Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering Journal
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APPLICATION OF IoT FOR MONITORING WATER QUALITY: SUNGAI PUSU CASE STUDY
Get PDFThe availability of clean water, a critical natural resource essential for supporting diverse ecosystems, is increasingly threatened by sediment accumulation, which negatively impacts rivers, oceans, and coastal environments. During rainy seasons, excessive sediment, including clay particles known as total suspended solids (TSS), contaminates water, compromising its quality, altering its color, and driving up treatment costs. Additionally, sediment can carry pollutants that reduce water clarity, harm aquatic life, and disrupt ecosystem functions. Conventional water treatment methods—such as coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration—are commonly employed to address these challenges. However, traditional water quality monitoring relies heavily on laboratory tests that require specialized personnel, chemicals, and expertise, which may not always be adequate for timely and effective intervention. The advent of Internet of Things (IoT) technology offers a promising alternative by enabling the real-time collection of water quality data. Furthermore, integrating soft computing technology into water quality assessment presents a more efficient, rapid, and environmentally sustainable alternative to traditional laboratory-based approaches. An IoT device will be utilized to monitor the performance of a water treatment system and gather data on its water quality indicators. This research can aid in assessing water quality and offering valuable insights to decision-makers on how to maintain or enhance it
A REVIEW ON ROSMARINIC ACID RICH EXTRACT FOR SKIN REGENERATION THROUGH RAPAMYCIN SIGNALING PATHWAY
Get PDFRosmarinic acid is a phenolic compound procured from the species of the Boraginaceae and the Lamiaceae subfamily Nepetoideae. Rosmarinic acid has numeral of biologically stimulating properties. Rosmarinic acid is a chemical constituent which is a major compound found in Orthosiphon aristatus leaves and it is about 5-10% w/w in the ethanolic extract of the leaves. The skin is the largest organ of a human body and it is frequently impacted by a variety of environmental conditions, such as skin infections, skin oxidation, wounds, UV radiation exposure and skin aging. In both physiological and pathological conditions, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) / protein kinase B (AKT) enzyme aids in the preservation and repair of the epidermis, dermis, and hair follicles layer of the skin. PI3K/Akt manages cell proliferation, differentiation, migration as well as angiogenesis and metabolism. This review paper compiles, summarizes and considers on skin regenerative and wound healing
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PUTATIVE LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY) GENE IN Stevia rebaudiana MS007 via IN SILICO ANALYSIS: FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PUTATIVE LHY GENE IN Stevia rebaudiana MS007
No full textStevia rebaudiana is a medicinal herb that has been known as a low-calorie sweetener. It has been recognised as an artificial sweetener that is 300 times sweeter than sucrose. It is a commercially important sweetener that has been consumed as food and medicine due to its ability to reduce blood sugar levels. Stevioside is one of the important compounds that give food a sweet taste. Previous studies showed a high amount of stevioside could be produced by delaying the flowering process of stevia. The aim of this study is to isolate and characterise the putative Late Elongated Hypocotyl (LHY) gene that is involved in the flowering process by using bioinformatics tools. Both analysis by using BLAST and domain search found that LHY gene involved in flowering process. These domains are SANT/Myb domain (IPR001005/SM000717), TEA domain (SM00426), Myb domain (IPR017930), and Myb domain plants (IPR006447). The phylogenetic tree was built using 20 out of 100 protein sequences from BLAST. The physico-chemical properties of putative LHY protein had been conducted through ProtParam and TMHMM showed the protein is globular protein. The phylogenetic tree construction indicated the common ancestor for the putative LHY protein, which is from the same family, i.e., Asteraceae. In summary, this study improves our knowledge of the Stevia MS007 LHY gene by in-silico analysis. Therefore, future research should focus on determining the precise function of the protein in regulating the blooming stage of the stevia plant
CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION REDUCTION USING COMBINED CLEANER PRODUCTION STRATEGY AND CARBON EMISSION PINCH ANALYSIS IN AN OFFSET PRINTING PLANT
Get PDFIn this study, Cleaner Production (CP) strategy and Carbon Emission Pinch Analysis (CEPA) were used to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emission generated in printing industry. CP audit was conducted in a printing premise to quantify the consumption of materials and energy, waste generated and other aspect such as safety and productivity. The amount of CO2 emission generated from the operations and activities in the premise was estimated to identify key issues. Subsequently, CP options were identified to overcome the issues. Feasibility studies were conducted for each option identified to evaluate the reduction of CO2 emission and monetary returns. The study revealed that a total of 0.8 kg CO2 emission was generated per kg of paper processed, where electricity consumption was the main contributor. A total of eight CP options were identified and evaluated to reduce CO2 emission generated from the electricity consumption and solid waste generation. Implementations of the suggested CP options are expected to potentially reduce the CO2 emission to 0.7 tons CO2/kg of processed paper, which is a reduction of 78%. The CEPA study also demonstrated that a saving of 211,194 kWh/month of electricity and a reduction of CO2 emission of 141.5 tons/month (68%) from the total emission of 209 tons/month could be achieved. There are four CP options can be implemented without any cost incurred, with expected CO2 emission reduction of 96.5 tons/month. Hence, the case study proves that it is possible to reduce CO2 emission in printing premise by implementing CP and CEPA
