eKhSACIR інституційному репозитарії Харківської державної академії культури
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Mutation in Brachypodium caffeic acid O-methyltransferase 6 alters stem and grain lignins and improves straw saccharification without deteriorating grain quality
No full textInternational audienceCereal crop by-products are a promising source of renewable raw material for the production of biofuel from lignocellulose. However, their enzymatic conversion to fermentable sugars is detrimentally affected by lignins. Here the characterization of the Brachypodium Bd5139 mutant provided with a single nucleotide mutation in the caffeic acid O-methyltransferase BdCOMT6 gene is reported. This BdCOMT6-deficient mutant displayed a moderately altered lignification in mature stems. The lignin-related BdCOMT6 gene was also found to be expressed in grains, and the alterations of Bd5139 grain lignins were found to mirror nicely those evidenced in stem lignins. The Bd5139 grains displayed similar size and composition to the control. Complementation experiments carried out by introducing the mutated gene into the AtCOMT1-deficient Arabidopsis mutant demonstrated that the mutated BdCOMT6 protein was still functional. Such a moderate down-regulation of lignin-related COMT enzyme reduced the straw recalcitrance to saccharification, without compromising the vegetative or reproductive development of the plant
Prospective association between the dietary inflammatory index and cancer risk and mortality: results from the SU.VI.MAX cohort
No full textNational audiencePurpose: Chronic inflammation is one of the mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis. Diet is a major source of pro/anti-inflammatory compounds. The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) was designed to estimate its overall inflammatory potential. Our objective was to investigate the associations between DII and cancer risk (overall, breast and prostate) and mortality. Methods: The SU.VI.MAX study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (1994-2002) in which participants received low-dose antioxidants or a placebo. This prospective study included 7997 participants (follow-up: 1994-2007). The DII was based on 36 food parameters and was calculated from repeated 24h dietary records. Higher scores reflected more pro-inflammatory diets. 559 cancers were diagnosed (median follow-up=12.6y), including 158 breast and 123 prostate cancers. 123 participants died from cancer. Associations were characterized by multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. Results: The DII was positively associated with prostate cancer risk (HRQuartile4vsQ1=2.08 (1.06-4.09); P=0.005). Alcohol intake modified the association between DII and overall cancer risk (P-interaction=0.02). An increased risk was observed in low-to-moderate alcohol drinkers (HRQ4vsQ1=1.75 (1.15-2.68); P-trend=0.02), whereas no association was detected in higher alcohol consumers (P-trend=0.8). This interaction also was observed for breast cancer (P-interaction=0.001). The DII was positively associated with cancer mortality in the placebo group of the SU.VI.MAX trial (HRTertile3vsT1=2.65 (1.18-5.98); P-trend=0.02) but not in the antioxidant-supplemented group (P-trend=0.3). Conclusions: Consistent with mechanistic data, these results showed that pro-inflammatory diets are associated with increased prostate cancer riskc increased overall and breast cancer risk among low-to-moderate drinkersc and increased cancer mortality in participants not supplemented with antioxidants, suggesting that antioxidants may counteract some of the deleterious effects of pro-inflammatory diets
Comment sont appréciés par les consommateurs les vins issus du changement climatique ?
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GénoSanté : améliorer la santé productive des vaches laitières par la sélection génomique et la conduite d’élevage : une première étape avec l’acétonémie
No full textDémarré en 2015, GénoSanté est un projet collaboratif qui rassemble des entreprises de sélection (EVOLUTION, ELITEST et AURIVA), des entreprises de conseil en élevage (BCEL-Ouest, Seenergi et EILYPS), , une entreprise agro-alimentaire (Agrial) et des organismes de recherche (INRA, ALLICE et IDELE). L’objectif de ce projet est de produire des outils de sélection et d’apporter du conseil sur de nouveaux caractères pour améliorer la santé productive, c’est-à-dire l’aptitude à produire dans le milieu d’élevage dans de bonnes conditions de santé . Les premiers résultats concernent l’acétonémie, un des troubles de santé les plus fréquents chez la vache laitière, dû le plus souvent à un déficit énergétique en début de lactation. Sa prévalence est estimée à 4 % pour les formes cliniques et 12 à 20 % pour les formes sub-cliniques. Les dosages de beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), d’acétone et un indicateur d’acétonémie (Cetodetect®) réalisés sur le lait de 887 000 vaches Holstein (à partir de 3 millions d’échantillons) et de 148 000 vaches Normande (487 000 échantillons), collectés entre 2012 et 2015, ont été utilisés pour développer cette évaluation génétique. Les analyses prises en compte sont réalisées entre 7 et 120 jours de lactation. Les dosages de BHB et d’acétone subissent une transformation logarithmique pour normaliser leur distribution. Les valeurs génétiques estimées et les effets d’environnement permanent (ou effet non génétique de la vache) sont prédits à partir d’un modèle animal unicaractère avec prise en compte de la répétabilité intra et inter lactation. L’héritabilité des caractères a été estimée à 0,12 et 0,15 en race Holstein et Normande pour le BHB et à 0,10 et 0,16 pour l’acétone. Les corrélations génétiques entre caractères varient entre 0,72 et 0,85 en race Holstein et entre 0,85 et 0,98 en race Normande. Une évaluation génomique a été développée à partir de 31 213 mâles et femelles Holstein et 6 870 animaux de race Normande pour lesquels nous disposions à la fois de génotypes et de phénotypes. Ces nouveaux index sont inclus dans une synthèse Santé Productive, en combinaison avec la santé de la mamelle, la fertilité et la longévité. Une évaluation génétique et génomique sur les lésions podales est en préparation
