Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology
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Growth Trends and Productivity Drivers in Sorghum Cultivation: A Comparative Study of Ajmer District and Rajasthan State (2001-2021), India
No full textSorghum is one of the most important cereal crops in the world. It is India’s fifth most produced crop after Rice, Wheat, Maize and Pearl millet by marginal and small farmers in semi-arid regions. It is an important source of feed, fodder and bio-fuel apart from food. Due to importance of the crop, the present study examined its trends in area, production and productivity in Ajmer district as well as Rajasthan state.
Methodology: Study was based on secondary data collected from Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Pant Krishi Bhawan, Govt. of Rajasthan, Jaipur for a period of 20 years i.e. from 2001-02 to 2020-21. The study had performed by using two methodology. First is, to calculate, compound annual growth rates in area, production and productivity of sorghum in Ajmer district and Rajasthan state by testing Linear and semi log and exponential function of growth rate. Second is, decomposition analysis, which was used to calculate the proportional impact of area and yield on the change in overall output for the sorghum crop.
Key Findings of the Study: In case of Ajmer district, exponential function for area and semi-log function for production and productivity was best fitted. For Rajasthan state as a whole, exponential function for area and productivity and for production, semi-log function was best fitted. Results revealed that area, production and productivity were significantly positive at 4.31, 12.29 and 11.96 per cent, respectively for Ajmer district. For Rajasthan state as a whole, it was significantly positive at 0.93, 7.02 and 12.55 per cent, respectively. Results were significant at 1per cent level of significance. Decomposition of these trends further showed that growth in sorghum production in Ajmer was 59.60 per cent due to yield effect, followed by 32.86 per cent interaction of yield and area and 7.53 per cent due to area effect alone, while, in Rajasthan state, growth in sorghum production was mainly due to yield effect i.e. 67.97 per cent followed by interaction effect i.e. 37.15 per cent and area effect i.e. -5.12 per cent.
Conclusion: Decline in area along with enhanced productivity might be a good sign for sorghum production for the state, still efforts should be put forth to bring new high yielding varieties of sorghum to take the full advantage from the crop
Economic Assessment of Soybean Production in Amravati District: Costs, Returns, and Farm Size Dynamics
No full textThe research estimated the cost and returns of soybean production in the Amravati district of Maharashtra, a key region for soybean cultivation in India. Primary data was collected from 120 farmers across different farm sizes (small, medium, and large) through personal interviews and structured questionnaires. The study assessed the economic dynamics of soybean farming by examining inputs such as human labour, bullock labour, seeds, fertilizers, mechanization, and plant protection costs, and analyzed the output in terms of yields and profitability. The findings revealed significant variations in resource allocation and profitability across farm sizes. Small farmers incurred higher costs, particularly in labour due to limited mechanization, compared to medium and large farmers. The per quintal cost of production for overall farmers was Rs. 4002.20. In contrast, large farms benefited from economies of scale, with lower production cost (Cost C3: Rs. 60,878.89/ha) compared to small (Rs. 62,755.14/ha) and medium farms (Rs. 63,009.94/ha). Medium-sized farmers emerged as the most profitable, showing the best balance between input costs and returns, with a gross return of Rs. 72,597.99/ha. The overall input-output ratio for soybean cultivation indicates profitability, with a ratio of 1.14 at Cost C3. The study emphasized the potential for improving efficiency in farms through strategic investments in mechanization and better resource management. By enhancing productivity, such measures can help bridge the gap between local and global soybean productivity levels and give economic stability to soybean farmers in the region
A Scale to Measure Impact of Front Line Demonstrations on Food Security and Climate Resilience
