Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology
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Sustainability Analysis of Livestock Agribusiness Area Development in Sukabumi Regency
No full textThis studi aims to analysize the sustainable index and status of the livestock agribusiness area in Sukabumi Regency based on five dimension of sustainability. This studi was contucted in sub-district designated as Livestock Agribusiness Areas (Kagrisnak) in 2012, with the research undertaken from June to December 2019. Some of the advantages of making beef cattle a source of regional economic growth include not demanding high-quality labor, income-elastic products, and employment opportunities. However, the sustainability of the area is necessary to ensure that the commodity contributes to regional economic growth. The result of study showed that the sustainability analysis revealed that the ecological dimension was moderately sustainable (52,77), while the economic dimension was poor (25,17). The socio-cultural (45,06), technological and infrastructural (34,71), as well as legal and institutional (32,63) dimensions were categorized as low. Of the 54 attributes analyzed, 20 were identified as priority attributes due to their sensitivity in influencing the improvement of the sustainability index and status at a 95 % confidence level
Sustaining Online Fish Markets: Service Quality and Loyalty in Digital Seafood Markets
No full textPurpose: The marketing of fresh fish through online platforms has experienced significant acceleration during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in Kerala, India, this study investigates how different dimensions of e-service quality influences loyalty intentions through perceived value and how demographic factors such as age income and purchase frequency shape these relationships in the context of perishable seafood products. Methodology: A survey was conducted among 504 online fish consumers in Kerala, and the data were analyzed using the structural equation modelling technique and bootstrapped mediation analysis. Reliability and validity of the fitted model was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and demographic influences were included as control variables.
Findings: The results show that E-service quality significantly enhanced by perceived value and perceived value strongly predicted loyalty intention, while the direct effect of e-service quality on loyalty intention was not significant, indicating full mediation. Age positively influenced both perceived value and loyalty intention. income negatively influenced perceived value but positively affected loyalty intention, and purchase frequency showed a positive effect on loyalty. These results highlight perceived values as the critical link between service quality and loyalty.
Practical Implications: The research provided profound insights to the online seafood retailers to sustain customer loyalty by focusing on improving e-service quality dimensions such as fulfillment, efficiency, system availability and privacy to enhance customers perceived value. Platforms should also segment marketing strategies by age, income profiles and encourage frequent purchases to strengthen habit driven loyalty.
Originality: This study is among the first to integrate perceived value as a mediator between e-service quality and loyalty intention in the fish e-commerce sector. It extends existing e-service quality models by demonstrating that service quality drives loyalty indirectly via perceived value
An Analysis of Socioeconomic Factors Influencing the Performance of Small-Scale Dairy Farmers in Kericho and Nakuru Counties, Kenya
No full textThis study examines how socioeconomic conditions shape the productivity of small-scale dairy farmers in Kenya\u27s Kericho and Nakuru Counties—two regions central to the country\u27s dairy value chain. Drawing on data from 336 farmers across six sub-counties (Kipkelion East, Kipkelion West, Belgut, Kuresoi South, Kuresoi North, and Molo), the research employs a multi-stage sampling strategy. Data collection was conducted between May and August 2023 using structured questionnaires adapted from the World Bank’s Social Capital Assessment Tool (SOCAT). It applies ordinary least squares regression to identify key determinants of milk output per farmer. Findings indicate that the number of lactating cows (Coef. = 13.864, p = 0.000), access to credit (Coef. = 3.11, p = 0.02), and farmers\u27 primary occupation (Coef. = 1.507, p = 0.004) have strong positive associations with productivity. Conversely, daily feed cost (Coef. = -0.011, p = 0.000) emerged as a significant constraint, negatively affecting milk yields across the sample. Education, household size, and access to extension services showed weaker or context-dependent effects, suggesting that their influence is mediated by factors such as group leadership dynamics or market proximity. The analysis highlights the need for tailored, locally responsive interventions that move beyond input provision and address the structural barriers faced by farmers. Strengthening cooperative governance, improving the accessibility and design of financial products, and supporting resilient feeding systems are critical for sustaining group performance. The study contributes to the current discourse by providing empirical insights to inform inclusive dairy development in high-potential rural areas
Forms, Risk Factors, and Coping Strategies of Gender-Based Violence among Women in Agricultural Firms in Ondo State
