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MEASUREMENTS OF PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS ON A ROTOR BLADE USING PSP TECHNIQUES
Get PDFSurface pressure distributions on a rotating blade were measured by using pressure sensitive paint (PSP) to understand aerodynamic characteristics of a rotor blade. The present study was conducted to investigate the PSP techniques for measuring the pressure distributions on a rotor blade. In order to perform the experiment, the PSP was required to response very fast due to rapid pressure fluctuations on a rotor blade. High energy excitation light source was also needed to acquire proper intensity images in a short excitation time. The techniques were based on a lifetime method. Qualitative pressure distributions on an upper surface of small scale rotor in hovering condition were measured as a preliminary experiment prior to forward flight conditions in the KARI low speed wind tunnel laboratory. From measured pressure distributions, striking pressure gradient was observed on an upper surface of rotor blade and the resulting pressure showed expected gradient depending on different collective pitch angles. ABSTRAK : Pengagihan tekanan permukaan ke atas berbilah putar disukat menggunakan cat sensitive tekanan (pressure sensitive paint (PSP)) untuk memahami sifat-sifat aerodinamik suatu berbilah putar. Kajian telah dijalankan untuk menyelidik teknik-teknik PSP dengan mengukur agihan tekanan ke atas suatu berbilah putar. Agar eksperimen dapat dijalankan dengan baik, PSP harus bertindak cepat kerana tekanan naik turun dengan pantas ke atas berbilah putar. Sumber cahaya ujaan tenaga tinggi diperlukan untuk mendapatkan imej keamatan wajar dalam jangka masa ujaan yang pendek. Teknik-teknik tersebut terhasil daripada kajian semasa hayat. Agihan tekanan kualitatif ke permukaan atas berskala kecil pemutar dalam keadaan mengapung diukur sebagai permulaan eksperimen, sebelum penerbangan kehadapan dalam makmal terowong angin laju rendah KARI. Daripada agihan tekanan yang disukat, kecerunan tekanan yang ketara diperolehi daripada permerhatian terhadap permukaan atas berbilah putar dan tekanan yang didapati menunjukkan tekanan kecerunan yang dijangka, bergantung kepada sudut himpunan anggul yang berbeza
Removal of Nitrate and Phosphate from Municipal Wastewater Sludge by Chlorella vulgaris, Spirulina platensis and Scenedesmus quadricauda
Get PDFNitrate and phosphorus in wastewater contribute to health and environmental threats as they are linked to illnesses as well as ecosystem disruption via algal blooms in contaminated water bodies. Based on above perspectives a comparative study was conducted on three local freshwater microalgae:Chlorella vulgaris, Spirulina platensis and Scenedesmus quadricauda to evaluate their effects on nitrate and phosphorus removal from municipal wastewater sludge (MWS). Algae performance in removing nitrate and phosphorus was evaluated by measuring nitrate and phosphorus content of MWS incubated with the strains for 7 days. Instantaneous readings were taken every 48 hours to determine periodic levels of the nutrients phosphate and nitrate. BOD5 was also evaluated to identify the strain with the most robust growth that would demand for oxygen the most in the dark. Spirulina platensis was shown as the most efficient microalgae to reduce nitrate in MWS and the best-growing among the three strains, while Chlorella vulgaris removed phosphorus the most effectively. Thus Spirulina and Chlorella could be potential candidates by showing their intrinsic merit for the reduction of phosphate and nitrate in wastewater treatment.ABSTRAK: Nitrat dan fosforus dalam air sisa menggugat kesihatan dan mengancam alam sekitar memandangkan ia berkait dengan penyakit-penyakit serta gangguan terhadap ekosistem melalui pembiakan alga dalam air yang tercemar. Berdasarkan perspektif di atas, satu kajian perbandingan telah dijalankan terhadap tiga mikro alga air tawar tempatan : Chlorella vulgaris, Spirulina platensis dan Scenedesmus quadricauda untuk dinilai kesannya terhadap penyingkiran nitrat dan fosforus dari enap cemar air sisa bandaran (municipal wastewater