Prediction of Evapotranspiration and Yields of Maize: An Inter-comparison among 29 Maize Models
No full textAn important aspect that determines the ability of crop growth models to predict growth and yield is their ability to predict the rate of water consumption or evapotranspiration (ET) of the crop, especially for rain-fed crops. If, for example, the predicted ET rate is too high, the simulated crop may exhaust its soil water supply before the next rain event, thereby causing growth and yield predictions that are too low. In a prior inter-comparison among maize growth models, ET predictions varied widely, but no observations of actual ET were available for comparison. Therefore, another study has been initiated under the umbrella of AgMIP (Agricultural Model Inter-Comparison and Improvement Project). This time observations of ET using the eddy covariance technique from an 8-year-long experiment conducted at Ames, IA are being used as the standard. Simulation results from 29 models have been completed. In the first “blind” phase for which only weather, soils, and management information were furnished to the modelers, estimates of seasonal ET varied from about 200 to about 700 mm. A detailed statistical analysis of the daily ET data from 2011, a “typical” rainfall year, showed that, as expected, the median of all the models was more accurate across several criteria (correlation, root mean square error, average difference, regression slope) than any particular model. However, some individual models were better than the median for a particular criteria. Predictions improved somewhat in later stages when the modelers were provided additional leaf area and growth information that allowed them to “calibrate” some of the parameters in their models to account for varietal characteristics, etc
Analyse des systèmes agroforestiers du territoire de Vavatenina à Madagascar : stratégies de mise en valeur, perceptions paysannes et résilience
No full textThis study focus on agroforestry systems (AS) in the area of Vavatenina on the east coast of Madagascar, their evolutions over 50 years, their characteristics and their impact on the resilience of local farms. Comparing the situation in 1966 (Dandroy monograph published in 1973) with that of 2016 show a strong increase (from 0 to 20% of the territory) of complex agroforestry systems and their importance for ocal farms. From perennial crops in monoculture (mainly coffee), the trend is now to diversification and crop intensification on the same plot (coffee, clove, lychee, vanilla, other fruit trees, firewood or timber trees, medicinal plants...). The agro-ecological context (isolation, soils fertility...), as well as economic (access to markets) and social heavily influence the structure of local AS and farmers’ strategies from self-consumption to market oriented. AS play an increasing role in terms of resilience for production systems facing significant economic risks due to agricultural prices volatility. In addition to AS positive externalities on the environment, we observed a move from directly "apparent" resilience based on rice production for self-consumption to an indirect "economic" resilience based on several cash crops with much higher profitability in agroforestry systems which is an original strategy in the Malagasy context of multiple uncertainties.A Vavatenina (Madagascar), la comparaison de la situation entre 1966 et 2016 a montré une forte évolution (0 à 20 % du territoire) des systèmes agroforestiers complexes (SAF). Issus de cultures pérennes en monoculture (café), la tendance est à la diversification (giroflier, litchi, vanille, autres fruitiers et arbres à bois de chauffe ou d’oeuvre, plantes médicinales). Le contexte agro-écologique et économique (accès aux marchés) et social influent fortement sur la structure des SAF et sur les stratégies paysannes. Ces SAF jouent un rôle croissant en termes de résilience des systèmes productifs face à des risques économiques croissants (volatilité des prix). On est globalement passé d’une résilience "apparente" directe (autoconsommation du riz produit) à une résilience "économique" indirecte basée sur plusieurs cultures de rente avec une profitabilité largement supérieure ce qui constitue une stratégie originale dans le contexte malgache d’incertitudes multiples
Collaborative learning using topographic maps
No full textLe clustering collaboratif est un domaine émergeant du machine learning à fort potentiel applicatif, ayant des similarités avec l’apprentissage par ensemble et l’apprentissage par transfert. Dans cette article, nous proposons une méthode permettant de combiner un framework collaboratif avec la structure des Cartes Topographiques (GTM) afin d’obtenir un algorithme permettant de l’apprentissage par transfert entre algorithmes travaillant sur des données similaires. Notre approche a été validée sur plusieurs jeux de données et a montré un fort potentiel
Denoising 3D microscopy images of cell nuclei using shape priors on an anisotropic grid
No full textThis paper presents a new multiscale method to denoise three-dimensional images of cell nuclei. The speci- ficity of this method is its awareness of the noise distribution and object shapes. It combines a multiscale representation called Isotropic Undecimated Wavelet Transform (IUWT) with a nonlinear transform, a statistical test and a variational method, to retrieve spherical shapes in the image. Beyond extending an existing 2D approach to a 3D problem, our algorithm takes the sampling grid dimensions into account. We compare our method to the two algorithms from which it is derived on a representative image analysis task, and show that it is superior to both of them. It brings a slight improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio and a significant improvement in cell detection