Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports
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An Appraisal of the Zero-Capital Drug Revolving Funds (ZDRF) Scheme for Surgical, Oncology and Palliative Care Patients at Federal Medical Centre Makurdi (FMCM), North Central Nigeria
No full textAim: This study evaluated the impact of the ZDRF scheme at FMCM on improving access to essential medicines for patients undergoing surgical, oncology, and palliative care. The results indicated that ZDRF effectively enhanced the sustainable availability of quality medicines. However, it did not demonstrate a significant impact on drugs’ prices or patient utilization. Despite these limitations, the ZDRF led to a substantial revenue increase of over 450% compared to the traditional DRF model, indicating its potential as a better alternative for healthcare provision.
Method: The study was conducted at FMCM, through the administration of Open-ended questionnaires to 100 participants, 50 each of staff of FMCM and patients. Records of drug purchases, sales and revenue generated were extracted from the pharmacy and finance departments to compare the performances of both the traditional and ZDRF in terms of availability, cost, quality, and revenue generation.
Study Design: This cross-sectional study that used Open-ended questionnaires’ survey, administered to 100 participants, 50 each of staff and patients through a simple random sampling. The questionnaires enquired about patients views on drug availability, cost, and quality etc. Answers were based on a rating scale of 1-5. An informed consent was obtained through a short communication on the cover page of the questionnaire.
Sampling: simple random sampling was employed to eliminate bias and make the results more generalizable. A total of 50 respondents each of staff of FMCM and patients were recruited for the study. This was simple, fast and made the results more generalizable.
Results: The study found that the zero capital drug revolving fund significantly improved the sustainable availability of essential medicines at FMCM, P=0.000. The study also demonstrated that ZDRF drugs were of high quality, P=0.001. However, it was noted that the ZDRF had no significant level of drug patronage in the hospital, P=0.44. Similarly, the ZDRF did not have significant influence on the price of drugs within the hospital, P=0.15. While the revenue in the traditional DRF over a six month period (July-December, 2012) was 10, 825,683.00 Nigerian Naira, the revenue for corresponding period ZDRF over the subsequent six months (January to June, 2022), was 55,933,212.00 Nigerian Naira, (over 450% increase).
Conclusion: With heavy indebtedness, inefficient traditional DRF schemes, poor healthcare financing, unavailable startup funds (seed Money), and low health insurance coverage, the ZDRF becomes a better alternative to the sustainable provision of essential medicines that are affordable, safe and of high quality. It must not be a one cap fits all. Each state, community, and institution, should be able to identify a DRF model that gives the desired benefits to its people
Assessing the Effectiveness of Government Policies on Youth Employment in Sierra Leone
No full textAims: To assess how well the government youth-employment policies work in Sierra Leone by examining program design features, youth perceptions, and structural barriers to job access in five cities.
Study Design: A mixed-method research design that includes both quantitative and qualitative research methods.
Place and Duration of Study: Between February and June 2025, data collection took place in Sierra Leone, where we purposively sampled urban (Freetown), semi-urban (Bo, Makeni, Kenema), and rural-adjacent (Moyamba) locations to evaluate potential regional differences in policy impact.
Methodology: We targeted 450,000 youth in the age bracket (15-35years) living in the five cites. Stratified random sampling was employed to choose 500 youths (aged 15–35) for the administration of structured questionnaires. 40 stakeholder representatives were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. Quantitative data were processed and analyzed using SPSS (descriptive/inferential statistics), whereas qualitative data were analyzed through thematic analysis.
Results: Nearly 44% of youths were engaged in the informal sector, 29% were unemployed, and 56% lived below the national poverty line. Policies that complied with ILO standards and were well-funded were the most significant predictors of positive employment outcomes, whereas digital access, bureaucratic delays, and high costs limited opportunities. The active involvement of youth improved the perception of the effectiveness of the policy.
