eKhSACIR інституційному репозитарії Харківської державної академії культури
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Genetic parameters of royal jelly production and behavioural traits of honey bees
No full textInternational audienc
A quantitative approach to assess farming systems vulnerability: an application to mixed crop-livestock systems
No full textNational audienceThe vulnerability of a given system corresponds to its susceptibility to be harmed, reflecting its inability to cope with adverse effects. This inability is the consequence of three key parameters that are interconnected, the sensitivity, the exposure and the adaptive capacity of the system in front of adverse effect. At the farming systems scale, some authors tried to understand links between sensitivity, exposure, while others focused on a conceptual analysis of adaptive capacity without proposing a quantification of the level of vulnerability. Other authors propose a measurement of vulnerability based on the evaluation of farming systems characteristics, as if the factors explaining vulnerability where yet known. In this paper, we first propose quantitative indicators for the three key parameters of vulnerability. Then, we apply our framework to mixed crop-livestock systems and we show that various levels of vulnerability should be explained by both some characteristics of the systems and strategies of farmers. Low vulnerable systems are more diversified, with one additional production unit and significantly higher sales of transformed products on average (+1.5 points of percentage in comparison with moderate vulnerable systems). A lower dependency to markets through better feed management (lower stocking rate) and a higher efficiency in energy and water consumption are also key determinants of low vulnerability. This management permits having bigger farms (+43 to 20 hectares) and higher flock sizes (+13 livestock units on average). The ability to cope with adverse effect is not significantly different between stable, non-stable, flexible and rigid farming systems. Our findings are a first step toward a better understanding of farming systems vulnerability: their validation on another sample would help contributing to the conception of innovative farming systems in research and to better advices for vulnerable farmers in operational projects
Evolution de la place de l’élevage dans les territoires de polyculture-élevage : entre concurrences avec les cultures et opportunités
No full textNational audienc
Prediction of bubble fragmentation during sorbet production in a scraped surface heat exchanger
No full textInternational audienceComplex phenomena occur during production of sorbet in a scraped surface heat exchanger: fluid flow, heat transfer, phase change (ice crystallization), rheological modification and fragmentation of bubbles. In a previous work, all these coupled phenomena except bubble fragmentation were simulated by CFD. The objective of the present work is to predict the bubble break-up. Locally, the critical radius for bubble break-up can be estimated as a function of the shear rate, the extension rate, the apparent viscosity of the 'continuous' phase, the viscosity of the gas and the surface tension, by using correlations based on the capillary number. The 'continuous' phase surrounding the bubbles is in fact constituted by a concentrated liquid and ice crystals; its non-Newtonian rheology sharply depends on ice-fraction, which in turn depends on temperature. The CFD simulation allowed analyzing all the parameters influencing the critical radius. It appears that the smallest bubbles are generated a) near the contact between the blades and the scraped surface where the highest shear rate is reached, and b) in the coldest region (near to the outlet) where the continuous phase has the maximum apparent viscosity. The order of magnitude of the smallest crystals predicted by CFD corresponds to the observed values
Contribution of High-Resolution Multispectral and Thermal-Infrared Airborne Imagery to Assess the Behavior of Fruit Trees Facing Water Stress: Proof of the Concept and First Results in an Apple Variety Field Trial
No full textUMR AGAP - équipe AFEF - Architecture et fonctionnement des espèces fruitières UMR AGAP - équipe AFEF - Architecture et fonctionnement des espèces fruitièresUMR AGAP - équipe AFEF - Architecture et fonctionnement des espèces fruitièresA combined airborne thermal and multispectral imagery campaign was performed by UAV in two apple variety trials (flights at 40m elevation) located in South France. Both experimental orchards were dedicated to the assessment of various tree traits, including the response to water deficit. Subplots of each variety were submitted either to normal irrigation (WW), scheduled on the basis of soil hydric potential, or to water restriction (WS) during summer period (July 2015). In planta measurements performed in these 'genotype by environment' experiments comprised the monitoring of fruit diameter increase, the assessment of tree water status by stem or predawn leaf hydric potential, while local microclimatic data were also collected. Thanks to remotely-sensed thermal imagery, significantly higher canopy temperatures were found in WS trees compared to WW ones (average of 3 trees), and also significant differences in narrow-range spectral wavebands (multispectral images), and the vegetation indices calculated (NDVI, GNDVI and PRI). Differences were linked to the severity of water deficit reached, assessed by hydric potential, which varied significantly according to the genotype. Two varieties -more water spending- experienced a characteristic water stress while two others -more water saving- were less affected by water deficit, as revealed by image- and tree-based variables. The experiment thus demonstrated the potential of multispectral and thermal high resolution imagery to non-invasive phenotyping of fruit trees cover
BiPOm: Biological interlocked Process Ontology for metabolism. How to infer molecule knowledge from biological process?
