Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology
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Determinants of Marketing Channel Choices among Paddy Farmers in Andhra Pradesh, India: Insights into Electronic Negotiable Warehouse Receipts (e-NWRs)
No full textWarehouses are specialized storage facilities designed for scientific preservation, while receipt systems integrate credit with marketing to enhance marketing efficiency. Warehousing in India gained importance with the 1928 Royal Commission on Agriculture. Despite various interventions from the government, farmers struggle to access remunerative prices due to their reliance on traditional marketing channels. Understanding the key factors influencing farmers\u27 choice between traditional and warehouse-based marketing is crucial for designing effective policies that enhance market participation. Electronic Negotiable Warehouse Receipts (e-NWRs) play a crucial role in improving market access and financial security for farmers. This study examined the factors affecting marketing channel choices among paddy farmers in Andhra Pradesh. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 240 farmers from Guntur and Krishna districts, including both e-NWR adopters and non-adopters. Logistic regression analysis was employed to determine key factors affecting the adoption of e-NWR. The results revealed that the education level of farmers, farm size, access to market information, and access to training significantly influenced warehouse market channel choice. Conversely, the age of the farmer and the distance to warehouses had a negative influence on the adoption of e-NWR. The findings emphasized the need for improved infrastructure, financial literacy, improved access to market information & training and awareness programs to promote e-NWR adoption and enhance farmers\u27 market engagement. The study concluded that education, farm size, income, market information, and training encouraged adoption, while age and distance to warehouses posed challenges. Farmers with higher levels of education, larger farm sizes, and better access to market information and training were more likely to participate in warehouse-based markets. It was recommended that warehouse management should strengthen the market information systems and develop government-backed digital platforms to provide real-time price updates and establish training programs to enhance farmers’ market awareness. Improving farm-to-market infrastructure and accessibility and promoting decentralized mini-warehouses closer to farming communities to enhance the adoption of e-NWR
Panag-ipon: Traditional Goby Fry Fishing Practices in Ilocos Sur Coastal Communities in Northern Philippines
No full textThis research ventured into the traditional panag-ipon (goby fry) fishing of Ilocos Sur coastal municipalities of Caoayan and Santa in the Philippines, highlighting fishing methods, economic contributions, and adaptive measures in the face of environmental, economic, and regulatory challenges. Utilizing an ethnographic thematic research design, data were gathered using participant observation and interviews with local fishermen. Findings indicate that panag-ipon is an integral part of Ilocano cultural traditions with fishing methods such as scooping and encircling using nets governed by the lunar calendar and collective beliefs. Panag-ipon economically sustains coastal livelihood through high market demand for ipon that sustains local income and food security within the community. However, threats to its sustainability come from climate change, declining fish resources, and conservative fishing regulations. Fishermen are countering this with diversified fishing techniques, emerging technologies like weather apps, compressors, and goggles, as well as community-initiated conservation practices. Despite such challenges, panag-ipon remains a strong element of Ilocano identity and calls for policies that support cultural conservation and environmental sustainability. The research highlights the need for enhanced fishing management and sustainable measures to ensure that panag-ipon remains a cultural and economic lifeline for Ilocos Sur coastal communities
Factors Influencing Maize Value Addition in the Northwest Region of Cameroon
No full textAims: To determine the factors influencing maize value addition in the North West Region of Cameroon, and to identify the constraints associated with participation in maize value addition.
Study Design: In this study, we used the Cross-sectional survey design.
Place and Duration of Study: Five subdivisions in Mezam, North West Region of Cameroon, between 2023 and 2024.
Methodology: Empirical data was collected from 500 maize entrepreneurs through purposive, stratified random and the snow ball sampling techniques and analysed using the binomial logistic regression model and descriptive statistics.
Results: The binomial logistic regression analysis showed that income, and good storage facility had a significant positive effect on maize value addition while gender and access to extension services, had a significant negative effect on maize value addition in the Northwest region of Cameroon. However, lack of processing infrastructure and equipment, insufficient finances, Insufficient technical knowledge and skills were identified as the primary constraints impeding participation in maize value addition.
Conclusion: The findings highlight important recommendations for enhancing maize value addition in the North West Region of Cameroon. First, it is important for the Government and NGOs to empower both men and women in maize value addition. Second, enhancing financial support for low and middle-income entrepreneurs is very crucial. Additionally, improving extension services to address the specific needs of maize processors is vital and lastly investing in better storage facilities will help minimize losses and facilitate timely processing, ultimately increasing participation in maize value addition for entrepreneurs. 