sludge (MWS)). Kebolehan alga dalam penyingkiran nitrat dan fosforus dikaji dengan menyukat kandungan nitrat dan fosforus dalam MWS yang dieramkan dengan strain ini selama 7 hari. Bacaan serta-merta diambil setiap 48 jam untuk menentukan tahap berkala nutrien fosfat dan nitrat. BOD5 juga dinilai untuk mengenal pasti strain yang membesar dengan cepat yang memerlukan bekalan oksigen paling banyak dalam gelap. Spirulina platensis dikenal pasti sebagai mikro alga yang paling cekap dalam pengurangan nitrat dalam MWS dan paling cepat tumbesarannya, manakala Chlorella vulgaris menyingkir fosforus dengan paling berkesan. Maka Spirulina and Chlorella berpotensi dalam mengurangkan fosfat dan nitrat dalam rawatan air sisa
Analysis of Impeller Type Wind Turbine
Get PDFThe new global development for wind turbines obliged inventors to create new wind turbine designs that have high efficiency and better than known designs. This paper proposes the impeller wind turbine, which uses more effectively the wind energy and depends only on the acting area of the vanes. The vane wind turbine is designed to increase the drag coefficient and output of a wind turbine that uses kinetic energy of the wind. It can be used worldwide due to its high efficiency, simple construction, and simple technology and can be made from cheap materials. Abstrak: Pembangunan global terkini turbin angin menyebabkan pereka harus membina rekaan terbaru turbin angin yang bercekapan tinggi yang lebih baik daripada rekaan-rekaan terdahulu. Kertas ini mencadangkan pendesak turbin angin, yang menggunakan kuasa angin secara lebih efektif dan bergantung hanya terhadap permukaan bilah kipas yang terlibat. Bilah kipas turbin angin direka sebegini untuk meningkatkan pekali seret dan juga keluaran daripada turbin angin tersebut yang menggunakan tenaga kinetik angin. Cara ini boleh digunakan secara meluas di serata dunia kerana ia bercekapan tinggi, mudah dibina, menggunakan teknologi yang ringkas dan diperbuat daripada bahan-bahan yang murah
Some Biological Activities of Malaysian Leech Saliva Extract
Get PDFLeeches were fed on the phagostimulatory solution through parafilm membrane. The satiated leeches were forced to regurgitate the solution by soaking them in an ice-container. The anticoagulant activity was ascertained using thrombin time assay (TT). The result revealed that the saliva concentration which increases TT by 100% (IC100) is 43.205µg/ml plasma. The antimicrobial activity of the saliva was tested against several bacterial spp. (E.coli, P.aeruginosa, B.cereus, Sal.typhi and S.aureus) and fungi spp. (C.albicans and C.neoformans). It was found that saliva has an inhibition activity against Sal.typhi (minimal inhibitory concentration MIC 78.253µg/ml), S.aureus (MIC 78.253µg/ml) and E.coli (MIC 121.256µg/ml).ABSTRAK: Pacat-pacat diberi makan larutan phagostimulatory menerusi membran parafilem. Pacat-pacat yang kekenyangan itu dipaksa memuntahkan larutan tersebut dengan direndam di dalam bekas berisi ais. Aktiviti antigumpal ditentukan menggunakan cerakin masa trombin (TT). Keputusan menunjukkan kepekatan air liur pacat menyebabkan pertambahan TT sebanyak 100% (IC100) iaitu 43.205µg/ml plasma. Aktiviti antimikrob air liur telah diuji dengan pelbagai jenis bakteria (E.coli, P.aeruginosa, B.cereus, Sal.typhi dan S.aureus) dan pelbagai jenis kulat (C.albicans and C.neoformans). Didapati air liur menghasilkan aktiviti perencatan terhadap Sal.typhi (kepekatan perencat minima (Minimal inhibitory concentration - MIC) 78.253µg/ml), S.aureus (MIC 78.253µg/ml) dan E.coli (MIC 121.256µg/ml)
WAVE SCATTERING AT A TAPERED FREE END OF AN ELASTIC PLATE