No full textKrishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) were established to provide essential agricultural education and support to farmers at the grassroots level. These centers play a crucial role in disseminating advanced agricultural technologies and practices to improve the productivity and sustainability of farming. Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs) play a crucial role in agricultural extension programs of KVKs, providing a platform to demonstrate and validate new technologies, practices, and innovations directly in farmers\u27 fields. They are an integral part of agricultural extension services, facilitating the smooth and effective transfer of knowledge and technology from research institutions to the farming community. The present study was conducted to develop a scale to measure the impact of Front Line Demonstrations on food security and climate resilience. We collected 107 statements, out of these 42 statements were selected through relevancy test. Out of 42 statements, 28 statements were retained on the final scale. Reliability and validity of the scale indicates its consistency and precision of the results
Analyzing Food Security Scales: Evidence and Methods in the FAO Context
No full textFood security remains a critical global challenge, necessitating robust and precise measurement tools to effectively address and mitigate issues of hunger and malnutrition. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations has introduce a range of metrics and methodologies to assess food security across different regions and populations. This comprehensive review aims to analyze the current evidence and methodologies used in the FAO context to measure food security, identifying strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement. This review synthesizes data from numerous peer-reviewed studies, reports, and FAO publications, focusing on the period from 2000 to 2023. These tools are examined in terms of their conceptual frameworks, measurement techniques, data collection methods, and practical applications in diverse settings. The FIES, introduce by FAO in collaboration with the Voices of the Hungry project, offers a direct estimate of food insecurity based on individuals\u27 experiences. This scale has been widely adopted due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and ability to provide comparable data across different contexts. he study\u27s findings might be limited by the fact that participants reported their own experiences, which could be influenced by cultural norms or a tendency to answer in a way that is socially acceptable. Despite, these challenges, the FIES remains a valuable tool for monitoring food insecurity trends globally. The GFSI, produced by the Economist Intelligence Unit with support from FAO, provides a comprehensive measure of food security by integrating data on affordability, availability, quality, and safety of food. This index is beneficial for its broad scope and ability to highlight underlying factors affecting food security. Nonetheless, the GFSI faces criticism for its heavy reliance on secondary data sources, which may not always be up-to-date or accurately reflect on-the-ground realities. Furthermore, the index’s focus on national-level data may overlook intra-country disparities and localized food insecurity issues. The IPC, another key FAO tool, categories the severity and magnitude of food insecurity in different regions, providing a standardized approach to assess and compare food security situations. The IPC\u27s strength lies in its multi-dimensional nature, incorporating various indicators such as food consumption, livelihood changes, and nutritional status. However, its complexity and resource-intensive nature can pose challenges for consistent implementation, particularly in resource-limited settings. The systematic review highlights that while FAO\u27s food security scales offer valuable insights, there is room for enhancement. Combining qualitative and quantitative data, improving the timeliness and accuracy of data collection, and incorporating more localized assessments can strengthen these tools. Additionally, integrating new technologies such as remote sensing and mobile data collection can further improve the precision and efficiency of food security measurements
A Study of Acreage Dynamics and Crop Variability in the Horticultural Sector of ODOP Scheme of Madhya Pradesh, India
