IIUM Journal of Orofacial and Health Sciences (IJOHS)
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The digital workflow in dentistry: adoption and challenges
Full text linkThe incorporation of digital technologies has brought about a revolution in the profession of dentistry, resulting in greater diagnostic accuracy, enhanced patient outcomes and streamlined operations. Intraoral scanners, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems, and 3D printing have profoundly influenced the field of prosthodontics, implantology and orthodontics. These developments provide enhanced precision in planning, manufacture and customization of dental prostheses and surgical guides. Nonetheless, the implementation of digital workflows entails problems such as elevated expenses, steep learning curves and the need for ongoing equipment maintenance. This study examines the advantages and obstacles of digital dentistry, emphasizes technological improvements, and considers future directions, including the potential for AI integration. A balanced approach, addressing the technological and clinical challenges, is crucial for maximizing the benefits of digital tools in modern dental practice
Root canal treatment of a maxillary left first molar with 2 palatal canals - a case report
Full text linkComprehensive knowledge of normal dental anatomy and awareness of potential anatomical variations are crucial to successful endodontic treatment. Anatomical variations such as additional canals in the palatal root of the maxillary molar are poorly reported, attributed to their low prevalence in general populations. This case report highlights the utilization of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) as a diagnostic tool for locating additional canal in the palatal root of maxillary left first molar. The application of CBCT imaging technology in endodontics enables precise diagnosis through enhanced visualization of anatomical variations, thereby enhancing treatment planning and management of cases presenting with complex canal morphology. The present case documents the successful management of a maxillary left first molar exhibiting abnormal morphology of four canals: two located in the palatal root, one in the mesiobuccal root, and one in the distobuccal root. The canals were biomechanically prepared with crown-down technique and obturated using cold lateral compaction technique with gutta-percha points and AH-Plus root canal sealer. Post-treatment evaluation at six months demonstrated clinical success, with the tooth remaining asymptomatic and maintaining its normal function
Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation of User Mobile App Rating Scale (uMARS)
Full text linkThe user Version Mobile apps rating scale was established to evaluate the mobile apps. However, to date, there is no uMARS in the Malay version. This study aims to develop a Malay language alternative to the existing version of the Mobile Apps Rating Scale. The initial version of uMARS had previously underwent cross-cultural adaptation, and forward-backward translation with synthesis discussion through a development phase. The upgraded Malay version has been screened and rated by 10 respondents for face validation and a total of 36 respondents contributed to the internal reliability assessment by answering the pilot study question. All items and constructs in the uMARS version were fully adapted. All items and constructs from the prior version of uMARS were fully incorporated into the recent version. The Malay language version of uMARS was subsequently assessed for validity as well as reliability after undergoing forward backward translation. Scale level face validity index based on average method (S-FVI/Ave): 0.99, and S-FVI based on universal agreement method (S-FVI/UA): 0.89 showed that uMARS Malay Version has achieved a satisfactory level of response process validity. Whereas all items and construct presented with excellent internal reliability, Cronbach alpha (?) = 0.918, 0.857, 0.984 for objective quality, subjective quality and perceived impact. The Malay language of uMARS represents the outcome produced through proper development and validation of questionnaires; all of which favourably resulted in an updated version of uMARS that has been deemed competent to be utilized for qualitative measurement of mobile health apps in the Malay language
Association between disease activity and clinico-laboratory parameters in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus patients in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia: a retrospective study
Full text linkSystemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disease with multi-system involvement. The clinical manifestations and laboratory parameters in SLE patients vary depending upon the disease severity. SLE affects many organs such as skin, brain, and joints, thus affecting the clinical and laboratory parameters of the patients. This study aims to determine the association between the disease activity and clinico-laboratory parameters among SLE patients at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. A total of 32 medical records of SLE patients from 2010 to 2023 were retrieved. The data of clinical and laboratory parameters were obtained and analysed using SPSS 27.0. Demographic data was analysed descriptively, and the Chi square test was used to evaluate the association between SLE disease activity and the clinico-laboratory parameters. We expect the most common symptoms in SLE include arthritis, malar rash, oral ulcer, and increase anti-dsDNA particularly in active SLE. This study showed the most common symptoms were arthritis (n=14;43.8%) followed by oral ulcer (n=10;31.3%). High level of anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) was found in 21 patients (65.6%) while 18 (56.3%) patients had elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Sixteen (50.0%) patients demonstrated low serum C3 and C4 levels. Significant associations were found between the disease activity and arthritis (p=0.033), oral ulcer (p=0.002), prolonged fever (p=0.001), ANA level (p=0.009), and anti-dsDNA level (p=0.022). Arthritis was found to be the most frequent symptoms in SLE patients. High level of ANA, increased ESR and low serum complement levels correlates well with active disease. In conclusion, active SLE patients were more frequently presented with arthritis, oral ulcer, prolonged fever, and demonstrated high ANA and anti-dsDNA levels
Pandemic pressure: the impact of COVID-19 on dental students’ oral health and well-being in Malaysia
Full text linkThe COVID-19 pandemic disrupted dental education and affected students' oral health and overall well-being. This study explored the impact of Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) among Malaysian undergraduate dental students during the pandemic. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 530 students from nine dental schools in Malaysia using the validated Oral Health Impacts Profile-14 (OHIP-14) questionnaire. The OHIP-14 measures functional and psychosocial disabilities caused by oral health issues. The average OHIP-14 score was 10.86 ± 8.47, with 21.3% of students reporting impacts on their OHRQoL. The most affected subscales were psychological discomfort (38.2%), psychological disability (26.9%), and physical pain (22.2%). There were no significant differences in daily performance difficulties between preclinical and clinical students. This study highlights the significant impact of the pandemic on Malaysian dental students' OHRQoL, particularly in psychological and physical aspects. Dental educators and policymakers should prioritize strategies to support students' oral health and overall well-being during such challenging times