Get PDFThis paper focuses on the interaction of SH elastic waves in a plate with a tapered free end. The plate is modeled as a semi-infinite elastic structure, which was assumed to have traction-free surfaces. The results of the analysis based on mode matching are presented for various combinations of normalized frequencies and angles of free end inclination. The reported observations form important guidelines for the interpretation of experimental data when using horizontally polarized wave as a mean for nondestructive evaluation of elastic plates. ABSTRAK: Kertas kerja ini adalah khusus berkenaan interaksi gelombang anjal SH di dalam plat yang mempunyai hujung bebas yang tirus. Plat ini dimodelkan sebagai satu struktur elastik separa tak terhingga, yang diandaikan mempunyai permukaan nirgeseran. Keputusan analisis berdasarkan mod pemadanan dibentangkan untuk pelbagai kombinasi frekuensi ternormal dan sudut kecondongan hujung bebas. Pemerhatian yang dibentangkan memberi panduan penting dalam menginterpretasi data eksperimental penggunaan gelombang berkutub mendatar sebagai satu kaedah penilaian tanpa musnah plat anjal
Fabrication of Ceramic Membrane Chromatography for Biologics Purification
Get PDFChromatography is one of the most important separation processes of choice for the recovery/purification of proteins and complex bio-structures. Fabrication of chromatographic membranes and their efficiency in the chromatography process has been the subject of many recent researches. In this study, a coin-like, 13 mm diameter and 3 mm thick, ceramic membrane was fabricated to be used as a chromatographic medium. The membrane is used to replace the conventional resin-based chromatography columns. Hydroxyapatite (HA) powder was used as a material for the membrane fabrication. In this project, a HA powder was produced using starch as pore creating agents. Characterization processes were done for the ceramic membrane using the suitable apparatuses. Three parameters of the fabrication process (starch wt %, compaction pressure and sintering temperature) were manipulated to optimize the performance of the membrane. The fabricated membrane was placed in a (FPLC) system to be tested for its performance as an adsorptive membrane. (IMAC) process was run by immobilizing Ni2+ ions at the membrane particles surfaces. NP protein of the (NDV) was used to test the membrane's ability to bind Histidine-tagged proteins. The optimum set of process parameters that yielded in the highest porosity and good chromatogram was determined to be 5 wt % starch, 3000 psi compaction pressure and 1100°C sintering temperature.ABSTRAK: Kromatografi merupakan satu daripada proses pengasingan yang penting yang dipilih untuk perolehan/penapisan protein dan biostruktur yang kompleks. Pemfabrikatan membran kromatografi dan kecekapannya dalam proses kromatografi merupakan fokus beberapa kajian terkini. Dalam kajian ini, membran seramik berbentuk duit syiling, berdiameter 13 mm dengan ketebalan 3 mm, direka untuk digunakan sebagai perantara kromatografi. Membran ini digunakan untuk menggantikan turus kromatografi berasaskan resin yang lazim. Serbuk hidroksiapatit (HA) digunakan sebagai bahan pemfabrikatan membran. Dalam projek ini, serbuk HA dihasilkan menggunakan kanji sebagai agen penghasilan liang. Proses pencirian dilakukan terhadap membran seramik menggunakan radas yang sesuai. Tiga parameter proses pemfabrikatan (peratusan berat kanji, tekanan padatan dan suhu pensinteran) dimanipulasikan untuk mendapatkan prestasi membran yang optima. Membran yang difabrikatkan diletakkan dalam sistem FPLC (Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography) untuk diuji prestasinya sebagai membran serap. Proses IMAC (Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography) dijalankan dengan memegunkan ion Ni2+ pada permukaan zarah membran. Nucleoprotein dari NDV (Newcastle disease virus) digunakan untuk menguji kebolehan membran terikat dengan protein yang dilabelkan dengan Hisditina. Set parameter proses yang optima yang menghasilkan keliangan tertinggi dan kromatogram yang baik ditentukan pada berat kanji 5 %, tekanan padatan 3000 psi dan suhu pensinteran 1100°C.KEYWORDS: Membrane Chromatography, Porous Ceramic Membrane, IMAC, Hydroxyapatite, Chromatography
Preliminary Investigation of Myo-Inositol Phosphates Produced by ASUIA279 Phytase on MCF-7 Cancer Cells