No full textIn this paper, we introduce a new ontology BiPOm1. describing metabolic processes as interlocked subsystems while explicitly formalizing the active states of the involved molecules. We further showed that the annotation of molecules such as molecular types or molecular properties can be deduced using SWRL rules and automatic reasoning on instances of BiPOm. The information necessary to instantiate BiPOm can be extracted from existing databases or existing bio-ontologies. Altogether, this results in a paradigm shift where the anchorage of knowledge is rerouted from the molecule to the biological process
Interbull: constructing international commensurability for dairy cattle selection
No full textInterbull: constructing international commensurability for dairy cattle selection. 2017 Interbull Meetin
Population structure and host specialization in Botrytis cinerea
No full textBGPI :équipe 5 Événement(s) lié(s) : - 12. European Fondation for Plant Pathology (EFPP); Dunkerque, Malo-les-Bains (FRA) - (2017-05-29 - 2017-06-02) BGPI :équipe 5 Événement(s) lié(s) : - 12. European Fondation for Plant Pathology (EFPP); Dunkerque, Malo-les-Bains (FRA) - (2017-05-29 - 2017-06-02)BGPI :équipe 5The Botrytis genus encompasses more than 30 species, most of them being able to infect a restricted range of host plants. Nevertheless, B. cinerea is considered a generalist pathogen, recently found to infect 586 plant genera. This makes B. cinerea an interesting candidate to study ecological specialization. This was first approached while describing population structure in France, from strains collected on greenhouse tomato, grapevine, blackberry, strawberry and hydrangea. Understanding the causes of population subdivision is of fundamental importance, as studying barriers to gene flow between populations may reveal key aspects of the process of adaptive divergence and, for pathogens, may help forecasting disease emergence and implementing sound management strategies. Population genetics analyses revealed a weak association between population structure and geography, but a clear differentiation according to the host plant of origin, and especially for greenhouse tomato and grapevine. Host specialization was validated by cross-inoculation experiments, carried out in vitro on detached leaves. Genomes from strains contrasting for their specialization on tomato, grapevine, blackberry and hydrangea were Illumina-sequenced and genomic phylogeny analysis confirmed the similarities between genomes from strains collected on the same host. Population genomics analysis used to compare variation between and within lines of strains provided promising sets of genes that may induce host specialization. In addition to coding sequences, analysis of small RNAs from strains collected either on tomato or grapevine was initiated. Preliminary sequencing data suggest that these two populations have contrasted repertories of small RNAs. Further analysis and additional genomes and small RNA sequencing are required to definitely identify the determinants of host specialization. Our findings open up new perspectives for disease control by managing Botrytis hosts in agricultural landscapes, and reinforcing prophylactic measures
Nomenclature for factors of the swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) system
No full textInternational audienc
Déterminisme génétique des caractères de production laitière en réponse à la monotraite chez la vache laitière
No full textNational audienceLa pratique de la monotraite s’accompagne d’une baisse importante de la production laitière ainsi que de changements dans la composition du lait et d’effets rémanents, après 3 semaines, lors du retour à deux traites par jour. De nombreuses études ont montré que les niveaux de production laitière durant la monotraite ainsi que les pertes de production laitière lors du passage à la monotraite varient entre races, et d’une vache à une autre intra race laissant supposer une origine génétique. Dans ce contexte, notre étude visait à estimer les paramètres génétiques de la production laitière et de la composition du lait pendant une phase de monotraite ainsi que des réponses de la production laitière à la monotraite (perte lors du passage à la monotraite et regain au retour à 2 traites par jour), et à identifier des prédicteurs de ces réponses. Notre étude portait sur 430 vaches croisées Holstein X Normande et comprenait 3 périodes: une semaine contrôle à 2 traites par jour, 3 semaines de monotraite et enfin 2 semaines de retour à 2 traites par jour. L’application des 3 semaines de monotraite a diminué la production laitière de 27,5%, les vaches ont récupéré en moyenne 57% du lait perdu lors du retour à 2 traites par jour. Les héritabilités estimées lors de la période contrôle et des 3 semaines de monotraite étaient de 0,41 et 0,35 pour la production laitière, de 0,66 et 0,61 pour le taux butyreux, 0,60 et 0,80 pour le taux protéique, 0,66 et 0,36 pour le taux de lactose et 0,20 et 0,15 pour les scores de cellules somatiques. La production laitière et la composition du lait pendant les périodes de monotraite et de bitraite étaient génétiquement proches avec des corrélations toutes supérieures à 0,80 intra caractère, mais moins qu’entre périodes à même fréquence de traite. Les héritabilités de la perte de lait observée en passant les vaches en monotraite étaient modérées et du même ordre que celle de la production laitière (0,39 et 0,34 respectivement pour la perte de production laitière exprimée en kg/jour et en %). Le regain de production laitière lors du retour à 2 traites par jour était un caractère de forte héritabilité (0,63). La production laitière ainsi que la composition du lait lors de la période contrôle étaient génétiquement corrélées aux réponses mais pas suffisamment pour être considérées comme des prédicteurs des réponses à 3 semaines de monotraite. Les pertes observées lors du premier jour de monotraite étaient corrélées génétiquement à 0,98 et 0,96 avec les pertes de production laitière lors des 3 semaines de monotraite (en kg/jour et en %), et pourraient être ainsi considérées comme des prédicteurs plus précis des pertes de production sur 3 semaines de monotraite