Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering Journal
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GROWTH KINETICS OF Citrus suhuiensis CELL SUSPENSION CULTURES
No full textCitrus is as one of the major commodities in most countries because of its demand and availability throughout the year. However, production of citrus including Citrus suhuiensis (C. suhuiensis) is declining due to diseases and unable to withstand low temperature. Plant cultures such as cell suspension has a potential in propagating free-disease and healthy Citrus fruits with value-added characteristics. However, studies related to C. suhuiensis is still scarce. Therefore, the growth kinetics of C. suhuiensis cell suspension culture was studied. Friable callus of C. suhuiensis which was induced from seeds was inoculated into MS medium with 30 g/L sucrose, 0.5 g/L malt extract and 2.0 mg/L 2, 4-D for the cell suspension initiation. Several batch experiments using several types of sugars (sucrose, glucose and fructose) were carried out. The cell dry weight (CDW) of C. suhuiensis was recorded for 30 days of culture period and the residual sugars in medium were analyzed using HPLC. Cells were completely hydrolyzed sucrose into glucose and fructose after 5 days of inoculation. All sugars were completely utilized by C. suhuiensis cells after 25th day. The kinetic growth parameters determined from batch experiments were then used for model simulation and verification in MATHCAD 15 software. After adjustments and refinement to the selected kinetic parameters, the model has fairly described and predicted the growth and sugars profile of C. suhuiensis cell suspension culture. The proposed model can be used to predict sucrose hydrolysis, glucose and fructose formation from sucrose and their consumption by the cells and also for larger scale of growth
DETERMINATION OF YIELD, PRODUCTIVITY AND CHEMIAL COMPOSITION OF EUCALYPTUS OIL FROM DIFFERENT SPECIES AND LOCATIONS IN INDONESIA
No full textThere are many factors that influence the biosynthesis of eucalyptus oil which primarily contains 1,8-cineole. Exploratory studies to determine the yield and chemical composition of eucalyptus from different species are necessary. The aim of this was to investigate the yield, productivity and chemical composition of essential oil from different species of Eucalyptus in Indonesia. Three different species of Eucalyptus from different locations in Indonesia was studied particularly E. citriodora, E. urophylla, and E. viminalis. The essential oil contained in the leaf was extracted using a steam-distillation technique. The yield of Eucalyptus oil varies from 1.6 % – 3.3% (w/w, dry weight) which depends on the species, plant location, and leaf age. The chemical composition was analyzed using a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry. The major component in Eucalyptus oil was determined as 1,8-cineole and citronellal and varied from 18.2-82.8%. The productivity of the eucalyptus oil was estimated in the range of 47.4-3771.2 kg/ha/year
BIOSYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES USING RECOMBINANT BROMELAIN
Get PDFoai:ojs2.journals.iium.edu.my:article/8Green chemical method was applied to synthesize nanoparticles using recombinant bromelain. Among the numerous applications of recombinant bromelain, there is still no research on nanoparticles synthesis which encourages its utilization in this study. Four chemicals which are copper(II) chloride dihydrate (CuCl2.2H2O), cerium nitrate hexahydrate (Ce(NO3)3.6H2O), sodium selenite (Na2SeO3), and iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3.6H2O) were selected to be screened for the suitability in nanoparticles biosynthesis by recombinant bromelain. The nanoparticles formed were characterized by using UV-visible absorption spectra. The biosynthesis process then was optimized by varying the centrifugation speed, temperature, and time to get the maximum absorption and weight of nanoparticles through central composite design (CCD) tool. Only CuCl2.2H2O showed a positive result for the screening process which was represented by the formation of colloidal solution and a maximum absorption at 580 nm. Thus, optimization was carried out for this chemical. Based on the optimization model, maximum absorption and weight were predicted at 67.5°C, 2 h, and 9600 rpm. These optimal conditions were validated by repeating the biosynthesis process. The absorption and weight of the nanoparticles depended on the reaction of the chemical with recombinant bromelain. 3D plots showed that the optimal condition for high responses mostly depends on temperature and tim
FACTORIAL ANALYSIS OF GROWTH MARKERS FOR MESOPHILIC BACTERIUM, Pseudomonas putida (ATCC 49128)
No full textStudy into bacterial growth pattern from conventional perspectives is quite defective and strenuous, due to its failure to put down footprint concerning the interactions or simply complementary effects of these factors influencing the bacterial growth. In this study, a restorative screening of salient and collaborative effects to Pseudomonas putida growth markers was evaluated by two levels (24-1) FFDOE. Growth was found to respond remarkably on nutrient concentration coupled with other independent variables. The factorial models have been established from experimental design to study the individual and interactions effects toward the response within the selected variables of nutrient concentration, acclimatization, agitation, and temperature. These were statistically validated using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results revealed that the model terms were invigoratingly significant with F-value of 415.17 at p <0.002. The model term having the most distinctive impact on the response was nutrient concentration. And the magnitude of the influence is in the ascending order A > D > AD > C > AC. Based on the R2 and adjusted R2 higher than 95%, the estimated model terms spell high degree of relationship between observed and predicted values, thus the prediction ability of the models is maintained. It could, therefore, be concluded that nutrient concentration, temperature, and agitation were variables that greatly influence growth at a specific optimal range. 
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF DIETARY COTTONSEED OIL ON BROILER CHICKS PRODUCTION
Get PDFThis study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary cottonseed oil (CSO) at different levels on broiler chickens. Dietary CSO was tested for energy supplementation values in poultry at levels 0, 3, 6 and 9% utilizing isonitrogenous (22.5% CP), semi-isocaloric (3100Kcal/kg) rations and run in the experiment. Ninety-six seven-day old unsexed Ross-308 broiler chicks with an initial weight of 72.9g were used for each experiment in a completely randomized design (4x4x6). Chicks were fed for 42 days. Supplementation with the oils improved performance (p>0.05) but CSO gave significant (p<0.05) values in final, weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Results of energy retention showed similar values in initial energy, but final and gained energy revealed significant (p<0.05) differences among treatment groups. Feed intake, weight gain and final weights of birds were significantly reduced (p<0.05) across treatments by the increased dietary inclusion of CSO while feed conversion ratio of birds increased significantly with increasing dietary CSO (P<0.05). Also, hematological values, serum metabolites, enzyme activities and electrolytes, the packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb) and white blood cell (WBC) varied significantly (P<0.05) with inclusion. Adding 3-6% of the oil improves the carcass, the feed intake, feed conversion efficiency, and the profitability margin
SCREENING of PARAMETERS for SOLID-STATE FERMENTATION OF Aspergillus niger PRODUCING CELLULOSE USING SUGARCANE BAGASSE AS SUBSTRATE
Get PDFMicroï¬brillated cellulose (MFC) is a promising biomaterial in bionanocomposites production because of its renewable and eco-friendly properties. Conventional methods to produce MFC such as acid hydrolysis and mechanical treatment posed significant drawbacks; large amount of acid is required and increased defibrillation of alpha cellulose, respectively. Therefore, an appropriate method is very important in obtaining desired features of MFC such as high mechanical strength, high surface and low density properties. The utilization of agro-industry wastes such as sugarcane bagasse for MFC production could help to reduce the problem of lignocellulosic wastes. Thus, this study aimed to treat the sugarcane bagasse using fungal cellulases hydrolysis as a pretreatment method thus assisting the fibrillation of fiber cellulose via ultrasonication. The effects of solid-state fermentation of Aspergillus niger on cellulases activities and morphological changes of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) were investigated. Variables such as sugarcane bagasse particle size (400 and 600 µm), inoculum size (2% and 5%), medium pH (5 and 7), and fermentation time (5 and 15 days) were screened using 2-level factorial design (Design expert software, Stat-Ease Inc., Version 8.0). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the most significant parameter that affected the structural changes of sugarcane bagasse was its particle size. The increased glucose production indicated the increased of defibrillation of sugarcane bagasse. The use of fungal pretreatment through solid state fermentation of Aspergillus niger prior to ultrasonication was found to assist the later process in fibrillating sugarcane fibres. The results obtained from enzyme assays, optical microscope, SEM and FTIR showed the supporting evidence about the successful fibrillation cellulose of SCB