No full textGlobally, there are growing concern on Gender-Based Violence (GBV), its emergence and resultant effects and coping strategies have been sparsely researched and documented. Gender Based Violence simply refers to a harmful act directed at individuals based on their gender, which includes but not limited to physical, sexual, emotional, and economic abuse. The study identified common forms, explored the risk factors, and assessed coping strategies of GBV in Akure, Ondo State. A two-stage sampling technique was used to select one hundred and twenty respondents but feedback was received from only a hundred and ten respondents. Primary data were obtained using a structured questionnaire and analyzed with descriptive statistics, chi-square, and factor analysis. Results showed that the most common forms of GBV reported were physical violence, sexual violence, emotional abuse, economic violence, and verbal abuse. Also, major risk factors were cultural norms, poverty, and organizational factors. Coping strategies included family and friends support and finding a solution. Chi-square results indicated a significant relationship between income and coping strategies. The study concluded that GBV driven by poverty, cultural norms, and weak support systems undermines the livelihood and wellbeing of women. It was recommended that women gender policy should be institutionalized in the state by the state Ministry for Women affairs and Social Development to enable women understand their rights and all aspect of GBV in workplace and in Nigeria.
Globally, there are growing concern on Gender-Based Violence (GBV), its emergence and resultant effects and coping strategies have been sparsely researched and documented. Gender Based Violence simply refers to a harmful act directed at individuals based on their gender, which includes but not limited to physical, sexual, emotional, and economic abuse. The study identified common forms, explored the risk factors, and assessed coping strategies of GBV in Akure, Ondo State. A two-stage sampling technique was used to select one hundred and twenty respondents but feedback was received from only a hundred and ten respondents. Primary data were obtained using a structured questionnaire and analyzed with descriptive statistics, chi-square, and factor analysis. Results showed that the most common forms of GBV reported were physical violence, sexual violence, emotional abuse, economic violence, and verbal abuse. Also, major risk factors were cultural norms, poverty, and organizational factors. Coping strategies included family and friends support and finding a solution. Chi-square results indicated a significant relationship between income and coping strategies. The study concluded that GBV driven by poverty, cultural norms, and weak support systems undermines the livelihood and wellbeing of women. It was recommended that women gender policy should be institutionalized in the state by the state Ministry for Women affairs and Social Development to enable women understand their rights and all aspect of GBV in workplace and in Nigeria
Livelihood Security Analysis of IWMP (Integrated Watershed Management Programme) Beneficiaries in Kerala, India
No full textIWMP (Integrated Watershed Management Programme) is a participatory approach for natural resource management and livelihood enhancement for rural development in rainfed tracts of India. The scheme is initially launched by the Government of India in 2009 and made as component of PMKSY (Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana) in 2015. In Kerala, IWMP is executed by the Department of Rural Development. Kerala is the only state where IWMP is being implemented exclusively through the complete involvement of local self government organizations and local population in all stages of watershed development. In this backdrop, the study was conducted in three watersheds representing north, south and central zones of Kerala to analyze the livelihood security of beneficiaries in IWMP during 2022-2023. The livelihood assets pentagon framework proposed by FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) is conceptualized for the study. A livelihood security index was computed by compiling five categories of assets, such as human capital, social capital, natural capital, physical capital and financial capital. Most of the beneficiaries had medium level of capital assets possession for livelihood creation whereas half of them had medium livelihood security. This was highest in the Mamoodu watershed and not much variation for others was verified by Kruskal-Wallis test. Kendall’s coefficient of concordance exposed that human capital had highly influenced the livelihood security of beneficiaries in Mundyanum watershed and Allanchery padam-Kallan thodu watershed however financial capital had the highest contribution in the Mamoodu watershed
Cybersecurity Threats in Digital Agriculture: A Systematic Review on Emerging Risks and Protective Strategies for Farmers
