Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology
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A Review on Agro-Tourism: Way to Sustainable Development
No full textAgro-tourism is an upcoming trend in the tourism industry. It serves as an opportunity for socio-economic development of farmers along with environmental conservation. It is a sustainable source of recreation for 36.00 per cent of the urban population. It is well-suited to the carrying capacity of the nature. Agro-tourism plays a vital role in educating the public about agriculture, creating rural employment, and sharing agricultural heritage. It can be a potential alternative source of income generation for the rural population. However, challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, limited promotional knowledge, and lack of coordination between sectors hinder its growth. Despite these barriers, many farmers show willingness and a favourable attitude toward agro-tourism, which offers unique tourist experiences and boosts rural livelihoods, highlighting the need for targeted support and collaboration to realize its potential
Exploring the Ubaya Ritual: A Sacred Indigenous Practice of the Muyadan Tribe in Northern Philippines
No full textThis study explored the ubaya as an indigenous ritual practiced by the Muyadan (Ammutan) Tinguian tribe of Manabo, Abra which emphasizes their strong ties to their ancestors and encourages unity and cooperation among the community. This study utilized an ethnoic thematic approach, combining structured interviews, thematic analysis, and participant observation. Two baglan leaders and ten community members from different barangays of Manabo, Abra served as study participants, contributing their knowledge of the ritual\u27s historical context, procedures, symbolism, and its function in expressing the community\u27s indigenous identity and customs. The findings revealed that the ritual, led by a baglan (ritual leader), is to seek Kabunian’s blessing for a bountiful harvest (pinatuk) and protection against diseases and illness (duklos). Despite the influences of modernity and external pressures, the ubaya is still a living tradition that reflects the tribe\u27s unique knowledge system and practice. Therefore, schools should improve the implementation of indigenous knowledge systems and practices (IKSP) into the curriculum and provide more policies which promote the preservation of rituals as an essential manifestation of the indigenous knowledge and spirituality of the Tinguian people, highlighting its continuing cultural relevance
An Analysis of Trend, Growth and Instability of Major Cereals and Millets in Chhindwara District of Madhya Pradesh, India
No full textThere is a significant correlation between increasing population and the demand for food grains. Madhya Pradesh has been one of the leading agricultural state in the country. The present study aims to analyse the Trend, Growth and Instability of the major cereals and millets in Chhindwara district of Madhya Pradesh, India.
Research Methodology: The present study adopts a Quantitative, Descriptive and Analytical research design focused at examining the long-term changes in the area under major cereals and millets in the Chhindwara district of Madhya Pradesh. Purposive sampling design was used to analyse the trend, growth and instability under major cereals and millets for the period of 22 years from 1998 to 2019 in the Chhindwara district of Madhya Pradesh since it had the largest area under Cereals and Millets cultivation during the study period. Four major cereals and millets namely Paddy, Wheat, Maize and Jowar had been selected for the purpose of the study since they covered more than 90 per cent area in each year during the study period.
Types of Data Analysis and Research Findings: The trend has been worked out using the Graphical Plot Method, growth rate using Average Annual Growth Rate (AAGR) and Simple Growth Rate (SGR). For analysing the instability in the Total Cropped Area, Cuddy-Della Valle Index (CDVI) was used. The total Cereals and Millets increased from 48.22 per cent in 1998 to 78.28 per cent in 2019. Maize covered the largest area with 36.78 per cent followed by Wheat (34.29 %), Jowar (12.67%) and Paddy (6.15 %). Maize had a positive growth rate of 8.38 per cent whereas Wheat had a positive growth rate of 4.97 per cent. Paddy experienced a negative growth of -2.48 per cent while Jowar had a negative growth of -7.88 per cent. Maize was found to be highly unstable with a CDVI of 30.11 per cent. Wheat and Paddy were found to be moderately unstable with a CDVI of 20.09 per cent and 16.39 per cent respectively. Jowar was comparatively stable with a CDVI of 6.49 per cent.
Theoretical and Practical Implications of Study: The results revealed that Maize and Wheat had the largest area and highest growth rate but both of them were found to be least stable. Continuous cultivation of Wheat and Maize may detriment the fertility of land. Farmers should focus on adapting crop rotation to replenish the fertility of soil. There is a need to recharge, maintain and manage the irrigation resources in the region. Storage houses should be constructed in order to reduce the wastage of Wheat and Maize.