TECHNO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF MELIPONICULTURE IN BUKIT SANDY, CIMENYAN, BANDUNG
No full textPropolis produced by stingless bees has a high economic value in Indonesia. Bukit Sandy is a plantation area in Cimenyan, Bandung which is famous for citrus picking tourism and has the potential to be developed for meliponiculture. Currently, there are stingless bee colonies in Bukit Sandy, but the colonies are not growing well. This research aimed to examine environmental conditions and techno-economic analysis of meliponiculture in Bukit Sandy. This research used descriptive analysis, vegetation analysis, colony carrying capacity analysis, and techno-economic analysis methods. Based on the environmental description, conditions of the environmental in Bukit Sandy are suitable for meliponiculture. Dominant forage vegetation potential for stingless bees in Bukit Sandy are mahogany (tree), pine (pole), lemon (sapling), and paspalum (seedling). The estimated potential for production of honey in Bukit Sandy ranges from 2.25-30.21 kg/month and the carrying capacity of stingless bee colonies in Bukit Sandy is 4-54 colonies. This study proposed several scenarios for techno-economic analysis for cultivation of Heterotrigona itama; i) 4 colonies with raw propolis and honey as products, ii) 4 colonies with propolis extract, honey and propolis residue as products, iii) 4 colonies with raw propolis and honey as products, ii) 54 colonies with propolis extract, honey and propolis residue as products. Based on the techno-economic analysis, meliponiculture in Bukit Sandy is technically feasible and profitable for scenario 2 and 3, while scenario 1 is not profitable. Scenatio 2 is proposed for early stages of meliponiculture in Bukit Sandy and later transformed to scenario 3 for higher profit and benefits to the societ
A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF CLITORIA TERNATEA
Get PDFClitoria ternatea L. has gained more attention from the scientific community in the recent years due to its potential biological properties including antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. This explains the increment in the number of scientific studies done on the plant. However, there is no available paper found on the bibliometric analysis of C. ternatea specifying the important relationship between the content of the bioactive compounds, the types of research and the geographical diversity. Thus, this study aims to conduct a bibliometric analysis on the research trends, spatial distribution and related bioactive compounds of the C. ternatea. Search term (“Clitoria ternatea”) OR (“Blue Butterfly Pea flower”) is used as the keyword in SCOPUS database and 598 publications were found within the period of 1954 until 2020. The growth of publications showed a sharp increase in 2011 and 2018 and keep growing throughout the years since then. The VOSviewer programme was used to analyze keywords, countries, bioactive compounds, medicinal benefits and authors through visual knowledge mapping to assess the research trends. However, only 43% of the publications were selected for further analysis subsequent to screening stage. Results on the relationship between C. ternatea and bioactive compounds showed that antioxidant was the most frequently encountered pharmaceutical potential and anthocyanin was the most frequently encountered biological properties. The geographical distribution analyses showed that most researches were originated from Southeast Asian countries. The bibliometric analysis performed in this study has identified trends in C. ternatea plant from 1954 to 2020, which will guide the future directions in this research field
OPTIMIZATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FREE AND CROSS-LINKED ENZYMES AGGREGATE FROM SOLID-STATE FERMENTED MATERIALS
Get PDFThe fermentation process is well known which can lead to a selective strain that produces a large-scale optimum enzyme. In this study, the enzymes used were thermophilic resistant and obtained from solid-state fermented material. However, another technique was approached in this research to obtain higher stability of enzymes. Cross-linked Enzyme Aggregate (CLEA) technology was applied to provide higher tolerance of enzymes under harsh industrial environments. The enzymes assayed were protease, cellulase, xylanase, and pectinase. Maximizing the extraction of enzymes and optimizing the overall process before the immobilization was significant. Moreover, free, and immobilized enzymes were characterized to evaluate their stability and reusability. While the face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) under the response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the immobilized enzymes. The influence of independent parameters i.e., the concentration of (precipitant) acetone, (cross-linker) glutaraldehyde, and (additive) bovine serum albumin, (BSA) were studied. This was followed by the further characterization of free and CLEA enzymes based on the optimum pH and temperature rooted in the stability and reusability of CLEA enzymes. Overall, the result obtained from optimization showed that CLEA-enzymes have a high recovery at 60% glutaraldehyde, 60% acetone, and 2.25mg/ml BSA for all the selected enzymes. In conclusion, the results gained from the characterization of free and immobilized enzymes showed higher resistance at a temperature of 60°C for free enzymes and 65°C for CLEA-enzymes. On the other side, the pH value was found at pH 8 for protease, xylanase, and pectinase, and pH 7 for cellulase. The application of CLEAs influenced the pH value, where pH 10 for xylanase and protease, pH9 for pectinase, and cellulase had the same pH of 7 as the free and immobilized cellulase. Overall, the activity was found to be 28.24% after six cycles