Get PDFPhytate or myo-inositol hexakisphosphates (IP6) is widely distributed in plants like rice brans. The production of myo-inositol phosphate intermediates has received much attention due to the remarkable potential health benefits offered by the compounds. In this study, the cytotoxicity of the partially purified myo-inositol phosphate fractions and commercial IP1 and IP6 were investigated against MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. The study showed that the commercial standard IP1 and IP6 showed good inhibition towards the MCF-7 cell line. The MCF-7 cells growth was inhibited in minimum concentration of myo-inositol phosphates (<1000 µg/ml). However, no inhibition observed on the MCF-7 cell line by the myo-inositol phosphates fractions partially purified from rice bran at concentration <1000 ?g/ml. The inhibition of MCF-7 was only observed at concentration more than 30 mg/ml with more than 40% cells were inhibited. This indicates that the partially purified rice bran myo-inositol phosphates degraded by ASUIA279 phytase on MCF-7 breast cancer cells exhibit positive results towards the inhibition of cancer cells growth at relatively high concentration..KEYWORDS: myo-inositol phosphates, phytase, MCF-7, cancerABSTRAK: Fitat atau myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) dikenali umum teragih di dalam tumbuhan seperti dedak padi. Penghasilan perantaraan fosfat myo-inositol mendapat perhatian memandangkan ia berpotensi tinggi dalam kesihatan. Dalam kajian ini, kesitotoksikan sebahagian daripada fosfat myo-inositol separa tulen, IP1 komersil dan IP6 komersil dikaji terhadap produk yang berupa sel kekal (cell lines) kanser payu dara MCF-7. Tumbesaran sel MCF-7 direncatkan dalam pekatan minima fosfat myo-inositol (<1000 μg/ml). Tetapi, tidak ada perencatan dilihat terhadap sel kekal MCF-7 oleh sebahagian fosfat myo-inositol separa tulen daripada dedak padi pada kepekatan <1000 mg/ml. Perencatan MCF-7 hanya dilihat pada kepekatan lebih daripada 30 mg/ml dengan lebih daripada 40% sel terencat. Ini menunjukkan bahawa fosfat myo-inositol daripada dedak padi separa tulen terdegradasi oleh fitat ASUIA279 terhadap sel kanser MCF-7 dimana ia menunjukkan keputusan positif terhadap perencatan tumbesaran sel kanser pada kepekatan tinggi
Removal of Oil and Grease as Emerging Pollutants of Concern (EPC) in Wastewater Stream
Get PDFWastewater characteristics, which depend on wastewater source, are increasingly becoming more toxic in recent times. The concentrations of oil and grease in wastewater streams have been observed to increase in wastewater stream with increasing adverse effects on the ecology. This results from the increasing use of oil and grease in high-demanded oil-processed foods, establishment and expansion of oil mills and refineries worldwide, as well as indiscriminate discharge of oil and grease into the water drains, domestically and industrially. This study reports the applications, efficiencies and challenges of the wastewater treatment techniques currently employed in the removal of oil and grease from the industrial wastewater and municipal water stream. The results shows that the concentrations of oil and grease injected into the ecosystem are of higher environmental impact and this needs to be given the desired attention. The desired development for effective removal of oil and grease as emerging pollutants of concern (EPC) in wastewater stream are thus proposed. ABSTRAK: Ciri-ciri air sisa, bergantung kepada punca air sisa tersebut, menjadi semakin toksik akhir-akhir ini. Kepekatan minyak dan gris dalam air sisa anak sungai dilihat makin bertambah dalam air sisa anak sungai dengan bertambahnya kesan negatif ke atas ekologi. Ini disebabkan oleh peningkatan penggunaan minyak dan gris dalam makanan berproses yang tinggi permintaannya, penubuhan dan perkembangan kilang pertroleum dan loji penapisan di seluruh dunia. Minyak dan gris juga dibuang sewenang-wenangnya ke dalam parit air, dari kalangan domestik dan industry. Kajian ini membentangkan tentang aplikasi, keberkesanan dan teknik cabaran rawatan air buangan yang kini digunakan dalam pembuangan minyak dan gris dari air sisa industry dan air sungai perbandaran. Keputusan menunjukkan kepekatan minyak dan gris yang wujud dibuang ke dalam ekosistem mempunyai impak yang lebih tinggi terhadap persekitaran dan hal ini perlu diambil berat. Keinginan untuk kemajuan penyingkiran minyak dan gris sebagai keprihatinan terhadap pencemaran (emerging pollutants of concern (EPC))ke atas air sisa sungai dicadangkan.Key words: wastewater, oil and grease, emerging pollutant of concer