Contributions of Study: The study may aid the policymakers in promoting resilient crops like millets for food security and sustainable agriculture, reducing future losses. It also provides a robust statistical outline for researchers to analyze agricultural trends
Effects of the Adoption of Improved Poultry Management Practices on the Income and Livelihood of Poultry Farmers
No full textThe development of the poultry industry in Cameroon has been described as the fastest means of bridging the protein deficiency gap prevailing in the country. In order to sustain the interest of farmers in poultry production, improved poultry management practices for greater production efficiency to bridge the demand and supply gap are worth probing. This study investigates poultry production systems, farmers’ adoption of improved poultry management practices and the impact of the adoption of the improved management practices on the livelihood of women and youths in Kumba Municipality, Meme Division. Women and youths involved in poultry farming were identified through the snowball sampling technique. A sample of 56 farmers were administered questionnaires that were analyzed. Results on production systems exhibit that 42.9% of respondents utilized permanent housing structures, 42.9% used semi-permanent housing, while 14.3% relied on temporary housing structures. Poultry production is primarily carried out in the intensive system (52%), with 36% of farmers engaged in semi-intensive system and only 12% of the farmers produce with the extensive poultry farming system. Health management (98.21%) was the most adopted improved poultry management practice, followed by improved cleaning methods (94.64%), special feeding techniques and record keeping (53.57%). There was an observable increment in income greater than 50% as a result of the adoption of the different improved management practices. This increase in farm income had an impact on the livelihood of women and youths as majority were able to satisfy household needs (94.64%), make savings (91.07%), achieve financial independence (83.92%), expand the poultry business (80.36%) and acquire assets (73.2 1%). Conclusively, the adoption of improved poultry management practices improved the livelihood of farmers in the Kumba Municipality of Meme Division by reducing poverty, boosting food security, and enhancing overall well-being. Policies that support farmers and facilitate access to land resources, restrict importation to prevent domestic production from competition with imported birds, ensure disease control through mandatory vaccination programs are recommended to inflame productivity and promote sustainability of the poultry sector
Exploring Agriculture 4.0: A Systematic Review of Digital Innovations in the Agricultural Sector
No full textGlobal food security remains fundamentally dependent on agricultural systems. Escalating demographic pressures have intensified demands on food production networks, compelling a shift from traditional agrarian practices toward technologically sophisticated methodologies under the Agriculture 4.0 paradigm. Optimizing the benefits of this transformation requires resolving implementation constraints across technological and socio-economic dimensions. This empirical investigation advances the Agriculture 4.0 discourse through systematic analysis of emergent digital farming innovations. Employing PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) standardized protocols, we conducted a decade-long assessment of peer-reviewed crop production research. From 148 methodologically selected publications, we evaluated technology adoption patterns across three analytical vectors: service typology, implementation maturity, and production system classification. Key findings demonstrate concentrated scholarly focus on autonomous robotics, IoT architectures, and machine learning implementations. Production environment analysis revealed disproportionate research attention: open-field systems represented 69% of examined cases, while controlled-environment agriculture constituted 31%. Most applications (71%) remain at prototype development stages. The study further codifies critical digitization barriers through multidimensional taxonomy, offering both a comprehensive assessment of current technological integration and a foundation for strategic advancement in precision agriculture
Profitability Assessment of Shilbilati Potato Farmers and Intermediaries Using Traditional Storage Systems in Rangpur, Bangladesh
No full textShilbilati potato, a traditionally significant variety of potato, is grown in norther Rangpur district of Bangladesh, despite its lower yield compared to the high yield varieties of potatoes. This study evaluates the profitability of Shilbilati potato farmers and intermediaries using traditional storage as this varieties of potatoes are stored for a shorter period of time and traditional storage system is also cost effective for the users. Data of 100 Shilbilati potato farmers and 30 intermediaries were collected using simple random sampling technique from Mithapukur and Badarganj upazilas of Rangpur district in Bangladesh. Tabular analysis and statistical method were used to measure the profitability. However, the results revealed that small farmers earned higher net benefit (Tk. 176.39/quintal) compared to the large farmers as small farmers have to handle lower storage and handling costs. Moreover, retailers earned more profit (Tk. 140.48/quintal) followed by the beparies (Tk. 117.94/quintal). The study also find that although storage is advantageous for all the market players of Shilbilati potato but retailers are the most benefitted group as their marketing margin (106.90 Tk./quintal) is higher than others. The findings provide valuable insights to the policymakers to improve the potato value chain in Bangladesh
Comparative Effectiveness of Online and Blended Learning for Digital Literacy Training among Agricultural Extension Workers
No full textBackground: The integration of digital technologies—from mobile applications to data analytics and smart farming tools—offers unprecedented opportunities to enhance productivity, improve resource management, and increase sustainability. At the forefront of this transition are agricultural extension workers, who play a pivotal role as intermediaries between technological innovation and farming communities.
Aims: The study aimed to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of online-only and blended learning interventions in enhancing the digital literacy of agricultural extension workers, particularly in the context of agricultural digital transformation.
Methodology: A quasi-experimental, pre-test-post-test control group design was adopted. The study was conducted at the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, between February 2025 and July 2025. A total of 158 agricultural extension workers were recruited and systematically assigned to one of three groups: an online-only training group (n=49), a blended learning group (n=54), or a control group (n=55). Participants in the intervention groups received structured training designed to improve essential digital competencies. Digital literacy competency was rigorously measured using a validated assessment tool administered both before and after the interventions. Data analysis was performed using a mixed-design ANOVA.