Conclusion: The youth employment policies in Sierra Leone have a certain degree of effectiveness; however, they require improvements, especially in areas such as digital accessibility for the youth, slowing down bureaucratic processes, and employing the youth at a higher rate. The integration of the ILO standard, sufficiently funded and designed jointly with the youth into the 2026 National Youth Policy by such projects as a free-of-charge e-portal, a maximum 15-day approval period, and a smartphone micro-grant will be very important for turning the demographic dividend into decent, formal job opportunities
Intercultural Competence, Language Anxiety, and Filipino Language Learning Motivation of Indigenous Students: A Mixed-methods Study
No full textAims: The current research article aims to determine the level of intercultural competence (IC), Filipino language anxiety (FLA), and Filipino language learning motivation (FLLM) of Indigenous tertiary level language learners. It also aims to examine the relationships between IC and FLLM, as well as the FLA and FLLM. Furthermore, the article tries to identify their practical experiences about the variables (IC, FLA, and FLLM), and how these experiences influence the language learning motivation. Besides this, the article tries to identify how the qualitative data corroborates with the quantitative data procured in the study.
Study Design: Mixed methods approach, particularly using convergent parallel design of quantitative descriptive correlational, and qualitative phenomenological research approach.
Place and Duration of Study: Different college institutions in Region XI, Philippines during the school year 2024-2025.
Methodology: Respondents and participants are composed of a total of 413 Indigenous students. Particularly, 400 respondents were chosen through quota sampling; 13 students composed of 6 for the focus group discussion, and 7 for the in-depth interview were chosen purposively.
Results: Indigenous students have a high level of IC (M = 3.97, SD = 0.45), a moderate level of FLA (M = 2.88, SD = 0.99), and a high level of FLLM (M = 4.09, SD = 0.54). Additionally, IC has no significant relationship to FLLM (P = .06, r = .094), however, awareness as an indicator of IC showed a weak positive correlation with FLLM (P = 0.05, r = .142.). Also, no significant relationship exists between FLA and FLLM (P = .342, r = .048). On the other hand, qualitative data showed themes for experiences regarding IC, FLA, and FLLM: intercultural attitude, intercultural awareness, intercultural skills, speaking anxiety, writing anxiety, reading anxiety, instrumental motivation, and integrative motivation. Moreover, themes for how IC influences FLLM, and LA influences FLLM are the following: intercultural awareness as a factor in Filipino language learning motivation, language anxiety affects Filipino language learning motivation, and coping strategies to reduce Filipino language anxiety.
Conclusion: There is predominantly merging confirmation between the quantitative and qualitative data, suggesting there is strong alignment. Although the study also exhibited merging expansion, it led to the understanding of additional dimensions regarding FLLM. This highlights the importance of motivation as a determinant of success in learning the Filipino language
Mate Selection, Caste Norms, and Female Decision-making in Indian Marital Systems: A Systematic Review
No full textIntroduction: In India, marriage is a complicated social institution that is firmly rooted in caste-based, religious, and cultural customs. It is not just a union between two people. Despite changes throughout time, the mate-selection process still reflects and perpetuates structural inequality, especially with regard to gender and caste. Caste endogamy is still a major organizing force in the traditional practice of arranged marriage, which is frequently controlled by family elders and social conventions. In many situations, women\u27s autonomy in selecting spouses is still disputed and constrained, even in the face of increased female education, work, and urbanization.
Objective: The present study examines the intersection of mate selection and the role of women within the institution of marriage in India.
Methodology: Drawing on a wide body of literature from various databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar with the help of particular keywords and phrases such as marriage formation, marriage & caste, obstacles & opportunity in the process of marriage, cultural factors in shaping marriage patterns, age at marriage and marital satisfaction have been used. Conceptual flowchart for the systematic review has been prepared to trace the historical roots of arranged marriages and examines how patriarchal structures and caste-based restrictions have long governed marital choices, often at the expense of women’s autonomy.
Results: The review highlights the gradual but meaningful rise in women’s participation in premarital decisions, especially in urban and educated contexts, along with emerging trends such as love marriages, hybrid marriage forms, and the use of digital matchmaking platforms. It also analyses the extent of women’s role in post-marital domains such as household decision-making, reproductive choices, and financial autonomy.
Conclusion: Despite progress, the review emphasizes that structural inequalities especially those linked to caste, class, and geography continue to limit full autonomy for many women. The findings underscore the need for policy interventions and social reforms aimed at dismantling patriarchal barriers and enabling equitable participation in marital decisions. This study contributes to the broader discourse on gender equality by contextualizing the evolving role of women in Indian marital systems through a multidimensional and intersectional lens
The Comprehensive Guide to the Care and Production of (Serinus canaria) Birds
No full textBackground: Canary birds (Serinus canaria) are considered ornamental domestic birds, were found out in the Canary islands and the Azores islands and the Madeira island. It is distinguished by its melodic songs in addition to its beautiful soft feathers and bright colors and playful personalities. It is one of the birds that are easy to keep and raise at home, due to its low price, easy of care and ownership also that its cage space requirements are small. It is suitable for living in home because adapts easily to family members.
