eKhSACIR інституційному репозитарії Харківської державної академії культури
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The effects of feeding levels on the growth, reproductive performances and mammary gland development in early weaned goats
No full textIn dairy goats, the reproductive and productive performances depend on rearing management, notably on strategies aiming at the optimization of the growth, body development, onset of puberty and mammary gland development, while ensuring future milk potential and longevity. In the recent years, early weaning has become more used for numerous reasons, including reduction of the costs and flexibility. A high plane of nutrition just after weaning is an interesting way to offset the low weight of early weaned goats. In any case, the impacts of the diet supplied during early life on the growth, reproduction and the development of the mammary parenchyma have not been determined in goat kids. Hence, the objectives of this study are to investigate the effects of different feeding levels applied until 8 mo of age on the growth, reproduction performances and mammary gland development in early weaned goats. Ninety Alpine goats were weaned at 9.7 ± 1.4 kg (30 d old) and subjected until 8 mo of age to 3 feeding levels: Low (L, 365 g DM/d, n = 30), Moderate (M, 730 g DM/d, n = 30) or High (H, 1090 g DM/d, n = 30) concentrate diet. Goats were weight twice a month and morphometric parameters (heart girth, height at withers and crown-rump length) were performed once a month. At 7 mo of age (before puberty), 5 goats of each group were slaughtered and mammary glands were analyzed. At 4 mo of age, the BW of the L group was 23% lower than in the 2 others groups (P < 0.001). Morphometric parameters were consistent with BW observations (P < 0.001). At slaughter, the mammary glands of the L group were twice lighter than those of M and H group (P < 0.001). Proportion of parenchyma, determined by histological analysis, suggested that the mammary glands are less developed in the L goats group. The CK19 expression, analyzed by Western blot as a marker of luminal cells, was consistent with histological results. Finally, the onset of puberty and reproduction performances were not impacted by feeding levels. To conclude, low feeding level from early weaning to 8 mo old negatively impacted the pre-pubertal growth and mammary gland development
Why do farmers not convert to organic farming? Modeling conversion to organic farming as a major change
No full textInternational audienceThis study aims to better understand why farmers do not convert to organic farming by studying decision trajectories in a dynamic agent-based model. In this model, an agent's decision on transitioning to organic is based on the comparison between satisfaction with its current situation and potential satisfaction with an alternative farming strategy. A farmer's satisfaction was modeled by borrowing from the Theory of Reasoned Action and computed by comparing the farmer's performance over time against the farming practices of other farmers to which he/she lends great credibility (important others). Analysis identified five different reasons why a farmer does not change strategy. Three are due to satisfaction or recovered satisfaction with the current situation. The conversion to organic farming is effectively a major change and cannot be envisaged if the farmer is currently satisfied. Satisfaction can be recovered when evaluation by the farmer or important others finds an improvement of the current situation. A farmer's decision to not convert can also be due to negative evaluations of organic farming by important others, or to dissatisfaction with the current situation being too transient to prompt the effort to convert. Summary for Managers A farmer's decision on whether or not to convert to organic farming is deeply influenced by his/her satisfaction with the current strategy and potential satisfaction under an alternative farming strategy. A farmer's satisfaction is computed by comparing the farmer's performance over time against the farming practices of other farmers to which he/she lends great credibility. The conversion to organic farming is effectively a major change, and a farmer will not envisage a change of strategy if he/she is satisfied with their current situation. A farmer's satisfaction can be recovered when evaluation by the farmer or social peers finds an improvement of the current situation. If a farmer's credible peers have a negative assessment of organic farming or if his/her own dissatisfaction with the current situation is too short-lived, then farmer will not convert to organic farming
Different proximities and conflicts related to the setting of big infrastructures: the case of Diamer Bhasha dam in Pakistan
No full textInternational audienceLand use conflicts are recognized as the result of mismanagement of infrastructural development projects. Several issues have been conferred related to infrastructural projects in Asia and South Asia, like corruption, mismanagement, cronyism and adverse socioeconomic impacts. The paper focuses particularly on land use conflicts related to Diamer-Bhasha Dam project in northern Pakistan. Keeping in view this peculiar case, it goes into the concept of conflicts and proximity, e.g. types of proximity and the role they play in conflict generation, conflict resolution and modes of conflict prevention. We provide the different types and expressions of conflicts due to Diamer-Bhasha Dam project, their impact on local population and the territory, e.g. unfair land acquisition, improper displacement, compensation, resettlement and livelihood issues. Contiguity problems due to geographical proximity as well as mechanisms of conflict resolution through organized proximity are also discussed. Finally, we conclude and recommend the strategies for better governance and the way ahead for upcoming studies on similar issues
Interaction entre souches lactiques isolées d’un blé ferment traditionnel (Hamoum) et certainsgermes Entéropathogènes
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Using sustainable rural livelihoods framework to analyze the determinants of adoption and disadoption of conservation agriculture in Western Madagascar