Prevalence of geriatric psychiatric cases in Malaysia and their association with clinical mental health workforce availability
Full text linkThe aging population presents a global challenge, with increasing attention on the mental health needs of elderly individuals. In Malaysia, the rising number of geriatric psychiatric cases emphasizes the urgent need for effective mental health care solutions. This study investigates the relationship between clinical staffing levels in psychiatric care and the management of geriatric psychiatric conditions. While previous research has established a link between staffing levels and care quality, this study provides specific insights into how workforce availability influences the management of elderly psychiatric patients in Malaysia. Given the growing prevalence of psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, and dementia among older adults, this research addresses a critical gap in understanding the effects of staffing on mental health outcomes. Using descriptive and regression analyses, the study assesses data on psychiatric cases and clinical staffing across Malaysian states. The analysis reveals that higher clinical staffing levels significantly improve the management of geriatric psychiatric conditions. This evidence highlights the critical role that adequate staffing plays in enhancing psychiatric care for the elderly. The study underscores the importance of strategic investments in mental health services, offering insights for policymakers and healthcare planners as they strive to meet the increasing demand for mental health care in Malaysia. By optimizing staffing and resource allocation, the research contributes to better mental health outcomes for Malaysia’s aging population, improving their quality of life
Patient expectations and satisfaction with non-surgical periodontal treatment provided by fourth-year dental students at the University of Otago, Faculty of Dentistry, Dunedin
Full text linkEvaluation of patient satisfaction is critical to assessing the quality of care. In New Zealand, there are limited studies evaluating the satisfaction of patients receiving treatment by dental students. The aim of this study was to evaluate the current patient satisfaction levels and the factors that influence patient satisfaction with non-surgical periodontal treatment provided by fourth-year dental students at the University of Otago Faculty of Dentistry, along with areas requiring improvement. This study utilised a mixed-methods approach. A 29-item electronic survey was completed by 41 eligible participants. A five-point Likert scale was used to ascertain respondents' level of agreement with a range of statements related to quality of care. Open text fields were used after each group of questions to allow participants to expand on their responses. Quantitative data was analysed using SPSS and qualitative data was coded and content analysed. 100 percent of respondents agreed that they received good periodontal treatment and 81.6 percent agreed that their dental student appeared competent. Participants further elaborated on areas that can be improved such as logistics, standard of care, patient expectation, prior knowledge, communication, physical and emotional care, personnel, technical skills, and physical space. Despite limitations, this study indicated a high level of patient satisfaction with the periodontal treatment provided. Areas of improvement include access to care, informed consent, and communication. The results of this survey reinforce the excellent standard of care provided by students and highlight areas for improvement in future years
A retrospective study on the evaluation, management, and outcomes of oral mucosal lesions in patients at the Oral Medicine Clinic
Full text linkOral mucosal lesions (OMLs) are prevalent across different populations worldwide, with varying frequencies in different regions. This study aims to evaluate the frequency of OMLs and analyse their distribution concerning age, gender, race, and systemic conditions. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on patients who attended the Oral Medicine students’ polyclinic, International Islamic University Malaysia, over a period of seven years. Data from a total of 85 patients were collected and analysed using descriptive statistical methods. The analysis included patient demographics such as age, gender, race, systemic diseases, as well as the types and sites of oral mucosal lesions (OMLs). OMLs were categorized into four main groups: ulcers, white lesions, infections, and others. Among the data collected from eighty-five patients, the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions was found to be higher in females than in males. The most common lesions were ulcers (65.9%), followed by infections (19.4%), white lesions (13.6%), and others (12.6%). Ulcers were predominantly found in individuals aged 15–30 years, whereas white lesions, infections, and other types were more frequent in the 31–60 age group. No significant association was found between systemic conditions and lesion types. Ulcers commonly appeared in multiple locations (37.5%), white lesions were most frequently found on the buccal mucosa (35.7%), infections were primarily observed on the hard palate (40.0%), and other lesions occurred most often on the labial mucosa (30.7%). Ulcers were the most prevalent type of oral mucosal lesions; however, no significant correlation was found between OMLs and systemic conditions
High-resolution retinal imaging system: diagnostic accuracy and usability
Full text linkThe development of high-resolution retinal imaging systems is critical for enhancing the diagnostic accuracy and usability of tools used in detecting glaucoma and managing other ophthalmic and systemic diseases. This study evaluates a novel high-resolution retinal imaging system by comparing its diagnostic performance in detecting glaucoma with AutoMorph, a leading retinal vessel segmentation tool with available online code for reproducibility. The system's diagnostic accuracy was assessed using Area Under the Curve (AUC) metrics, with our system (HRVIAS) achieving a superior AUC of 0.7048 compared to AutoMorph's AUC of 0.6560. Additionally, a usability study was conducted using the System Usability Scale (SUS), where participants rated the system highly, with the majority of scores clustering around 80 to 85, indicating strong user satisfaction. These findings demonstrate that the proposed system not only improves the diagnostic accuracy of detecting glaucoma but also offers a user-friendly interface, making it a valuable tool for clinical and research applications in retinal imaging