No full textThe objective of the present study was to analyse the dynamics of acreage of major horticultural crops included under the ODOP scheme in Madhya Pradesh. The research methodology used for the purpose of analysing the data includes absolute change, relative change, compound annual growth rate and coefficient of Variation. For analysis secondary data on area under various horticultural crops was collected from the official website of Directorate of Economics and Statistics, India for a period of 21 years (2000-01 to 2020-21). Nine major horticultural crops were selected in the study which were divided under spices (Chillies, Coriander, Ginger, Garlic, and Turmeric), vegetables (Potato, and Onion) and fruits (Mango and Banana). The change and growth rate of area under major crops were analysed by using absolute and relative change and compound annual growth rate and coefficient of variation. The analysis and research findings showed that area share under most of spices declined except for chillies in Khargone district. Highest growth rate in area under spices was for garlic in Mandsaur district. For vegetables onion showed increase in area in Shajapur and potato in Dewas and Ujjain, and positive growth rate was recorded for all districts in both crops except potato in Gwalior district. While in fruits banana showed considerable increase in share as well as growth rate in Burhanpur district. Mango showed positive growth rate in Anuppur district. The theoretical implications of the study was a decline in area share but a positive growth rate in majority of spices in Guna, Tikamgarh and Rewa. While the majority of vegetables showed positive growth in the state. The contribution of study is in bringing the attention of spice, vegetable and fruit growers towards the real potential of various districts for the growth of spices, fruit or vegetable in that region. This will ultimately contribute in profiting the farmers and increasing their production efficiency
From Field to Feed trough: Examining the Drivers of Feed and Fodder Technologies Uptake among Pastoral Beef Farmers in Kenya
No full textAdoption of technologies and effective management practices in the pastoral beef systems are necessary for improved productivity and resilient agricultural systems. This study examined the factors influencing the adoption of Technology Innovations and Management Practices (TIMPs) among pastoral beef farmers in Isiolo and Kajiado counties. Employing a cross-sectional approach and utilizing the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SURe) model, the research explores the intricate dynamics that shape farmers\u27 decisions regarding three key TIMPs; planted fodder, feed supplementation, and fodder conservation. Using a systematic sampling technique, a sample size of 619 pastoral farmers was adopted. This research seeks to uncover the underlying motivations and barriers, understanding the complex relationships between resource accessibility, socio-economic considerations, and the role of extension services in facilitating technology adoption. The research underscores the importance of addressing specific barriers, including limited access to resources and socio-economic constraints faced by these farmers. The evidence-based strategies derived from this research paves the way for scientifically informed interventions to propel the livestock sector in Kenya towards a sustainable future. The study\u27s recommendations emphasize the need for targeted policies that prioritize market accessibility, technology awareness and information access, thus effectively supporting the adoption of TIMPs among pastoral beef farmers. Implementing these recommendations contributes to strengthening of resilience of the livestock sector and the advancement of sustainable agricultural practices in Kenya
Farmer Perceptions on the Effects of Termites in Kwa Vonza Location, Kitui County, Kenya
No full textAims: This study aimed to assess (i) the perception of Kwa Vonza farmers regarding the presence of termites in their land, (ii) the perceived importance of termites, and (iii) how they control termites in their properties.
Study Design: This study is based on responses to a questionnaire sent to farmers.
Place and Duration of Study: The study took place in Kwa Vonza Location, Yatta Sub County, Kitui County, Kenya, between April and November 2017.
Methodology: 60 questionnaires, each comprising 20 multiple-choice questions, were sent out to farmers. Out of these, 54 responses were received. Where the response did not require a Yes or No answer, it elicited a response from a standardized five-point scale to demonstrate agreement with the provided proposition. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics, in which percentages were tabulated, and frequency tables were generated using Microsoft Excel.
Results: 73% of farmers perceived their land as infertile, with the causes ranging from soil erosion, drought, and mono-cropping. 87% of farmers acknowledged termite infestation in their farms but perceived them as destructive. Termite infestation was attributed to deforestation, drought, and flooding. Chemical control was the method of choice to manage termites.
