Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering Journal
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MAPPING LITERATURE REVIEW ON FERMENTATION SUBSTRATES FOR PRODUCTION OF LACTIC ACID BY RHIZOPUS SP: Mapping Literature Review on Lactic acid production by Rhizopus
No full textLactic acid has been a great interest to many industries such as food and beverages, cosmetic, chemical and pharmaceutical due to its various functions. Lactic acid can be produced by fermentation of Rhizopus sp from various substrates such as glucose, starch and lignocellulosic materials. To our knowledge, classification of studies according to the substrates used in the fermentation medium has never been conducted. The main objective of this study is to classify the earlier works on lactic acid production by Rhizopus sp on the most studied substrates. This study also to identify the location or country that focuses on lactic acid production from raw starchy-materials. In this study, a mapping literature study was conducted to classify and structure relevant empirical studies into the types of substrates used. Network visualization based on keywords co-occurrences from selected bibliographic databases is included in this study as well. Eleven (11) substrates were identified from 171 empirical studies. Thirty-two (32) studies were discovered to use starch as substrates in lactic acid production by Rhizopus sp. Out of 32 studies, only twelve (12) studies reported of using raw starchy-materials in their studies where most of the studies were reported from United states. This study redounds to the researchers to uncover critical areas in the production of lactic acid especially in the use of substrates for novel approaches thus, a new hypothesis can be made
PROFILING OF COMPOUNDS IN HYDROSOL EXTRACT OF AQUILARIA (AGARWOOD) SPECIES USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY (GCMS)
Get PDFMost researches involving agarwood mainly focused on extracting the agarwood oil from the infiltrated resin, the most sought non-timber forest product from Aquilaria species with high demand and prices. This led to other parts of this valuable plant species being considered as waste. This include the agarwood hydrosol (byproduct of water distillation). Hydrosol has been reported to retain certain aromatics of its primary essential oil. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to identify the composition of the agarwood hydrosol extracts from Aquilaria species by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). From the analysis, there were a total of 46, 48, 40, 53, 58 and 62 compounds detected in hydrosol extract samples of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively. Accordingly, the oxygenated and phenolic compounds were found to be present in all hydrosol extract samples. The detected phenolic compounds include Phenol, 2,5-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl)-,.Phenol, 2,4-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl)- and 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester. These compounds are believed to possess various potential biological activities including antioxidant activities. Sample 1 and 2 consist of sesquiterpene compounds such as (-)-Aristolene, Naphthalene, decahydro-4a-methyl-1-methylene-7-(1-methylethylidene)-,(4aR-trans)-,Azulene,1,2,3,3a,4,5,6,7-octahydro-1,4-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethenyl)-,[1R-(1.alpha.,3a.beta.,4.alpha.,7.beta.)]- and alloaromadendrene where the later had the highest number of oxygenated and antioxidant compounds. In conclusion, results from this study suggests that agarwood hydrosol possesses myriad of compounds that warrant further investigation based on their potential medicinal benefits. This in turn could help realize the waste to wealth paradigm as well as promote the material as sustainable source for development of halal therapeutics
PRELIMINARY SURVEY ON FOOD WASTES DISPOSAL BY RESIDENTS IN GOMBAK AREA: FOOD WASTES DISPOSAL BY RESIDENTS IN GOMBAK AREA
No full textIn Malaysia, 8.33 million tons of food waste was generated in 2015, and 70% of the wastes have been sent to landfills daily. Since most food wastes are disposed to landfills, it lead to methane generation resulting in a significant greenhouse emission. Thus, in this study, the food waste survey was conducted focuses on Gombak residents purposely to characterise food waste disposal survey data and study the effect of household size on amount of food waste generated daily using SPSS software. In this study, quantitative research was adopted by using the online survey tool, Google form to collect sufficient data. The SPSS analysis result (size of sample=89) does not support the hypothesis that household size positively impacts the amount of food waste disposed of daily. In this case, limitations such as time constraints leading to low sample size and respondents did not weight their food waste were the main reasons for the failure in rejecting the null hypothesis
EFFECT OF EXTRACTION CONDITIONS ON YIELD AND BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF COFFEE PULP EXTRACT