ROLE OF DISCRETE NATURE OF CHIP FORMATION AND NATURAL VIBRATIONS OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS IN CHATTER FORMATION DURING METAL CUTTING
Get PDFIn the present work a review of the existing theories of chatter formation has been conducted and the weaknesses of the most widely accepted ‘Regenerative Chatter theory’ in explaining various phenomena related to chatter formation have been identified. An attempt has been made in this work to determine the common causes of chatter formation in different metal cutting operations, namely, turning, thread cutting and end milling conducted on plain carbon steel AISI 1040. Experimental investigations have been conducted during the above types of machining processes to identify the marks of instability and chatter on the formed chips. It has been identified that in all the three machining operations the chips formed show a common type of discreteness in the form of secondary saw teeth, which appear at the free edge of the chip. Mechanism of formation of these teeth has been studied and the frequencies of their formation have been determined for different cutting conditions. Apart from the secondary saw teeth primary saw teeth have also been identified at the main section of the chip and their frequencies were also determined. At the same time the natural vibrations of the main system components have been identified and the acceleration amplitudes at the prominent natural frequencies during actual machining were recoded using a dedicated vibration monitoring system. The frequencies of secondary chip serration and the natural frequencies of the system components were plotted against cutting speed. Acceleration amplitudes at the prominent natural frequencies were also plotted separately against cutting force. Based on comparison and analysis of these two frequency and amplitude graphs it was concluded that chatter (vibration with relatively high amplitude) appears in the system when the frequency of secondary saw teeth approaches values equal to half or integer multiple of a prominent natural frequency of the system resulting in resonance. In the case of thread cutting and turning the main vibrating component was identified as the tool holder and in the case of end milling the main vibrating components were the tool holder and the spindle. Severe vibration/chatter was found to appear during end milling when the tool and the spindle simultaneously entered into resonance. This occurred when the chip serration frequency got close to the spindle’s natural frequency, which was approximately twice the value of the natural frequency of the tool holder in the conducted experiments
SIMULATION OF TURBULENT FLOW THROUGH TARBELA DAM TUNNEL 3
Get PDFTarbela dam is one of the largest earth filled dam in the world. The sediments inflow in the Tarbela reservoir has resulted in reduction in water storage capacity. During the recent years, a reasonable increase of sediment particles in the tunnel is observed. This is damaging tunnels, power generating units and is a severe threat to the plant equipment. To the authors knowledge, to-date no comprehensive simulation studies are performed for flooding in the reservoir or turbulent flows in the tunnels. In this paper, turbulent flow using Reynolds Stress Model in Tunnel 3 of the Tarbela Dam is analyzed with and without considering the effect of sediments particle. Results are presented for three different water heads in the reservoir i.e. considering summer, winter and average seasons and for one-way and two-way/full coupling for sediments particle tracking/deposition. The effect of cavitation erosion and damage to the tunnels due to erosion is investigated and results are compared with the experimental erosion results for similar geometries and are found in good agreement. Sediments particulate analysis is also performed for the validation of the samples collected from WAPDA. Moreover, pressure, velocity and erosion rate results are discussed to get complete behavior of the turbulent flow of water in the tunnel