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Molecular Detection of Avian Poxvirus in Chickens and Pigeons of Diyala Province in Iraq
No full textFowlpox is an infectious viral disease affecting domestic and wild birds. The current study was conducted using PCR-based molecular detection to determine the avian pox virus (APV) and its genetic sequence. A total of 40 pigeons and 40 chickens suspected of APV were obtained from different bird markets. Following euthanasia, tissue samples were taken from the vents, eyes, wings, and beaks for molecular analysis. DNA extraction was focused on the core protein gene region (pb4). PCR results confirmed the presence of APV in all samples, generating specific cDNA bands of 329 bp. Four GenBank accession codes (OR670580, OR670581, OR670582, and OR670583) represented pigeon pox samples, whereas two GenBank accession numbers (OR619724 and OR619725) represented samples of fowlpox. A significant similarity of 99 was found by genetic analysis between the reference target sequences and the sequenced samples. In viral samples of fowlpox and avipoxvirus, nucleic acid variants (205 C?> G and 204 T?> C) were found with missense and silent effects on particular proteins (p.101Leu>Val and p.108Pro). Phylogenetic analysis organized the samples into clades representing fowlpox and pigeon pox viruses, showing close relationships with strains from different geographical regions. This study unequivocally demonstrates the susceptibility of both domestic and wild birds to avian pox, highlighting the pivotal role of phylogenetic analysis and molecular detection in elucidating novel perspectives on the genetic landscape of these viruses. © The Author(s) 202
Differential Gene Expression Profiling during Avian Immune Organ Development: Insights from Thymus and Bursa of Fabricius Transcriptome Analysis
No full textPluripotent hematopoietic stem cells undergo maturation to regenerate blood cells. T-cell and B-cell maturation from common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) is regulated by distinct transcription factors and signaling pathways. Notch signaling, GATA3, and TCF1 drive T-cell fate, while EBF1, PU.1, E2A, Pax5, TCF1, and Foxo1 regulate B-cell differentiation. Alterations in these factors can cause lineage deviations. Gene expression profiling of the chick thymus and bursa reveals dynamic expression patterns of transcription factors, cytokines, and signal molecules. Notch1 and Dll1 expression that increase during later stages indicate the ongoing role of Notch signaling in T-cell lineage maintenance. The current study aimed to identify differentially expressed genes during the development of the avian immune organs, focusing on the thymus and bursa using 24 Ross 308 avian breed. The mRNA libraries from these organs were analyzed using quantitative Real-time PCR analysis at six time points spanning the embryonic ages (days 15 and 18) and post-hatch age (days 3, 7, 14, and 28). The data for the gene expression indicated significant variations across different stages of immune organ development. Differential gene expression was observed between sorted T and B-cells, with GATA3, CD3e, CD4, and Ptprc showing higher expression in the T-cell population, and Pax5 and CD81 exhibiting higher expression in the B-cell population. Notably, ENO1 and IRF4 showed higher expression in T-cells at E15 and B-cells at E18. The study highlights the importance of regulatory factors and genes in maintaining cellular identity, furthers the understanding of avian immunology, and has the potential for improving poultry health and studying immune-related diseases in humans. These findings pave the way for further research on the role of biochemical components under important disease conditions in avian immunology and their potential applications for poultry health. © The Author(s) 202
Multidrug Resistance in Stray Cats of The North Surabaya Region, East Java, Indonesia
No full textStray cats survive by getting food or drink that is available in the environment, correspondingly, stray cats have relatively high exposure to antibiotic resistance obtained from resistant bacteria found in the environment. The present study was conducted to determine patterns of multidrug resistance and Escherichia coli resistance in stray cats. A total of 50 stray cat anal swab samples were taken randomly from the previously recorded stray cat population in the Surabaya area, East Java, Indonesia. Samples were brought using buffered peptone water. They were cultured on MacConkay Agar differential selective media, and all suspicious colonies of Escherichia coli were examined by biochemical tests. Isolates were then identified, and susceptibility testing was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The results of the resistance test indicated that the multidrug resistance in Escherichia coli bacteria taken from cats was 14.6 (7/48). The high antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli bacteria in stray cats, which were resistant to many drugs, provides an early warning of environmental health. Environmental health is closely related to animal and human health, especially antibiotic resistance. © The Author(s) 2024
Biochemical Studies on Efficiency of Natural Gum in Chronic Kidney Failure and Liver Cirrhosis in Rats