Determinants of Farmers’ Motivation for Litchi Cultivation in Kapasia, Bangladesh: An Analysis Based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
No full textLitchi cultivation is highly profitable business in Gazipur District, Bangladesh specially in Kapasia upazila. This study aimed to assess the motivation of litchi farmers using Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory, identify their socio-economic characteristics, and explore the major constraints they face in litchi cultivation. Data were collected randomly from 110 litchi farmers through a semi structured interview schedule. The results indicated that farmers primarily motivated to fulfil physiological and safety needs like, fulfilling familys’ food requirements, ensuring shelter and cloth to the family members. It was observed that farmers safety needs and esteem needs were high in comparison to aesthetic, esteem and self-actualization needs. However, farmers showed lower interest to fulfil some aspects of self-actualization needs such as teaching or motivating farmers. Key obstacles reported by farmers included inflorescence drop, irrigation issues, drying of flower clusters and inadequate support from agricultural extension officers. The study recommends increasing training opportunities, enhancing the role of extension services and conducting need-based research to further motivate farmers
Economic Analysis of Milk Production in Raghuraj Nagar Tashil of Satna Districts Madhya Pradesh
No full textThis study evaluates the economic aspects of milk production to support improved planning and rural development policies. It focuses on profitability, challenges, and opportunities in the dairy sector. A stratified random sampling method was used to ensure proportional representation, involving 75 milk producers—50 farmers from 10 villages in Raghuraj Nagar Tehsil, Satna district, and 25 dairy producers from the broader region—between January 2020 and June 2021. The study analyzes cost and return data across farmer milk producers, and dairy milk producers categorized into First, Second, and Average groups. Total milk production of all milk producers per lactation was 3,651,600 liters (First group), 722,400 liters (Second groups), and 543,840 liters (Average groups). While individual milk producers in First group, second groups and Average groups produced 7,303.20, 28,903.20, and 16,677.60 liters, respectively. The cost per milching animal per lactation was Rs. 56,180.10 (First groups), Rs. 37,461.06 (Second groups), and Rs. 47,018.57 (Average groups). While production cost per producer First group, Second groups and Average groups was Rs. 191,349.06, Rs. 397,466.83, and Rs. 294,396.94 respectively. The value of milk produced per milching animals was Rs. 64,440.00 (First group), Rs. 109,957.75 (Second group), and Rs. 81,384.55 (Average groups). While value of milk produced per milk producer First group, Second groups and Average groups were Rs. 219,096.00, Rs. 1,011,612.00, and Rs. 542,022.00 respectively. The value of other than milk produced per milching animals was Rs. 18750.00, (First group). Rs 6250.00 (Second group), and Rs. 16000.00 (Average groups) While value of other than milk produced per milk producer First group, Second groups and Average groups were Rs. 63750.00, Rs. 62000.00 and Rs. 59335.00 Respectively. Gross returns per milching animal were Rs. 83,190.00 (First groups), Rs. 116,207.75 (Second groups), and Rs. 97,384.55 (Average groups). While gross return per produced First group, second groups and Average groups were Rs. 282846.00, Rs. 1073612.00 and Rs. 601357.00 respectively. Net returns of per milching animal were Rs. 27,009.90(First groups), Rs. 78,746.69 (Second groups), and Rs. 46,626.27(Average groups). While net return per producer, First group, second groups and Average groups were Rs. 91496.94, Rs. 676145.17 and Rs. 306960.06 respectively. The per liter milk production cost per milching animal was Rs. 17.42(First group), Rs. 9.93 (Second groups), and Rs. 13.37(Average groups). While per liter milk production cost per producer First group, second groups and Average groups were Rs. 17.47, Rs. 11.60 and Rs. 14.09 respectively. The benefit-cost ratio (BCR) per milching animal was 1.48:1(First group), 3.10:1(Second groups), and 1.92:1(Average groups). While the benefit-cost ratio (BCR) per milk producer First group, second groups and Average groups were 1.48:1, 2.70:1 and 2.04:1 respectively. Indicating highest profitability in the Second groups
Factors Affecting Farmers with Disabilities towards Access to Extension and Advisory Services in Ghana
No full textAims: Extension and advisory services are crucial for farmers to increase their output and income, but farmers with disabilities (FwDs) face numerous challenges in receiving these services. Consequently, this study investigates the factors influencing farmers with disabilities\u27 access to agricultural extension services in Ghana.
Study Design: A quantitative approach was employed using the Fractional Outcome Regression Model to analyze the data.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the 16 regions of Ghana, West Africa, from June to August 2023.
Methodology: The study sampled 386 FwDs and 60 agricultural extension agents from all sixteen regions of Ghana. A survey as an instrument/method was used for data collection, and two semi-structured questionnaires were developed and distributed to agricultural extension officers and FwDs in farming communities across the country to gather primary data.
Results: The findings of the study indicate that three variables were found to be statistically significant in determining FwDs\u27 access to agricultural extension and advisory services per year. These include the age of the farmer, access to farmer-based organizations, and years of farming experience. All these variables were found to have a significant impact on FwDs\u27 access to extension services. The study highlights the importance of FBOs and farming experience in increasing access to extension services for FwDs.
