2,3-Dicyano-5,6-diphenylpyrazine) in reducing blood glucose.
 
Coating urinary catheter with moxifloxacin restricts Stenotrophomonas maltophilia adhesion in vitro
Get PDFAbility of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia to adhere and form biofilm onto abiotic surfaces is one of important features of clinical and environmental isolates. Ability of S. maltophilia to adhere to urinary catheter in vitro was not evaluated clearly. Here, the efficiency of S. maltophilia to adhere to coated and uncoated urinary catheter with moxifloxacin was evaluated for first time. Pieces of catheters were coated with moxifloxacin. Spectrophotometric method was used to check the moxifloxacin leached onto urinary catheter. Coated and uncoated catheters were incubated with bacterial growth. Viable of bacterial count was used to check the number of adhered bacteria onto both catheters. Significant adhesion of S. maltophilia to urinary catheter (uncoated with moxifloxacin) in vitro was started as early as 15 min post incubation with bacterial suspension (107 c.f.u./ml). Maximum adhesion was observed at 48 h. Pretreatment of urinary catheter in vitro with 50 ug of moxifloxacin per ml for 24 h significantly reduced the adhesion and survival of the clinical isolate S. maltophilia (Sm2). The significant reduce (P < 0.05) of bacterial adhesion was found at each time point (1, 4, 24 h). The current study showed for the first time high efficiency of S. maltophilia to adhere to urinary catheter in vitro. Moreover, the present study demonstrated for the first time that the coated catheter with moxifloxacin reduced significantly ability of S. maltophilia adhesion and biofilm formation in vitro.
 
Lipopolysaccharide antigenic relationship between Campylobacter jejuni and Vibrio cholerae (NAG)
Get PDFLipopolysaccharide was extracted from Campylobacter jejuni and Vibrio cholerae (NAG) by EDTA-heating method. Anti-sera against both LPS was raised in rabbit. Passive hemagglutination was used to check the LPS-antigenic relationship between both bacterial species. The results showed that there is no cross reaction relationship between LPS of C. jejuni and LPS of V. cholerae
 
Immobilization of chitinase on charcoal improves ability of enzyme to hydrolyze chitin
Get PDFThe chitinase is an enzyme has a good ability to hydrolyze chitin in nature. Thus this enzyme plays an important role in clean the environments and in industries. The activity of the free chitinase to catalyze the chitin was evaluated in previous study. The activity of immobilized chitinase on charcoal was not studied previously. In current study, the activity of immobilized chitinase to hydrolyze chitin was studied. Purified chitinase was immobilized on charcoal then the activity of immobilized was checked and compared with activity of free chitin. The results showed that the activity of immobilized chitinase was significantly higher than the activity of free chitinase. The activity of immobilized chitinase was checked at different physical conditions like pH and temperature. Maximum enzyme activity to hydrolyze chitin was observed at pH 8 and temperature 40 OC. The present study showed that the activity of chitinase increased when the enzyme was immobilized on charcoal.
 
Role of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia flagella in adhesion to human epithelial cells in vitro
Get PDFStenotrophomonas maltophilia is an important opportunistic pathogen that affects immunocompromised individuals and has high ability to adhere to different surfaces. In the present study its ability to adhere to human epithelial cells that collected from mouths of healthy volunteers was checked. Clinical isolate (Sm2) used in this study was able to adhere to the human epithelial cells. The involvement of flagella in the adhesion process was evaluated by employing anti-flagellin antibodies inhibitors of adhesion. To achieve this, flagellin was purified from clinical isolate (Sm2) anti-sera were raised in rabbit. The flagellin receptors were blocked by treatment of bacteria with anti-flagellin. Reduced bacterial adherence in presence of flagellin ant-isera confirmed the role of flagella in adhesion to biotic surfaces. The effect of anti-flagellin was in a dose dependent manner. These evidences prove the involvement of flagella in the adhesion of S. maltophilia to human epithelial cells
T-Lymphocytes Subsets in Patients with chronic hepatitis that showed autoimmune phenomenon
Get PDFThis study included 7 patients with autoimmune chronic hepatitis that infected previously with HBV (AIH-HBV), and 16 healthy human as a control group. No significant difference in number and percentage of T- Lymphocyte (CD3+ Cells) in the peripheral blood of patients with AICH as compared with control group. In addition, no significant increase in the percentage and number of CD4+ cells (P < 0.001) was reported and no significant decrease in the number and percentage of CD8+ cells (P < 0.01) was observed. These finding was concomitant with increase in CD4+/CD8+ ratio as compared with healthy control. In present study, it can conclude that the collaboration activity of both cells (CD4+ and CD8+) plays the crucial role in severity of AIH-HBV
Plaque Forming Cell Technique for Counting IgG and IgM antibody-secreting cells in peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Get PDFAntibody Secreting cells are playing a central role in pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases especially in rheumatoid arthritis. There are few reports describe a method can estimate the number of antibody secreting cells in vitro spontaneously. Here were modified the classical method of plaque forming assay to study the number of IgG and IgM secreting cells [Plaque forming cells (PFCs)] without external stimulators in vitro in peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Moreover, the relationship between the IgG and IgM concentrations and number of PFC-IgG and IgM (without external stimulators) was studied. The significant increase of IgG as well as IgM antibody secreting cells [plaque forming cell (PFC) - IgG and IgM) was seen in peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (P<0.001) as compared with healthy control group. These findings were associated with high levels of IgG and IgM concentration in peripheral blood of patients. The current present study besides providing a modified method to detect IgG or IgM secreting cells (PFC) in vitro, it also proved that the high level of IgG and IgM in peripheral blood is associated with spontaneous activity of B-cells.