Objectives: This guide aims to provide knowledge and assistance to hobbyists regarding the most important requirements for caring canary birds and supply useful information regarding nutrition, reproduction and the most important problems encountered by breeders who benefit from caring for birds in their spare time for trade and profit for the purpose of economic benefit, as they constitute a source of income, specifically of all ages and genders interested in this field, such as retirees and the housewives and the university and school students and families who raise them for commercial purposes.
Conclusions: We have tried to provide the most important basic guidelines in a simplified way for everything a novice breeders might need to care for their birds, based on our own experiences, and on the answers we found in some scientific books and references. We believe that this comprehensive guide will attract the interest of hobbyists at the local, regional, and even global, given that ornamental birds are often imported to all countries of the world. And loving the birds and trying to gather information about it and the experience and the power of the observation and performing duties on the time are the keys to success in caring of the canary birds
Policy Framework for Responsible AI Deployment in the National Cybersecurity Strategy
No full textArtificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrated into critical sectors, including national cybersecurity, raising both opportunities and risks. Concerns over the effects of AI technology on society are raised by its extensive use. In addition to the increasingly divisive aspects of the impact of contentious technologies, such as robots and mass surveillance algorithms, researchers have drawn attention to the negative effects of AI-based systems today, arguing that the creation of tangible governance for AI cannot wait any longer. This paper critically analyses the United Kingdom’s policy framework for responsible AI deployment within its cybersecurity strategy. Using a socio-technical governance lens, the study integrates Responsible AI principles – safety, transparency, accountability, fairness, and human oversight – with the cybersecurity lifecycle (identify, protect, detect, respond, recover). A systematic literature review, guided by the PRISMA framework, identified 13 relevant academic and policy documents published between 2015 and 2025. Findings reveal that the UK’s principle-based, regulator-led model offers flexibility but suffers from fragmentation, inconsistent adoption, and a lack of enforceable mechanisms. Voluntary guidance, limited incident taxonomies, and governance ambiguities restrict effective operationalisation of secure AI. Comparative analysis shows that while the EU AI Act and US NIST frameworks enforce binding standards, the UK remains reliant on soft law and procurement leverage. Ethical dimensions – including fairness, transparency, and contestability – are insufficiently embedded, risking public trust. The study concludes that the UK must balance its pro-innovation stance with enforceable standards, procurement-led compliance, and international harmonisation. Lessons for the Global South, particularly Nigeria, underscore the need for stronger institutional coordination, AI-specific security testing, and capacity building in emerging AI governance frameworks
Blockchain and Tax Administration: Disruptive Innovations for Compliance and Revenue Collection
No full textTax evasion and administrative inefficiency continue to be significant constraints on the stability of Nigeria\u27s public finances. In this research, the authors explore how blockchain technology can accelerate tax compliance and revenue mobilization using simulation-based modeling. With a calibrated mathematical behavioral framework and Nigerian fiscal data, they evaluate the impact of adopting blockchain technology on the probability of compliance, under-reporting behavior, and detection probability. On a Monte Carlo simulation-paired-sample t-test comparison, the research quantifies fiscal impacts at different levels of adoption. It finds that blockchain-enabled tax systems have the potential to cut the national tax gap by as much as 90%, enhance compliance levels from 55% to 80%, and boost effective VAT collections by up to 25% with a possible ROI of up to 16.7 at mid-range levels of adoption. Sensitivity analysis further indicates that fiscal performance is fundamentally determined by responsiveness of behavior and cost-effectiveness. However, only effective implementation relies on institutional ability, legal backing, and digital preparedness. The research concludes that blockchain is not an isolated solution but a governance enabler whose potential, in conjunction with taxpayer education and governance reforms, can significantly reshape Nigeria\u27s tax administration and revenue
Budd Chiari Syndrome Secondary to Pernicious Anemia: An Acquired Thrombophilia
No full textBudd-Chiari Syndrome (BCS) results from obstruction of hepatic venous outflow and is frequently linked to prothrombotic conditions. Acquired causes such as vitamin B12 deficiency anemia due to pernicious anemia remain underrecognized.