No full textThe rapid digitization of agriculture-driven by the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), drones and cloud-based farm management systems-has significantly enhanced productivity, precision and sustainability. However, this technological integration has concurrently exposed the agricultural sector to escalating cybersecurity threats. This systematic review synthesizes evidence from 100 peer-reviewed and grey literature sources (2013–2025) to identify, categorize and analyze cyber risks specific to digital farming ecosystems. Following PRISMA-inspired screening protocols, 78 studies met inclusion criteria based on relevance, methodological rigor and geographic diversity. Findings reveal that ransomware, phishing, denial-of-service (DoS) and IoT-based attacks are the most prevalent threats with documented cases causing operational disruptions, livestock loss, financial fraud and supply chain paralysis—as observed in incidents involving AGCO (USA), Federated Co-op (Canada) and Swiss dairy farms. Critically, smallholder farmers in developing economies such as India remain highly vulnerable due to low digital literacy and inadequate infrastructure. This review makes a unique contribution by integrating technological, policy and farmer-centric perspectives to provide a holistic understanding of cybersecurity within Agriculture 4.0. It evaluates existing mitigation frameworks, including India’s National Cyber Security Policy (2013) and Digital Agriculture Mission (2021–2025), while proposing advanced solutions such as AI-driven threat detection, blockchain-secured data ledgers, and cyber-resilient agritech design. A 13-point cybersecurity protocol for farmers is validated through empirical case studies. The study concludes that implementing these measures through collaborative policymaking, targeted digital literacy initiatives, and secure-by-design agritech systems can significantly strengthen cyber resilience in agriculture, ensuring both technological progress and farmer protection. This work fills a critical gap in agrarian cybersecurity literature and offers actionable insights for policymakers, extension services, and technology developers
An Approach to Cropping Intensification in the Drought-Prone Northern Areas of Bangladesh: Cultivation of Shorter Duration Crops using Agricultural Machines in Farming Operations
No full textIn the face of high-frequency drought in the northern parts of Bangladesh, cropping intensification has been an important indicator for the life and livelihoods of its inhabitants. The study assessed cropping intensity and its determinants at the farmers’ level in Bogura district, Bangladesh. Policymakers and agricultural extension service providers should be able to use the study\u27s findings to build an efficient extension strategy for enhanced increase productivity in drought-prone areas. Data were collected between November 2023 to April 2024 from 105 randomly selected farmers of four villages of two adjacent upazilas, namely Kahalu and Bogura sadar of Bogura district under the Barind tract- the hottest and the driest area in the country. This mixed-method study utilized both qualitative and quantitative approaches, including focus groups and a cross-sectional survey. To analyze the data from the household survey, correlation coefficients and descriptive statistical techniques were applied. The results indicated that the respondents had an average harvesting intensity of 277.9%, with values ranging from 200% to 300% Results revealed that the cropping intensity of the respondents ranged from 200% to 300%, with an average of 277.9%. The overwhelming majority (87.6%) of the respondents achieved a cropping intensity ranging from 263% to 300%, while 12.4% were below the range. The results also unearthed the facts that some of the socio-economic characteristics of respondents, like education level (r=0.652), access to media (0.584**), and annual income (0.194*), were significantly associated with the cropping intensity. To this, availability of inputs (0.904**), growing of short duration crops (0.802***), use of agricultural machineries (0.707**) in various farming operations like tilling, lifting of underground water for irrigation, harvesting and post-harvest activities, easy marketing facilities (0.202*) and adequacy of ground water for irrigation (0.198*) were significantly associated. The results suggest that cropping intensity in the drought-prone areas may further be enhanced through intensive use of agricultural machinery in various farming activities with cultivation of shorter duration varieties of Boro rice, T. Aman, mustard, potato and vegetables
Transaction Costs in Agriculture Inputs Procurement: Evidence from Farmer Producer Companies in Kolar District of Karnataka
No full textThe present study was undertaken in Kolar district of Karnataka state during 2021-22 to evaluate the economic benefits of members over non-members of Farmer Producer Companies (FPCs) in the purchase of agriculture inputs. A sample of 30 members each from six villages of Masti Venkatesh Iyengar Horticultural Farmer\u27s Producer Company Limited-Malur (MVHFPCL) and Holur Horticulture Farmer\u27s Producer Company Limited (HGFPCL) jurisdiction and 40 non-members from FPC jurisdiction were selected for the study. The findings of the study have shown that the prices of all agriculture inputs supplied by FPCs were less by two to three per cent compared to retailers in the market. The cumulative savings due to transaction costs (distance & time) for the purchase of agriculture inputs by members of HHFPCL and MVHPCL over non-members was ₹ 752.06 and ₹ 428.00 respectively. The incremental benefits realized through the purchase of agriculture inputs from FPCs by the members have helped reduce the production cost to the tune of ₹ 11,327. FPCs as an institutional model have helped farmers in reducing the transaction costs of the purchase of agriculture inputs. 