Conclusion: These findings can inform policy and program development to improve the well-being of FwDs through greater access to extension services
Effects of Resilient Agro-Pastoral Production on Food Security in arid and Semi-arid Regions of Baringo County- Kenya
No full textArid and Semi-arid zones cover 45.4% of the land surface of the earth, support 36% of the global population in which 90% of them live in developing countries. However, these zones have been characterized by varied levels of food insecurity corresponding to varied levels of environmental variability and related agro-pastoral production. These characteristics have called for improved production of food; or more specifically resilient food production. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of resilient agro-pastoral production on food security. The study was based on a survey research design conducted in three locations of Baringo County, namely: Emining, Salabani and Loboi locations. The population of the proposed study was 3267 households distributed across the three locations. Using Yamane (1967) formula for small population and the table by Krejcie & Morgan, (1970), a sample size of 351 was required. Key data collection method was a structured questionnaire supplemented by Focus group discussion and Key informant guide. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and linear regression analysis. Results evidenced that all the indicators of resilient agro-pastoral production had a statistically significant and positive relationship with food security. Surprisingly, some of the agro-pastoral practices had even much greater impact in enhancing food security: Crop spacing (R2=34%), weeding (R2=27%), Fast maturing crops (R2=19%), drought resistant crops (R2=17), and improved livestock breeds (R2=17%) and use of machines (R2=17%), all of which were significant at probability of error less than 0.001. The study concludes that resilient agro pastoral production can improve food security by enhancing the adoptive capacities of agro-pastoralists. The study recommends the need to adopt resilient agro pastoral production system that address environmental shocks to promote food security in arid and semi-arid regions. 
Rice Farmers’ Perception on Subsidized Fertilizer Distribution and Technical Advice on Fertilizer Utilization in Western Kenya
No full textThis study examined farmers perceptions on subsidized fertilizer distribution mechanisms and agricultural extension services in Western Kenya. It sought to determine how the technical guidance influenced the fertilizer use efficiency and system-level obstacles to fair access to inputs. A cross-sectional design and multi-stage sampling were used to survey 480 smallholder rice farmers across rain-fed and irrigated ecosystems in Kisumu and Busia counties between July and October 2024. Structured questionnaires were used in capturing primary data while Secondary data was collected from 13 key informants, including governmental and non-governmental institutions. Data envelopment analysis (DEA), and stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) were employed in analyzing the efficiency of distribution systems and extension services. Findings revealed that 71% of farmers cited corruption in fertilizer distribution, 54% lacked access to subsidized inputs, and others reported inflation (40%) and hoarding (41%). Regarding extension services, 62% had no extension contact, and 43% were advised only once per year. Adoption of new rice varieties was high (72%), only 45% improved post-harvest practices. There was strong support for cooperative-led solutions: group-based input distribution (84%), farmer representation (93%), and bulk purchasing (73%). However, demand-driven extension was perceived as costly (72%) and confusing (63%). Fragmented extension systems and inequitable input distribution were key barriers to fertilizer utilization. The study recommends policy reforms to address corruption, strengthen farmer cooperatives, and promote integrated extension models. Adoption of hybrid extension approaches and technology-driven input systems will be vital in enhancing efficiency and equity in Kenya’s rice sector
Community Engagement and Renewable Energy Transitions in Agricultural Landscapes: A Comparative Analysis of Global North and South
No full textThis article aims to analyze community engagement processes in renewable energy transitions within agricultural landscapes from a socioeconomic perspective, with particular attention to the Global South. An integrative literature review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, enabling a structured synthesis of empirical and theoretical evidence related to renewable energy, governance, and rural development. The review was carried out between June and September 2025 and included studies published between 2007 and 2025 from Europe, North America, Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Australia. A comprehensive search was conducted in Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar using Boolean operators and controlled descriptors. A total of 238 studies were identified, 68 were fully reviewed, and 20 met the eligibility criteria for final synthesis. Data were coded according to region, energy source, engagement strategies, governance models, and socioeconomic outcomes. Most studies originated from Europe (37%) and North America (26%), with comparatively fewer studies from Asia (12%), South America (9%), and Africa (5%). Solar and wind energy were the most studied technologies. Four major thematic clusters emerged: community engagement and social acceptance (38%), governance and participatory models (30%), socioeconomic impacts (22%), and integrated socio-technical approaches (10%). The findings indicate clear asymmetries in research production between the Global North and South. While Northern studies often emphasize structured governance frameworks and technological innovation, Southern contexts highlight local participation, community ownership, and social equity challenges. However, important limitations persist, including language bias, geographical concentration of studies in developed regions, and the predominance of short-term research designs. These gaps highlight the urgent need to expand research agendas, strengthen participatory approaches, and promote equitable renewable energy transitions
Digitalization and Agricultural Structural Transformation in Sub-Saharan Africa
No full textThe objective of this article is to assess the effect of digitalization on agricultural structural transformation in Sub-Saharan Africa. To achieve this, agricultural structural transformation is measured by the reallocation of agricultural labor, the share of agricultural employment and the share of agricultural value added. The World Bank (2020) and Polity5 (Marshall, M. G. & Ted Robert G. 2020) databases are used to mobilize all necessary data over the period from 1990 to 2018. In order to control for the endogeneity of digitalization, instrumental variables estimation technique is used. The results revealed that internet access promotes the transfer of labor from the agricultural sector to the industrial and the service sectors in Sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, an increase in the number of internet and telephone subscribers translates into an increase in the share of agricultural jobs created in Sub-Saharan Africa. In terms of policy implications, digitalization is an appropriate strategy to promote agriculture structural transformation in the region