No full textÉvénement(s) lié(s) : - 11. Journées de Recherches en Sciences Sociales; Lyon (FRA) - (2017-12-14 - 2017-12-15)International audienceConservation agriculture (CA) is known as a potentially efficient technique to address land degradation issues. CA has been promoted in Western Madagascar where farmers’ livelihood is weakened by soil fertility. However, the low adoption rate of CA raises the question of its suitability to small holder farming systems. The aim of this study is to assess, through an econometric analysis, the determinants of CA adoption and disadoption. Drawing on primary data collected in 2015, we conclude that financial and natur al capitals are the main factors explaining CA adoption among farmers. More specifically, the findings show that the ownership of upland areas, the access to credit and the total income per capita does not influence significantly the probability to be a disadopters but affects the probability to be still adopters with respect to that to be a non-adopter
Genetic evaluation of claw health traits accounting for potential preselection of cows to be trimmed
No full textGenetic evaluation of claw health traits accounting for potential preselection of cows to be trimmed. 68. Annual Meeting of the European Federation of Animal Science (EAAP
Phenotype and multi-tissue transcriptome response to diet changes in laying hens
No full textAdaptation to feed changes in laying hens is particularly important to promote innovation, in selection schemes and in dietary solutions, for the sustainability of the egg-production sector. In Europe and USA poultry feed is rich in cereals, while Asian countries privilege by-products to soybean meal, resulting in low energy diets.In this study, we investigated the effects of a sub-optimal low energy diet on different traits and multi-tissue transcriptomes of brown egg layers of 2 divergent lines selected for low (R-) and high (R+) residual feed intake. The 2 diets had a similar protein content, while the energy content was reduced by 15% as compared to the standard diet (2450 Kcal versus 2800 Kcal). The R+ and R- hens were fed ad libitum, with the standard diet until 17 wk of age; half of the birds were fed with the low energy feed until 33 wk of age when a subset of birds was slaughtered for tissue sampling (8 per line and diet). Food intake was increased in response to the suboptimal diet whereas egg number was unchanged showing that birds were able to adjust their energy intake by modifying feed intake. Nevertheless, hens fed the low energy diet had a higher feed efficiency (pval < 5%) and a higher residual feed intake (P-value <1%). No diet × line interaction was observed for these traits. PolyA+ RNA from different tissues were sequenced resulting in 90 M reads per sample. After bioinformatics treatment and differential analysis, we observed in liver and adipose tissue only few differentiallyexpressed genes (DEG) between diets (16 and 21 respectively). In contrast, we observed in blood 1179 DEG out of 17123 expressed genes with 463 and 716 over and under expressed in the suboptimal diet compared to the standard diet. No diet × line interaction was observed in the three tissues. GObp term enrichment revealed that under expressed DEG in blood were associated with glucose catabolism, cholesterol biosynthesis, mitotic cell cycle and protein catabolic process. Taken together, these results indicate an adaptation of birds to diet changes by increasing feed intake to maintain egg production, and a tissue-specific response with a limited role of metabolic tissues as liver and adipose tissue compared to the blood
Results from the GLORIE GNSS-R airborne campaign: Agricultural areas
No full text[Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SYNERGIE [Axe_IRSTEA]TETIS-ATTOSInternational audienceThe GLORIE Campaign was performed in June-July 2015 in order to investigate the sensitivity of airborne GNSS-R measurements to land parameters. In this paper we present the first results focusing on agricultural areas. For this purpose ground truth measurements of soil moisture, roughness, plant water content, leaf area index and plant height were measured over 20 agricultural plots of various crops (cereals, vegetables, bare soil). The correlation with GNSS reflectivity in LHCP polarization confirms noticeable sensitivity to soil moisture, and plant-related parameters especially vegetation cover height
Dynamique pluriannuelle des assemblages de carabes en réponse à l’évolution du paysage et de sa gestion
No full textNational audienceLes paysages bocagers se caractérisent par une forte hétérogénéité spatio-temporelle, liée aux choix de production et de gestion des haies faits par les agriculteurs. Pour autant, les conséquences de cette hétérogénéité sur la dynamique pluriannuelle des assemblages d'espèces sont rarement étudiées. Nous nous sommes demandé si la simplification du paysage et la moindre gestion des haies avaient homogénéisé les assemblages d'espèces de carabes. Des carabes ont été piégés au sein de 30 haies en 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013 et 2015. Les haies échantillonnées étaient situées dans trois secteurs sélectionnés selon un gradient de densité bocagère, au sein de la Zone Atelier Armorique (LTER-France). Les pratiques de gestion de ces haies ainsi que l’occupation du sol de la zone d'étude étaient connues chaque année. D’une part, nous avons évalué les trajectoires d'évolution des bordures en termes de gestion et de paysage dans leurs alentours. D’autre part, nous avons étudié l'évolution au cours du temps de l'activité-densité, de la richesse spécifique et de la similarité de composition (diversité β) des assemblages de carabes. Enfin, nous avons cherché un lien entre les différentes tendances observées. Bien que les surfaces de prairies aient diminué avec le temps, cette tendance n'est pas généralisable à tous les secteurs. De plus, les différences entre les différents contextes paysagers dans lesquels se trouvent les haies (hétérogénéité spatiale du paysage) se sont parfois amplifiées. La gestion des haies a quant à elle très peu évolué. La richesse spécifique et l'activité-densité des assemblages d'espèces ont diminué dans les paysages qui se sont le plus modifiés. Là où l’hétérogénéité spatiale du paysage a augmenté, les différences de composition spécifique ont également augmenté. Néanmoins, les carabes répondent à l'évolution du contexte paysager et de la gestion des haies de façon différente selon le secteur dans lequel ils se trouvent et l'échelle à laquelle le paysage est décrit. Les traits de vie des espèces étudiées déterminent également leur réponse. Nos résultats montrent que le maintien des prairies et d'une diversité d'habitats dans le paysage contribue à la stabilité des assemblages d’espèces de carabes. Les processus impliqués étant multifactoriels, le suivi écologique à long terme apparaît essentiel à la compréhension de la dynamique des espèces dans les paysages agricoles