We describe a 61-year-old patient admitted with progressive abdominal distension, diffuse abdominal pain, and lower limb edema. Clinical examination revealed ascites, collateral venous circulation, and hepatosplenomegaly. Laboratory evaluation showed severe macrocytic anemia, low serum cobalamin levels, elevated homocysteine, and positive intrinsic factor antibodies, confirming pernicious anemia. Liver function tests indicated cholestasis and mild cytolysis. abdominal CT demonstrated hepatic vein thrombosis with caudate lobe hypertrophy and signs of portal hypertension. Extensive thrombophilia screening excluded myeloproliferative neoplasms and antiphospholipid syndrome. The patient was managed with low-molecular-weight heparin followed by oral anticoagulation, in association with parenteral vitamin B12 supplementation and diuretic therapy. Clinical follow-up showed improvement of ascites, regression of collateral circulation, and stabilization of liver function after several months.
This case underlines the role of pernicious anemia as a reversible acquired thrombophilia. Cobalamin deficiency induces hyperhomocysteinemia, which is prothrombotic and may trigger hepatic venous obstruction. Identifying this mechanism is clinically relevant, since targeted correction with vitamin B12 can reduce thrombotic risk in addition to anticoagulation. Portal hypertension in this patient was therefore not only a consequence of venous outflow obstruction but also a marker of delayed diagnosis.
Early diagnosis and cobalamin replacement, in combination with anticoagulation, can improve clinical outcomes and prevent recurrence by correcting a reversible prothrombotic state
Level of Perfectionism And The Extent of Burnout Among Student-Athletes
No full textAims: This study aimed to determine the level of perfectionism and the extent of burnout among student-athletes and to examine the relationship between the two constructs. It further sought to identify which dimensions of perfectionism influence burnout levels among athletes.
Study Design: A quantitative descriptive-correlational research design was used to measure perfectionism and burnout and to determine the strength and direction of their association.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at Digos City National High School, Digos City, among student-athletes enrolled in Grades 7–10. Data collection and analysis started September 2024 and completed March 2025.
Methodology: Purposive sampling was used to recruit 100 student-athletes with 1–7 years of competitive sports experience. Two standardized instruments were utilized: the Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-2 (SMPS-2) measuring six dimensions of perfectionism, and the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) measuring three burnout domains. Responses were quantified using five-point Likert scales. Data were analyzed using means, standard deviations, and Spearman’s rho to determine the correlation between perfectionism and burnout.
Results: Athletes demonstrated a high level of perfectionism (overall mean = 3.53), especially in the area of organization, personal standards, and doubts about action. Burnout was found to be at a moderate level (overall mean = 3.00), with the highest values in physical/emotional exhaustion and sport devaluation. Correlational analysis revealed a moderate, statistically significant positive relationship between perfectionism and burnout (rs = .340, p = .01), indicating that higher perfectionistic tendencies are associated with greater burnout symptoms among student-athletes.
Conclusion: The findings show that student-athletes with elevated perfectionistic standards are more likely to experience burnout, even at moderate levels. Although perfectionism can motivate athletes toward achievement, unmanaged perfectionistic concerns—such as fear of mistakes, external pressure, and self-doubt—may progressively increase emotional fatigue and sport-related stress. The study highlights the need for intervention programs promoting healthy goal setting, psychological skills training, and supportive coaching strategies to safeguard athlete well-being
Green Finance and Export Competitiveness: Evidence from India’s Renewable Energy Sector
No full textIn the context of the developing low-carbon global trade climate, this paper explores how green finance affects India\u27s export competitiveness in renewable energy. The study assesses how well green financial mechanisms, policy frameworks, and export performance align during FY 2023–2024 using a Descriptive-Analytical methodology supported by PESTLE analysis and Financial-Flow Mapping. Although India exported USD 4.08 billion worth of renewable products, this amounts for only 0.68% of overall merchandise exports, and barely 16% of national green finance flows are allocated toward export-oriented projects. Green bonds and concessional lending reduce capital costs, improve market access, and promote ESG compliance, as demonstrated by case studies from ReNew Power and Tata Power Solar. This is particularly true for solar photovoltaic goods, which make for the majority of India\u27s renewable exports. The research emphasizes major gaps, including poor coordination between trade and banking institutions, restricted export-linked finance, and growing global carbon-compliance requirements. It finds that extending export-focused green finance, enhancing EXIM Bank’s Green Window, and promoting technology-driven manufacturing are vital to improve India’s position in the global renewable energy value chain