No full textIt is well-established that apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation are associated with several disorders, including chronic renal disease and hepatic disease. Oxidative stress (OS) is a major cause of death from end-stage renal disease which also contributes to atherosclerosis and cardiac issues. The present study aimed to assess the efficacy of Gum Arabic (GA) in mitigating renal damage and hepatotoxicity in rats induced by Chloropyrifosmethyl (CPM). A total of 42 male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups, with four groups (group 2 IC, group 5 GA1+ICa, group 6 GA2+IC, and group 7 GA1+ICb treated with CPM for eight weeks to induce hepatic and renal damage. Two models of GA administration, including the standard oral model in drinking water (15% w/v) and the oral model by gavage at a dose of 1 g/kg body weight were administered. Physiological parameters of kidney and liver functions, including urea, creatinine, AST, and ALT along with anti-oxidant factors (Melaodialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, and catalase) were measured in plasma, and homogenates of renal and hepatic tissues on day 57 of the experiment. In addition, histopathological examination was conducted on liver and kidney tissues using hematoxylin and eosin stain to evaluate the efficacy of GA on damaged tissues. Gum Arabic was found to significantly reduce CPM toxic effects in the liver and kidney in groups treated with CPM as liver and kidney parameters were reduced to normal levels. Furthermore, GA reduced histological indicators of inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis, as well as renal morphological damage. Additionally, it reduced OS in liver and kidney homogenates. In conclusion, GA effectively reduced the damage that CPM inflicted on liver and kidney tissue by stabilizing physiological parameters to normal levels and repairing cellular structures damaged by OS. Open Access: This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. © The Author(s) 202
Prevalence of Intestinal Protozoa in Pigs of Northern Black Sea Region, Ukraine
No full textIntestinal protozoan parasites threaten the health and welfare of pigs and impair the sustainability of pig farms, resulting in monetary losses. The present study aimed to determine the distribution of protozoa in large white pigs in the farms of Odesa, Mykolaiv, and Kherson regions in Ukraine. The parasitological surveys were conducted from March 2020 to March 2022 on three types of farms, including four large farms (> 100 sows), six medium farms (25-100 sows), and eight small farms (< 25 sows). A total of 3938 fecal samples from pigs of various age groups, namely 0-2-month piglets, 2-4-month piglets, pigs on fattening, and sows, were examined. Eimeria and isospores were determined using McMaster�s method in Raynaud�s modification, cryptosporidia by staining smears, blastocysts by the method of ethyl acetate-formalin concentration, and direct microscopy. The recorded protozoa were species Eimeria spp., Cystoisospora suis (syn. Isospora suis), Balantidium coli, Cryptosporidium spp., Blastocystis spp. These species of protozoa were observed in 31.1, 49.0, and 58.8 of pigs in large, medium-sized, and small farms, respectively. The findings indicated that Isospora suis and Eimeria spp. were most commonly present in piglets aged 0-2 months in large (29.7 and 23.0, respectively), medium (32.3, 29.4), and small farms (30.0, 13.5). Balantidium coli was not registered in pigs from large farms, and in piglets 2-4 months old from small farms, the prevalence of infestation was 17.2. Cryptosporidium spp. and Blastocystis spp. were mostly recorded in piglets 2-4 months old from small farms (16.2, 7.1). In large and medium-sized farms of the Northern Black Sea region, mono infestations were recorded the most (73.6, 72.0), while mixed two-component infestation dominated (52.5) small farms. Intestinal protozoa should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intestinal disorders as major factors or concomitant intestinal pathogens. © 2023, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved
Effectiveness of Solenostemma Argel Extract on Dermanyssus Gallinae in Budgies (Melopsittacus undulatus)
No full textDermanyssus gallinae (D. gallinae) is an important ectoparasite in veterinary and human medicine due to its role as a vector of infectious disease-causing pathogens and its economic impact. The present study reported the infestation of 45 budgies (Melopsittacus undulatus) reared in an aviary at the Jardin d�essai Zoo, Algiers, Algeria, showing signs of pruritus with sores due to itching. Skin samples were taken from the 45 budgies (26 females, 19 males), 26 nests, and an aviary containing the budgies were microscopically analyzed. The findings indicated the presence of D. gallinae (hematophagous mite) in all budgies and nests. To fight against this red mite, a treatment based on the Solenostemma argel (S. argel) aqueous extract was implemented. The S. argel aqueous extract 2 showed a fast and effective influence on D. gallinae mites present in the budgies, nests, and aviary. The aqueous extract of S. argel leaves could be a good candidate in the fight against red mites. © 2023, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved
IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON DAIRY MILK PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA
No full textThis study explores the impacts of climate change on milk production in Nigeria. Climate variables such as temperature, rainfall, sunshine, relative humidity and wind speed were considered as covariates in the analysis. Time-series data spanning a period of forty years obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria and FAOSTAT database was used. The autoregressive distributed lag model was used to analyze both the short run and long run impacts of climate change on milk production. As expected, not all the variables were stationary at levels, but they were all significant at the difference suggesting the presence of cointegration. The result showed that the Bound�s test F-ratio was statistically significant implies the existence of long run and short run relationships among the variables studied. Present findings revealed that temperature, rainfall and relative humidity had a negative impact on milk production, while sunlight recorded a positive impact on milk production both in the short run and long run estimates. The study concludes that milk production in Nigeria dropped as a result of climate change particularly rising temperature and prolonged rainfall. Agricultural climate smart practices were recommended to mitigate impact of climate change on milk production. © 2023, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved
USE OF FISH WASTE TO SILAGE PREPARATION AND ITS APPLICATION IN ANIMAL NUTRITION
No full textIn recent years, global aquaculture production has increased, leading to an increase in fish waste. These wastes, which in many cases are disposed directly without trying to take advantage of them, are a major environmental and economic problem that may affect the sustainability of the fishing and aquaculture industry. Therefore, their use seems necessary to reduce pollution and make the aquatic industry more efficient. Most of well-known technologies for using fish waste are not economically attractive due to the need for high initial investment. But an easy and inexpensive way to use these wastes is to convert them into silage. Fish silage is a product of good nutritional quality included in animal diets as part of the feed. Fish silage is a liquid product made from whole fish or parts of it to which lactic acid-producing acids, enzymes or bacteria are added, and the liquefaction of the material indicates the action of enzymes present in the fish. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to investigate the use of aquatic waste for preparing silage and the possibility of using it in animal nutrition. © (2023). All Rights Reserved
COMPARATIVE EFFECT OF VITAMIN COMPLEX AND ORANGE EXTRACT ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BLOOD PARAMETERS OF TRANSPORTED PULLETS IN HUMID TROPICS
No full textThe comparative modulating effects of synthetic and natural source of ascorbic acid (AA) were investigated on transporting pullet birds in the hot-dry season of humid tropics. Ninety-six 16 weeks Isa-brown pullets were randomly allotted in a completely randomized design into four treatments of oral vitamin supplementation 5 days before transportation i.e; T1 (ordinary water), T2 (synthetic vitamin), T3 (30 citrus-sweet orange), T4 (50 citrus-sweet orange). Birds were crated and transported for 3 hrs covering 135km at 45km/hr. Meteorological values were monitored during the journey and no mortality was recorded. The results revealed that treatments had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on measured physiological parameters body temperature (BTC), rectal temperature (RTC), respiratory rate (RR) and panting rate (PR), hematological parameters and measured serum biochemical parameters as compared to the control group (T1). The treatments group of orange at different inclusion ratios (T3 and T4) compared well with pullet birds on oral supplementation of synthetic vitamin (T2) and were significantly different (p < 0.05) from birds on control water treatment (T1). Birds on control (T1) had the highest values for all measured physiological parameters which were significantly different from other groups (p<0.05). Birds in the control treatment (T1) were more stressed as compared to other treatment groups, indicated by increased hematological and serum biochemical parameters except for a decrease in hemoglobin (Hb) as compared to other treatments. It can be deduced from this study that the oral supplementation of natural source of ascorbic acid (Citrus sinensis) and synthetic vitamin supplement helps to ameliorate the effect of transportation stress. Citrus sinensis extract can be a suitable alternative that is readily available for farmers and stakeholders. © (2023). All Rights Reserved
INFLUENCE OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF ANTIBIOTIC AND THYME ON ZOOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS AND CAECAL MICROFLORA OF GROWING RABBIT
No full textThe objective of this study was to compare the influence of antibiotic and thyme dietary supplements on zootechnical parameters and caecal microflora of growing rabbits. One hundred and ninety eight weaned rabbits (forty days old), white New Zealand (of both sexes) were divided into three groups to submit to the following dietary treatments: Control diet, diet A (control diet + 100 ppm zinc bacitracin), and diet T (control diet + 7 Thymus capitatus leaves) for twenty-one days. The remaining nine days they received only the control diet. The results showed that both the live body weight and feed conversion ratio were positively affected by the antibiotic diet (P<0.05). However, the rabbits' growth performance was not influenced by dietary thyme supplements. The antimicrobial effect of thyme observed against C. perfringens in caecum is not determined even after 20 days of treatment. In conclusion, zootechnical parameters and mortality were not positively affected by dietary thyme supplements comparing it with the antibiotic diet, but these phytobiotics showed the antibacterial effect against E. coli and C. perfringens in caecum of rabbit. © 2023, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved