Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology
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Export-Import Performance of Patchouli Oil in India: Growth and Instability Analysis
No full textA Patchouli is a perennial, erect, branched aromatic herb with fragrant leaves grown in tropical and subtropical regions with warm and humid climate condition. It is cultivated mainly for its essential oil which extracted by steam distillation from the tender parts of the dried leaves and stems using a small amount of oil. Patchouli oil is deep orange to amber in colour and has an exotic, heavy, earthy aroma. The aroma of patchouli oil is usually described as a blend of earthy, woody, sweet, and musky notes.
The objectives of study is an attempt to examine the annual and compound growth rates in the export and import of patchouli oil. The time series data of patchouli oil (export-import) collected through Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India for a period of 2001-22 and was analyzed by using growth model i.e., annual, compound growth rate instability and variation.
The results revealed that compound growth rates (CGRs) of export and import both are statistically significant at 1% probability level. The CGRs of quantity export and value export has 14.26% and 15.47% respectively and in case of import CGRs of quantity import is 22.15% per annum and CGRs of imported value is high i.e.,38.28% per annum. It is found that the import of patchouli oil is much higher than the quantity exported. The significant import of Patchouli oil was observed from countries Indonesia, Singapore, Spain and Switzerland. Since, increase the demand of patchouli oil on both domestic and international markets, there is a significant opportunity to enhance production by expanding the patchouli crop area. It is also necessary to increase cultivation to reduce its import from other countries
A Study on the Factors Affecting Purchase Decision for Cheese Analogue Premix in B2B Segment
No full textGlobalization has changed the trend of food consumption in India drastically. Fast foods and processed foods have attracted youngsters to the extent that the ingredients like cheese, mayonnaise, tomato puree and many others have gained extreme popularity. The purpose of this study was to understand the various types of cheese and their alternatives available in the Business to Business (B2B) market with a focus on the types of cheese accepted by the food vendors and their specific properties that are desirable for certain food preparations. The study unveils the concept of cheese analogue which is new in this segment and is used as an alternative to dairy cheese. The study was carried out by collecting primary data from 130 food vendors and 5 producers. The research follows a descriptive research design, utilizing a non-probability sampling method, specifically purposive sampling. The results of this study will offer important new understandings of cheese substitutes, consumption patterns, buying behavior and problems faced by producers in the study area
Farm Diversification in Haryana, India: Case Studies
No full textIn the late 1960s, the Green Revolution enabled India to overcome a severe food shortage and achieve food grain self-sufficiency, particularly in the case of wheat and paddy. Continuous mono cropping system threatens the sustainability of future agricultural production in terms of soil, water, climate and market parameters which warrants a diversified farming system enabling farmers to use their resources efficiently with its ecological benefits. Recent trends in crop farming witnessed a multifold shift towards paddy and wheat specialization in Haryana. So farm diversification is an important strategy to maintain the sustainability of state agriculture. The present study was undertaken to explore the potential of farm diversification in Haryana. Case studies were conducted among selected farmers from the three districts representing three agro ecological zones of Haryana (Kaithal from AEZ1, Hisar from AEZ2 and Bhiwani from AEZ3). The case study included parameters like area and number of enterprises and cost details and net returns from each diversified enterprise. The study concludes that, various methods utilized by the successful farmers specialized in a particular venture serve as the model for fellow farmers who are similarly interested in the same experience. Subsidies, incentives and training programmes of government agencies promoted the farmers to get involved in the allied enterprises. This study highlights the need for incentives and training programmes for further promoting farm diversification in the state
Gender Analysis of Cattle Farmers’ Participation in Cattle Production in Bauchi and Yobe States, Nigeria
No full textThe study analyzed the participation of male and female cattle farmers in cattle production in Bauchi and Yobe States Nigeria. A snowball technique was used in selecting one hundred and twenty (120) sample of farmers comprising forty (40) males and twenty (20) females from each of Bauchi and Yobe States respectively. Data on socioeconomic characteristics and participation in cattle production were collected using an interview schedule between April and June of 2021. The results reveal that male and female cattle farmers in Bauchi and Yobe States were active producers with mean age in years of 48.9 (males), 42.3 (females), 44.4 (males) and 41.4 (females) in Bauchi and Yobe States respectively. Male farmers had more cattle (x=38 in Bauchi and `x=20 in Yobe) than their female counterparts (`x=6 in Bauchi and`x= 2 in Yobe). The majority of farmers (male = 95%, female = 100%, male = 65%, female = 80%) in Bauchi and Yobe States respectively had no contact with extension but all farmers (100%) had membership of cooperatives. Male (`x=11.18) and female (`x=11.25) cattle farmers in Yobe State participated in cattle production more than male (x=9.78) and female (x=8.00) cattle farmers in Bauchi State. Both male (x=0.00) and female (x=0.00) farmers in Bauchi and Yobe States did not participate at all in breeding and artificial insemination. There was a significant difference (t = 2.223, p ˂ 0.05) in participation of male and female cattle farmers in cattle production in Bauchi State. There was no significant difference (t = -0.104, p ˃ 0.05) in cattle production between male and female cattle farmers in Yobe State. There was no participation in highly technical activities like breeding and artificial insemination. It was recommended that cattle farmers should leverage their membership of cooperative societies in accessing adult education especially in cattle production, credits and extension services and seek training in breeding and artificial insemination
Study on Consumer Buying Behaviour of Selective Herbicide in Kurukshetra District of Haryana, India
No full textSyngenta India Pvt. Ltd is a prominent player in the agri-inputs industry, with a focus on high-quality innovative agrochemicals that increase crop yield and quality. The aim of this research paper is to explore the consumer buying behavior of selective herbicide in the agricultural product market. The research will provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing the purchasing decisions of farmers and stakeholders in the agriculture industry. The study will use a mixed-methods approach, including both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. The research will involve the use of surveys and interviews to collect data from farmers and other stakeholders in the agriculture industry. This research paper aims to examine the consumer buying behavior of herbicides, including factors that influence purchase decisions, attitudes towards these selective herbicides. The research used a multistage sampling method and involved personal interviews and questionnaires with 120 farmers. Agrochemical companies used various marketing strategies such as price discounts, field demonstrations, and promotional schemes to generate demand from farmers
Effect of Information Sources and their Characteristics on Knowledge and Adoption of Cultural Practices of the Domestic Floriculture Growers in the Central Province of Sri Lanka
No full textFloriculture industry has become a high-income generating agribusiness today in Sri Lanka. It also brings a considerable amount of foreign exchange to the country annually, which is an important factor for the country’s economy. The climatic variation of the Central Province of Sri Lanka provides a suitable growing environment for different tropical and subtropical floriculture species. There are more than 700 floriculture nurseries in the province. They grow an array of popular floriculture varieties for the local market. The objectives of the research were to identify the information sources, their characteristics, and their effect on technical knowledge and adoption of grower’s cultural practices. Among the growers, 210 were randomly selected. A three-point scale was used to measure the levels of technical knowledge. Required primary data were collected through personal interviews with a pretested questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).
Anthuriums, Orchids, Roses, Foliage, and Mixed flowers were the main floricultural crops grown by the growers in the province. Different percentages of respondents grow different types of floricultural crops (53.8% to 63.3%). The numbers of respondents showed that one grower might grow more than one type of crop. Higher numbers of the growers grow anthuriums (68.5%), mixed flowers (63.3), and foliage (59.0). These floricultural crops have high demands in the local market as well as in the foreign market. Television was partly helpful for the growers (78.8%) as an information source.
The highest mean values of overall quality of information were for the information given by the botanic garden extension staff (16.45) and fellow growers (14.37). The majority of the respondents have received adequate (82%), fully trustworthy (84.1%), fully timely (73.4%), fully useful (81.7%) technical information from the Botanic Gardens extension staff. The fellow growers (43.1%) were also an important information source for the growers. Private companies (1.1%) and radio (1.1%) provided the least amount of information. The relationship between the overall technical knowledge and the overall information sources was significant (p value is 0.007). The relationship between the overall adoption and the overall information sources was also significant (p value is 0.007). Depending on the situation, different information sources provide the growers with trustworthy, useful and timely information. Growers receive quality information from the extension officers of the Department of National Botanic Gardens (DNBG) and the fellow growers. Therefore, it is recommended to provide necessary quality information to the growers through the DNBG
Utilization Behaviour of Digital Tools by Farmers for Marketing Their Produce during Covid-19 Lockdown Period
