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İşrâkî ve Sâbiî Ontolojide Düalizm Temelli Varlık Anlayışı
No full textDüşünce dünyasında hemen her düşünce ekolü kendinden önceki kültür ve medeniyetlerden ve onların ortaya koyduğu fikirlerden etkilenmiştir. Bu durum İslam felsefe geleneği için de söz konusudur. Dolayısıyla ele alınması gereken geleneklerden biri de Şihâbüddîn es-Sühreverdî (öl. 587/1191) tarafından kurulmuş olan İşrâkî felsefedir. İşrâkî felsefe, eklektik ve daha çok sezgisel bir düşünce tarzına dayalı olarak kadim dönemlerin felsefi ve mistik akımlarından beslenmiştir. Sühreverdî, doğu ve batı düşüncelerinden gelen farklı geleneklere ait tüm kadîm hikmeti kaynakları arasında göstermiş ve kendisini de bu ebedi hikmetin vârisi olarak görmüştür. Bu bağlamda Sühreverdî’nin işrâk felsefesi irfâni olarak ilâhî bilgilere ve Tasavvufa, nazari olarak Yeni Eflatunculuğa ve Meşşâiliğe, kültür olarak Zerdüştilik ve eski Fars dinlerine ve keşfi hikmet olarak da Hermetizm’e kadar gittiği ileri sürülmektedir. Fakat bunların yanı sıra bu felsefenin doğuşuna etki eden Sâbiîlik ve Hint metafiziği gibi başka kaynakların da bulunduğu söylenebilir. Biz bu araştırmada İşrâkiliğin ve onun felsefesine etki ettiğini düşündüğümüz Sâbiîliğin ontoloji tasavvurları kapsamında düalizm anlayışlarını kıyaslayacağız. Çalışmada Sühreverdî’nin varlık tasavvuru ve asli itibari ile ilâhî bir din olmakla beraber zamanla dinî, felsefî, siyasî tesirler altında kalarak farklı formlarda bugüne kadar gelmiş olan Sâbiî inancının ontolojisi, her iki geleneğin düalizm anlayışları bağlamında karşılaştırmalı olarak açıklanmıştır. Varlık felsefesi açısından düalizm düşüncesinin Sâbiîlik ve Sühreverdî’nin İşrâk felsefesindeki karşılığı ele alınmış ve her iki gelenekte yer alan benzerlik ve farklılıklara yer verilmiştir. Araştırmada hem İslâmi hemde modern dönem kaynaklardaki Sâbiîlik ile İşrâkiliğin düalizme benzer yorumlar getirdikleri sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. İşrâkilikte nur-zulmet ve Sâbiîlikte ışık-karanlık şeklinde beliren varlık tasavvurlarının her iki sistemin bütün felsefesini formüle ettiğini söyleyebiliriz.In the domain of thought, it is evident that nearly every intellectual tradition has been influenced by preceding cultures, civilizations, and their respective ideas. Islamic philosophy is no exception to this phenomenon. Within this framework, a critical examination of the Illuminationist (Ishrāqī) philosophy founded by Shihāb al-Dīn al-Suhrawardī (d. 587/1191), is imperative. Ishrāqī philosophy, which is characterised by its eclecticism and predominantly intuitive mode of thinking, draws from the philosophical and mystical schools of antiquity. Suhrawardī regarded the various ancient sources of wisdom from both Eastern and Western traditions as part of a unified perennial philosophy and saw himself as the inheritor of this eternal wisdom. In this regard, Suhrawardī’s philosophy of illumination is said to have been influenced by divine knowledge and Sufism in its mystical dimension, Neoplatonism and Peripatetic philosophy in its theoretical dimension, Zoroastrianism and ancient Persian religions in terms of culture, and Hermeticism in terms of esoteric wisdom. However, in addition to these, it can also be suggested that other traditions such as Sabeanism and Indian metaphysics had an impact on the emergence of this philosophy. The present study, we will compare the dualistic understandings of Illuminationism and Sabeanism within the framework of their respective ontological conceptions. The research elucidates Suhrawardī’s conception of being and the ontology of the Sabean faith which, although originally a divine religion, has adopted various forms throughout history under religious, philosophical, and political factors. This is achieved by means of a comparative analysis of their dualistic elements. The study, explores how the idea of dualism is reflected in both Sabeanism and Suhrawardī’s Illuminationist philosophy in terms of metaphysics, highlighting both similarities and differences between the two traditions. This study concludes Sabeanism and Illuminationism have developed interpretations that resemble dualistic thought in both Islamic and modern sources. The ontological conceptions manifested as light-darkness in Sabeanism and as light-darkness in Illuminationism can be seen as foundational to the overall philosophical systems of both traditions
Effect of vortioxetine and fluoxetine on immunohistochemical expression of Caspase-8, RANKL, and IL-6 in testicular tissue in an experimental depression model
No full textThe main symptoms of depression, a chronic mental illness, include sadness, low self-esteem, and a diminished sense of enjoyment in life. Many factors have been suggested to be associated with depression, one of which is low testosterone in men. The serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine (FLU), used to treat depression, has been reported to potentially have detrimental effects on spermatogenesis in rats after long-term use. The multimodal antidepressant vortioxetine (VTX) offers new promise for the treatment of depression. The chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model is widely known as an experimental paradigm used to study depression-like behaviors in rodents. Stress leads to various neurochemical and immune changes, affecting multiple organs. Our study aims to examine the histopathological findings in testicular tissue induced by CUMS and the immunohistochemical expression of Cas-8, IL-6, and RANKL using a depression model in rats. Rats were split into 4 groups of 7 animals each at random. Group 1 (control) did not experience any stress. Group 2 (CUMS) was exposed to chronic, unpredictable mild stress using a specific procedure. Group 3 (CUMS+VTX) and Group 4 (CUMS+FLU) underwent CUMS and received intraperitoneal drug treatment at a dose of 10 mg/kg during the final three weeks of the study. The rat testicles collected during necropsy were evaluated histopathologically and immunohistochemically for Cas-8, IL-6, and RANKL expressions using a light microscope. In Group 1, histological analysis showed normal tissue architecture in the testicles and epididymis. In Group 2, there was significant depletion of spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules and empty tubules in the epididymis. In Groups 3 and 4, FLU and VTX treatment led to improvements in the testicles. Cas-8, RANKL, and IL-6 immunohistochemistry revealed increased expression in Group 2, primarily in interstitial cells. In Groups 1, 3, and 4, no or very slight expression of these markers was observed. The results of this study showed that sperm production in the testes is negatively affected in CUMS-induced depression and that Cas-8, IL-6, and RANKL expression is increased, particularly in interstitial cells. VTX and FLU, used in the treatment of depression, suggest potential for mitigating the adverse effects of CUMS on the testes