Results: A Difference-in-Differences (DiD) analysis revealed significant positive treatment effects for both the online-only (Effect = +15.15, P = .001) and blended learning groups (Effect = +11.07, P = .004) compared to the control group, with no significant difference found between the two training modalities (P = .37). Critically, a moderation analysis revealed that these treatment effects were highly conditional on participants\u27 baseline knowledge. The training\u27s impact was largest for participants with low initial literacy and diminished to non-significance for those who were already proficient.
Conclusion: Both online-only and blended learning are equally effective modalities for significantly enhancing the digital literacy of agricultural extension workers. These findings suggest that resource-efficient, scalable online training can be as impactful as more resource-intensive blended models, offering important strategic implications for the design of future capacity-building programs in the agricultural sector
Estimation of Marketing Efficiency, Margin and Price Spread of Guava Fruit under Different Marketing Channels in Gujarat, India
No full textThe present research investigates the Marketing efficiency, marketable surplus, marketing cost, margin and price spread of guava in the Bhavnagar district of Gujarat. Various marketing channels were analyzed to determine their efficiency. The Bhavnagar district was purposively selected, as it has the largest area and production of guava in Gujarat. A total sample of 120 respondents was selected for the study. For studying price spread, 40 merchants from each of the Bhavnagar and Mahuva regulated markets were selected as samples. The major analytical tools employed for the study were tabular analysis, price spread, marketing cost and marketing efficiency. The study found that selling through a commission agent incurred the highest marketing costs per quintal (Rs. 131.51), followed by wholesalers (Rs. 110.65), village traders (Rs. 99.87) and retailers (Rs. 83.95). The marketable surplus constituted 93.65 per cent of total guava production. Among the channels studied, Channel-III (Producer - Commission Agent - Wholesaler - Retailer - Consumer) incurred the highest marketing cost per quintal, followed by Channel-II (Producer - Village Trader - Wholesaler - Retailer - Consumer) and Channel-I (Producer - Wholesaler - Retailer - Consumer). Channel-II recorded the highest marketing margin per quintal (Rs. 1555.26), followed by Channel-III (Rs. 1361.71) and Channel-I (Rs. 1158.65). The producer\u27s share in the consumer\u27s rupee per quintal was greatest in Channel-I (77.98%), followed by Channel-III (72.41%) and Channel-II (71.66%). According to Acharya\u27s method, Channel-I is identified as the most effective marketing channel among the three
Quality Assurance and Institutional Development in Agricultural Graduate Programs: A Case Study of Central Bicol State University of Agriculture, Philippines
No full textUsing a thorough mixed-methods research technique, this study looks at the state and evolution of agricultural graduate programs at Central Bicol State University of Agriculture (CBSUA) between 2017 and 2023. The study offers a comprehensive picture of graduate agriculture education at a regional Philippine university by integrating an investigation of enrollment trends, faculty composition, accreditation status, and institutional issues. This study evaluated the graduate programs at Central Bicol State University of Agriculture (CBSUA) through a mixed-methods research design that combined quantitative and qualitative methods. The Master of Science in Agricultural Education program has steady enrollment, a 4.2% yearly growth rate, and an 89.4% student retention rate, according to key results. Faculty composition shows a strong female representation (57-89%) and high proportion of doctorate holders, particularly in the PhD Plant Science program. The university maintained 94.8% of its normal student population during the COVID-19 epidemic, demonstrating its resilience, according to the research. Accreditation achievements include Level IV certification for the Agricultural Education and Agricultural Extension program in 2021. By illustrating the interaction between institutional resources, academic quality, and community engagement, the research offers important new insights into the complicated field of agricultural graduate education
Serving Nation through Farming: A Scope of Jai Jawan Kisan
No full textThe armed forces of India are among the largest in the world, with more than a million personnel employed in its various arms and cadres and majority retire as an Ex Service Man (ESM) in the late 30s or early 40s and when released from service, they still have major responsibilities towards family. Jai Jawan Kisan (JJK) is an opportunity for those ESM who wants to take a new employment opportunities in farming as agripreneur, by starting their own startup in agri and allied sector. In this context, to understand how the opinion of respondents joining JJK program, impacts intention to take agriculture as occupation post retirement and Aspiration towards farming was studied. Descriptive research design was used for the study and data was collected at MANAGE, Hyderabad from 70 respondents by using simple random sample with questionnaire and SPSS software was used to analyse correlation among three variables i.e Intentional, Aspiration and Opinion. The result concluded that the intention to engage in farming was found to be significant with opinion of JJK training at 0.01 level. Whereas, Aspiration was non-significant because little they have awareness regarding the opportunities available in farming as career option. More efforts need to be taken to give a global recognition and include more training programmes and course where these retiring young Jawans can get more exposure to secondary career options available in farming besides just being a farmer and earn subsequently like other profession. The present study paves path for further study to develop secondary career options in agriculture for the young defence personnel post retirement