Get PDFCoffee pulp is a by-product of coffee processing that contains a considerable amount of bioactive compounds. The extraction conditions have a great effect on the yield and bioactive compounds of coffee pulp extract. This study aimed to investigate the effect of extraction conditions for shaking-assisted maceration and Soxhlet extraction on the yield and bioactive compounds of coffee pulp from West Java, Indonesia. For shaking-assisted maceration, extraction time (30, 60, 90, and 120 min), shaking speed (30, 60, 90, and 120 movement/min), and concentration of citric acid (0, 3, 5, and 8 % weight per volume) were varied whereas for Soxhlet extraction, sample to solvent ratio (1:7, 1:10, 1:12, and 1:15 weight per weight), concentration of ethanol (0, 70, and 96 % volume/volume), and concentration of citric acid (0, 3, 5, and 8% weight per volume) were varied during the extraction process to determine their influence on the yield and bioactive components of the coffee pulp extract. The highest yield of coffee pulp extract (27.6% weight/weight) was obtained when the coffee pulp was extracted by Soxhlet extraction using 8% citric acid concentration in 96% ethanol with a material to solvent ratio of 1:15. Bioactive compounds in the coffee pulp extract had been determined and found to contain total phenolic compound of 20.3-21.3 mg GAE/g, anthocyanin content of 6.0-13.8 mg/L, vitamin C content of 1.5-1.7 mg/g, and flavonoid content of 3.4-3.8%. The coffee pulp extract also demonstrated an antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 277.89 - 253.57 ppm
HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDE OF KGM-XANTHAN HYDROGELS FOR THE REMOVAL OF BACTERIA IN A WOUND MODEL
Get PDFThis project focused on the development of polysaccharides hydrogels from Konjac Glucomannan (KGM) and Xanthan gum in removing the bacterial load on wound. This new therapy design is due to the traditional wound care methods using antibiotic and normal hydrogel cannot adequately treat biofilm infected wounds to healing process. For the treatment of bacterial infected wound, bacterial removal need to be done physically and manually by debridement, which is very painful and require the use of general anesthesia. Therefore, to reduce the formation of slough and necrotic tissue by the formation of bacterial biofilm, there is a need of specific hydrogels that will able to remove bacterial from the wounded site so it will prevent further infection and enhance the healing process. This study focused on the design and optimization of polysaccharide based hydrogels for the wound treatment. Polysaccharide based hydrogels from Konjac Glucomannan (KGM) and Xanthan gum were developed at different ratio to optimize the physical and chemical properties of the hydrogel that relate to the effectiveness of bacterial removal. Film casting technique was used in the development of the hydrogel film. Konjac Glucomannan (KGM) and Xanthan gum were selected because of their natural polymers properties which are non – toxic, biocompatible and safe to be used. The hydrogels were tested in vitro for bacterial removal efficacy, using E.coli species colonies cultured on a gel inside a petri dish to represent the condition of bacteria infested wound bed. Hydrogel with 50 : 50 % composition blend of KGM-XG was found to be the most effective in the removal of E.coli colonies with 13x103 CFU/mL at 95% water content. Morphological studies of hydrogels showed flat interfacial morphologies, except the sample with 100% of Xanthan without KGM. The results present in this study suggested that the biological activities and adhesion of the hydrogels were not controlled only by the chemical structure but also the composition of compound and the amount of water present in the hydrogels
PROCESS SCALE-UP CRITERIA IN PRODUCTION OF RECOMBINANT PROTEINS IN E. COLI: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Get PDFThis systematic review provides an overview of the scale-up of recombinant protein production. A systematic search was conducted using pre-established terms in four electronic databases (PubMed, Europe PMC, Science Direct, and Scopus), and included journal articles published between 1999 to 14 November 2019. Studies that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria specified were included. Initially, 665 abstracts were screened, of which 595 were excluded. A further 58 articles were excluded after full-text review and 14 articles underwent quality assessment. Finally, only eight (8) eligible articles were identified and included in this review. Oxygen transfer, shear, and production costs were identified as the main factor that affected the choice and success of a scale-up strategy. The comparison of different fermentation systems revealed that maintaining kLa constant was found to be effective in all included studies which employed it, and superior in the two studies that compared it to other criteria. Risk of bias assessment revealed that publication bias and reporting bias are significant issues to be considered in scale-up. Overall, these findings provide insight that can assist researchers to improve the scaling up of fermentation processes and achieve a successful scale-up of recombinant protein production using E. coli as the host
EFFECT OF PLANT ONTOGNEY ON QUANTITY AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF ESSENTIAL OIL IN SWEET BASIL (OCIMUM BASILICUM L.) GROWN IN SUDAN: EFFECT OF ONTOGNEY ON QUANTITY OF ESSENTIAL OIL IN SWEET BASIL GROWN IN SUDAN