CARBON FIBER AEROGEL FROM NANOFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE AND WASTE ENGINE OIL RESIDUE FOR OIL SORPTION
Get PDFThe oil adsorption method is one of the best approaches that can be used to treat an oil spillage on the water surface. The researchers have moved forwards in developing oil sorbent material that is very efficient for oil adsorption process, environmentally friendly, and very low cost. Following this, combination of two different wastes has been used as raw material to prepare oil sorbent material with such characteristic in this study. Nanofibrillated cellulose were extracted from sugarcane bagasse and were combined with carbon residue from waste engine oil to produce carbon fiber aerogel (CFA). Different ratio of cellulose to waste engine oil residue, WER (between 0.5 until 1.5) at different carbonization temperature (500 to 700?C) was used to develop CFA and the oil sorption capacity was investigated. It was observed that ratio of cellulose to WER 1.5 and carbonization temperature of 600 ?C achieved the highest oil sorption capacity of 5.47 g/g. The sample CFA possess highly fibrous and rough surface structure as observed by FESEM, low density (0.17 g/cm3) with high carbon content (C-C and C?C) as confirmed by the FTIR. This study stimulates an insight to utilize sustainable waste sources as the raw material for oil sorbent material development
THE EFFECT OF ACID MODIFICATION ON ADSORPTION OF ORTHO-NITROPHENOL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY MULTI WALL CARBON NANOTUBES AND CONICAL CARBON NANOFIBERS: CHARACTERIZATION, MODELLING AND PERFORMANCE
Get PDFThis study examined the absorption of ortho-nitrophenol onto Conical carbon nanofibers (CCNFs) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MCNTs). The properties of the CNTs and CNFs were analyzed using various techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller for surface area analysis, Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The study investigated the effectiveness of hydrochloric acid-activated the surface of both CNTs and CNFs in removing 2-NitroPhenol ions from an aqueous solution. The Central-Composite design of RSM was employed to study the impact of solution pH, agitation speed, adsorption time, and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption process and then optimize these parameters for the removal of 2-NP. The results of the optimization revealed that the best conditions for removing 2-Nitro Phenol were pH 6.6, for 68.0 minutes, at 80 rpm agitation and 108mg of absorbent. Additionally, the effect of the initial concentration was evaluated, and the adsorption capacity of the nano-activated carbon adsorbents was calculated. The study found that multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with a high surface area are more effective than Conical carbon nanofibers (CCNFs) in reducing 2-NP from an aqueous solution, making MWCNTs a potentially useful material in the fight against environmental pollution
AI-BASED WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTIMIZATION IN THE HALAL FOOD INDUSTRY OF MALAYSIA: A MINI REVIEW
Get PDFSolid waste management (SWM) has become a critical issue in Malaysia, with increasing amounts of waste generated every year and limited resources available to manage it effectively. Additionally, the halal food industry is rapidly growing and expanding globally due to the rising Muslim population, predicted to reach 2.2 billion by 2030 at an annual growth rate of 1.5 percent. This increasing production and consumption of halal food has an impact on the environment. Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to revolutionize solid waste management by improving efficiency, reducing costs, and optimizing waste management processes. This mini review provides an overview of the impact of AI on solid waste management in Malaysia, focusing on the current trends, challenges, and opportunities in the industry, particularly in the halal food sector. The review offers insights into the potential of AI in enhancing waste collection, optimizing waste management processes, improving resource recovery and recycling, and reducing waste to landfill. Additionally, the review explores the current initiatives, projects, and developments in the field of AI and solid waste management in Malaysia and identifies areas for future research and collaboration. The review concludes that AI has a significant role to play in improving solid waste management in Malaysia, and continued investment and development in this area is necessary to achieve sustainable waste management practices. Furthermore, its findings have the potential for wider applications and inspire future research in AI-based waste management solutions across various industries. The findings and recommendations of this review have the potential to be adapted and implemented in other industries facing similar waste management challenges