Conclusion: Kwa Vonza farmers do not perceive termites as of any agronomic significance but view them as destructive agents. Further research to address the complex issue of soil management at the farm-scale level that involves farmers is necessary to fill gaps in scientific knowledge and produce advice for practical use
Preference Analysis of Pigeonpea Varietal Attributes among Farmers and Traders in Kalyana Karnataka Region: A Conjoint Analysis Approach
No full textPulses play important role in the farming economy of Kalyana-Karnataka region. The study was carried out to identify the attributes of pigeonpea varieties preferred by both the farmers and traders using conjoint analysis technique. Multistage purposive random sampling technique was used for selection of respondents. Totally 120 farmers constituting 40 from each districts growing TS-3R and GRG-811 was selected from Bidar, Kalaburagi and Yadgir districts along with 30 pigeonpea traders 10 from each district were selected for the study. The findings of the study indicated that Kalyana Karnataka region is primarily inclined by attributes such as output price, crop duration, resistance to pests and diseases, and yield levels. Farmers prioritize varieties with higher output prices and shorter crop durations. Resistance to wilt and pod borer, along with minimal flower drop, are also significant factors. Farmers aim for yields exceeding 6 to 7 quintals per acre, alongside output prices above Rs.7000. Pigeonpea traders in the study area prioritize moisture content, thickness of seed coat, and recovery percentage for milling. Grains with less than 8% moisture content and thin seed coats are preferred. Recovery rates above 80% and longer keeping quality are also favored, while raw material price holds minimal importance. Conjoint analysis is finding increasing application in the field of market research and wider management decision- making. Hence, in the present study, it was used to measure the farmer’s and trader’s preference for the pigeonpea quality attributes. This study highlights the pivotal attributes guiding farmer and trader preferences for pigeonpea varieties in Kalyana-Karnataka region. Through conjoint analysis, it reveals crucial factors shaping variety selection and market dynamics. Future researchers can leverage these insights to optimize agricultural interventions and enhance crop productivity in similar contexts
Assessment of Safe Vegetable Cultivation at Jashore in Bangladesh: Evidence from Country Bean, Cucumber and Pointed Gourd Cultivation
No full textThe study was designed to assess the present status and methods of safe vegetable production at farm level in selected areas of Jashore during January-May, 2023. For the study ninety sample farmer were selected by stratified sampling from three sub-district of Jashore. Average farm size was 0.79 ha in study area. Farmer doing different agronomic management such as weeding, irrigation, spraying, de-topping, stalking, earthing up etc. Farmer used different methods simultaneously such as insecticide spray, bio-pesticide, sex pheromone, yellow trap, white trap, hand picking etc. for controlling insect pest. About sixty-four percent farmer sprayed synthetic pesticide and rest of them used bio control method such as bio-pesticide (bio-chamak, eco-mac, bio-envir, bio-cin), sex pheromone trap, yellow trap and hand picking for control insect pest in their fields. About fifty-eight percent farmer used bio-fertilizer along with organic fertilizer (manure, vermin compost) and seventy-eight percent farmer used chemical fertilizer for vegetable cultivation. Total production cost of country bean was Tk.3,36,579 ha-1, cucumber was Tk.3,25,915 ha-1 and pointed gourd was Tk.4,40,106 ha-1. Among the cost item labor cost was highest. Average yield of country bean was 30.60 tha-1, cucumber was 30.08 tha-1 and pointed gourd was 41.60 tha-1. Highest benefit cost ratio was cucumber (2.13) followed by pointed gourd (2.07) and country bean (1.50), that means safe vegetable cultivation also profitable. Farmer awareness, havoc attack of pest and insect were the main problem for safe vegetable cultivation. Market facilities, demand, value chain, proper price for organic vegetable, and farmer motivation can promote and enhance safe vegetable cultivation
Determinants of Profit Efficiency among Rice Farmers in Kilombero Valley, Morogoro, Tanzania
No full textFarmers in the Kilombero Valley are experiencing a growing trend towards commercialization seen through the expansion in the cultivated land area rather than agricultural intensification. There is a modicum of information on whether the observed increase in commercialization in the area is associated with an increase in profit. This study used the stochastic profit frontier function to estimate the profit efficiency of rice commercializing farmers and the respective determinants. The study used data collected from 377 rice farmers who were selected by using a multi-stage stratified sampling method. Results indicate that rice commercialising farmers\u27 mean profit efficiency level was 75.65%. This indicates that rice farmers can improve their efficiency levels by 24.4% without increasing the level of inputs used. Maximum likelihood estimates indicated that wage, price of fertilizer, rice area in hectares, and production assets value were significant in determining the profit efficiency of rice commercializing farmers in Kilombero. The study concludes that commercializing farmers in the study area was profit efficient. The study recommends that more emphasis on early formal education in farmers’ society be emphasized for the literate group is more profit-efficient than the illiterate. With the present national educational policy to support education, farming households should strategically take advantage of it as education has exhibited a positive impact on their efficiency. Different services (marketplaces and inputs dealerships) in the area should be improved further to create more room for rice farmers to improve their productivity and profitability