No full textABSTRACT: Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), belonging to family Lamiaceae, is very important in food as well as for it’s therapeutic and cosmetic potential. The composition of essential oils in plants is affected by genetical and environmental conditions, which is determined by growth region and harvesting time in terms of ontogenetical variability. This study was carried out to assess the effect of plant ontogeny (pre-flowering, at flowering, fruiting) on essential oil content and chemical constituents for four sweet basil accessions cultivated under irrigation conditions in the experimental farm of the National Oilseed Processing Research Institute (NOPRI), University of Gezira, Sudan. The essential oils were hydro-distilled from the leaves using Clevenger apparatus and the chemical constituents were determined by GC-MS at IIUM. The results reveal that the essential oil content ranged from 0.1% to 0.2% at pre-flowering stage, whereas the oil content obtained at post-flowering stage was 0.1% for the investigated accessions. The highest essential oil content was recorded at flowering stage (0.2-0.5%), where the two Sudanese accessions had the maximum content (0.5%). The major chemical constituents, linalool, citral, methyleugenol, and eucalyptol reported at different developmental stages, punctuated between 5.73% and 32.93% in the four investigated accessions
RISK PREDICTION ANALYSIS FOR CLASSIFYING TYPE 2 DIABETES OCCURRENCE USING LOCAL DATASET
Get PDFThe steep rise of cases pertaining to Diabetes Mellitus (DM) condition among global population has encouraged extensive researches on DM, which led to exhaustive accumulation of data related to DM. In this case, data mining and machine learning applications prove to be a powerful tool in transforming data into a meaningful knowledge. Several machine learning tools has shown great promise in diabetes classification. However, challenges remain in obtaining an accurate model suitable for real world application. Most disease risk-prediction modelling are found to be specific to a local population. Besides that, real world data are likely to be complex, incomplete and unorganized making it a challenge to develop models around it. This research aims to develop a robust prediction model for classification of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with the interest of a Malaysian population, using several well-known machine learning algorithm such as Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine and Naïve Bayers. In order to achieve this, several data pre-processing method is implemented to improve the model performance. The models utilize local based datasets obtain from IIUM medical centre records. Besides that, each models is validated using split and 10 cross fold method. Ultimately, the performance of each model is evaluated and compare based on several statistical metrics that measures the accuracy, precision, sensitivity and efficiency. The final result shows that Random forest model provides the best overall prediction performance in terms of accuracy (0.87), sensitivity (0.9), specificity (0.8), precision (0.9), F1-score (0.9) and AUC value (0.93) (Normal)
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON FORMULATION OF PVA-BASED FACE MASK INCORPORATED WITH SUGARCANE BAGASSE MICROFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE: PVA-Based Face Mask Incorporated with Sugarcane Bagasse Nanocellulose
No full textBio cellulose facial masks have gained a huge interest in the cosmetic industry. The raw materials such as plant biomass, bacteria and algae have been used as producers of cellulose. In this study, several formulated facial masks (F1,F2,F3,F4 and F5) incorporated with nanocellulose extracted from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) have been prepared. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and nanocellulose of sugarcane bagasse (NC-SCB) concentrations were varied to get appropriate composition of the facial masks. The nanocellulose was extracted through chemical treatment assisted with ultrasonication. The physicochemical characteristics of the formulated facial masks in terms of appearance and drying time as well as its organoleptic characteristics; adhesion to skin, spreadability, colour and odour were evaluated. Spectral analysis of the best formulation (F3) and standard formulation of facial mask with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (F6) were compared to observe their chemical structural changes. The results showed that the formulated facial mask, F3 has better performance in term of drying time and adhesion to skin when compared to standard formulation using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). This proves that the presence of nanocellulose of sugarcane bagasse showed competitive performance with the standard formulation of facial mask
ENHANCED FLEXIBILITY OF POLYLACTIC ACID/EPOXIDIZED PALM OIL/PINEAPPLE FIBER COMPOSITES
Get PDFThe concern about our dependency on non-renewable resources and overwhelming environmental issues such as pollution caused by non-degradable packaging materials has prompted researchers to come up with alternatives to solve this problem. Thermoplastic polylactic acid (PLA) has been gaining interest due to its versatility and easy processability, thus this study was carried out to find out the properties of PLA reinforced with pineapple fibers. However, surface of the natural fibers need to be treated for better properties enhancement in the polymer matrices. Considering this, the fibers were treated with 10% (w/v) concentration of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and then continued for mixing with PLA at a fixed ratio of plasticizer by using internal mixer, and then the composites were prepared into sheet via hot press. Characterization for the mechanical and morphological was conducted by using tensile testing and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. After the analysis, it is found that the surface treated pineapple fiber composite showed better elongation at break compared to untreated fiber composite