No full textThe present study was conducted to examine the role of digital tools in agricultural marketing during the Covid-19 lockdown period in Tamil Nadu. The study aimed to understand how farmers leveraged digital tools to overcome marketing difficulties in marketing their produce during the lockdown period. The research focused on the time spent on digital tools, the purpose for which farmers used digital tools, and the awareness of e-commerce web portals for marketing their produce. The research was conducted in three districts of Tamil Nadu, viz., Krishnagiri, Erode, and Madurai, which were selected based on highest production of tomatoes, banana, and jasmine respectively. The findings revealed that the time spent by farmers on phone calls increased for marketing their produce during Covid-19 lockdown period, followed by SMS/WhatsApp/Telegram messaging to engage in direct communication and share information with buyers. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, Digital payment platforms like Phonepe, Gpay, Bhim and E-commerce portals and apps were not used much by farmers for marketing their produce during the lockdown period. Most of the farmers used digital tools for getting market information, arranging transport and labour. However, farmers didn’t use the digital tools for processing and storage purposes., The awareness on E-commerce web portals among the farmers differed among the three crops. None of them were aware about the portals like Jaivik Kheti, Kisan Mandi, and Arya.ag. However, farmers had relatively higher awareness on e-NAM portal. These findings have implications for policy makers and stakeholders in devising strategies to enhance farmers\u27 awareness and access to digital tools and to develop digital interventions for improving their marketing capabilities in times of crisis
Motivational Factors of Learners for Enrolling in Organic Farming Certificate Course through Open and Distance Learning (ODL)
No full textThis study aims at exploring the motivational factors that propelled the learners to join the Open and Distance Learning certificate course. The motivational factors that are influencing the enrolment of learners in the course were: Teaching – Learning process in the ODL study centre, Academic factors of the ODL certificate course, Attractive factors of the ODL study centre and other influencing factors on the motivation of learners to enrol in ODL certificate course. Using a quantitative research approach, a structured survey questionnaire was employed to intercept the motivational factors of the learners using data collected from certified learners of the Organic farming course provided in the TNAU ODL directorate. Results from the application of Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) of 131 valid learners implied Teaching-Learning process, Academic factors, Attractive factors and other influencing factors have significantly motivated the learners to enrol ODL certificate course. Hence, these factors that may affect enrolment of learners and should be taken as the factors that every distance study centre should pay attention to when implementing the certificate programmes
Dynamics of Labour Use in Cotton Farming in India: An Economic Appraisal
No full textIn India, a large proportion of the workforce is still dependent on the agricultural sector (63.32% employment share in 1990-91, which reduced further to 42.61% in 2019-20. A gradual diminishing pattern has been observed in percentage of agricultural workers to the total workforce in the country and it is projected to reach 25.7% by 2050 creating a critical shortage of farm labour. This paper is intended to understand the dynamic changes in the labour utilization, farm mechanisation and labour productivity across the States in cotton farming during the years 2007 to 2019 by using cost of cultivation scheme data. Eleven major cotton growing States have been selected for the study. The data on cost of cultivation scheme of Government of India was used to calculate the changes in crop profitability, labour use, labour costs and labour productivity indices. In spite of increased growth in wage rate, the labour productivity growth is not that significant in most of the States. Selective mechanization wherein the labour shortage is crucial affecting the crop productivity should be identified and given impetus
Preseason Promotional and Extension Activities being Conducted by Research Seed Selling Seed Companies for the Hybrid Maize Crop
No full textOne of the most popular commercial seeds, maize generated Rs. 14.91 billion in income in 2016. The rise in ethanol production and increased usage of maize as animal feed are responsible for the increase in the crop. Currently, only around 25% of maize is used as food grain, with the remaining 75% being used for non-food purposes such as biofuels, animal feed, poultry feed, alcohol brewing, starch-based wet milling, and other industrial uses. However, the enhanced investment in maize by global seed companies would flow into India through technology transfer and Public-Private Partnerships in the next fifty years. The Exploratory research design was used for the present study. The study was conducted in Solapur district. Five tehsil were selected to conduct market research in Solapur district. In each tehsil 10 farmers and 5 Dealers were selected. The sample size was 5 leading markets of the district, 5 dealers per big markets and 10 farmers per big market i.e 50 farmers and 25 dealers. The research instrument used in this project was well defined structured questionnaire for Dealer and Farmer. The main objective of this study was to learn the preseason promotional and extension activities being conducted by research seed selling seed companies for the hybrid maize crop. It is revealed from that, the promotional and extension activities taken by the hybrid maize seed companies for the hybrid maize seed for encouragement of farmers as well as dealers for purchase that seed. At that time 23 farmers responded to the demonstration plot, 10 farmers responded to the advertising, 13 farmers’ response were to the campaigning and remaining 4 farmers response were to other activities taken by the companies. To make data analysis simple, simple statistical techniques like shares (percent), pie charts, and graphs were chosen once the data was systematically classified in accordance with the objectives