Economics of Seed Spices in Gujarat: Analyzing Parity of Cost, Price, and Income
No full textThis study analyzes the cost, price, and income parity in three major seed spices cultivated in Gujarat by examining indices of average input prices, Farm Harvest Prices, cost of production, and gross income to evaluate the profitability and challenges faced by farmers. The secondary data on input cost, cost of production and gross income were collected for the period of eleven years from 2011-12 to 2021-22 from the reports of “The Scheme for Farm Cost Studies of Important Crops in Gujarat State” and “The Scheme for Creating a Permanent Machinery for studying Cost of Cultivation/ Production of Principal crops grown in Gujarat state, further analysis of parity indices were estimated by taking 2011-12 as base year. The results indicate that for cumin crop, input prices grew significantly, while farm harvest prices exhibited a non-significant increase. Parity indices between Farm Harvest Prices and input prices remained below 100, indicating that farm harvest prices did not cover rising input costs. However, in years like 2016-17, 2018-19, and 2021-22, the farm harvest price and gross income were favorable, indicating profitability for farmers. In fennel, input prices and production costs showed significant growth, while farm harvest prices and gross income had minimal increases. Parity indices suggested that farm harvest prices were insufficient to cover rising costs in most years, though 2012-13 and 2021-22 were favorable for farmers in terms of both price and income. Coriander, with significant growth in input prices, showed a slight increase in farm harvest prices and a decrease in production costs. Parity indices indicated that the farm harvest price consistently exceeded input prices and the cost of production, ensuring favorable profitability and encouraging investment in coriander cultivation. Overall, the findings underscore the need for policy interventions to stabilize farm harvest prices and control input cost inflation, ensuring sustained profitability for farmers growing seed spices
Analyzing Extension and Advisory Service Delivery Dynamics in Nepal through Social Network Analysis Lens: A Comparative Study
No full textAims: Amid the changes in extension and advisory service delivery after federalism in Nepal. The existing players and new players in the network influence the flow and accessibility of services, providing both opportunities and challenges. However, very few studies have been carried out. So, this research was designed to analyze the perception and diffusion flow dynamics/pattern (mediators) of public extension and advisory services at the local/municipal level in Nepal.
Study Design: A cross-sectional research approach with a convergent parallel mixed-method research design was used.
Methodology: A field survey was carried out by selecting 200 stakeholders using a simple random sampling method, 22 key informant interviews, and 4 focus group discussions at Chandragiri and Dakshinkali municipalities.
Results: The five-point Likert Scale (13 constructs), social network analysis, and community network map revealed that the EAS network with progressive farmers (CB= 2384.94), agriculture section (CB= 1134.8), input suppliers (CB= 855.21), farmers group (CB= 511.7), and social actors (CB= 452.58) as strong mediators, had a poor perception toward current public extension and advisory services. The EAS network with agriculture section (CB= 2292), farmers group (CB= 2199.5), input suppliers (CB= 584.32,) and progressive farmers (CB= 481.9) as their strong mediators in the EAS network perceive the public EAS slightly positively.
Conclusion: The research concludes that the stakeholders often neglected by government institutions but perceived strong mediators in the EAS network must be identified and prioritized for effective service delivery. The study could be a basis for the stakeholders\u27 identification and management in the service delivery framework of public extension and advisory service delivery at the municipal/local level