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EFFECT OF FIBER LENGTH VARIATIONS ON PROPERTIES OF COIR FIBER REINFORCED CEMENT-ALBUMEN COMPOSITE (CFRCC)
No full textThis paper evaluated the effect of fiber length on the mechanical and physical performance of coir fiber reinforced cement-albumen composites (CFRCC). Albumen protein was added as a binder and the coir fibers with the lengths of 0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mm was used as partial replacement of the cement mixture. Flexural and compressive strength, bulk density, moisture content and water absorption were investigated. The experimental investigations reveal that increasing in length of fiber augment the flexural strength. Incorporation of long fiber into the cement paste however, decreased the workability and thus introduced voids which results in low density. In fact, the water absorption and moisture content were also increased
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN FOR SIMULTANEOUS PRODUCTION OF PHB, MESOPHILIC PROTEASES AND LIPASES
No full textABSTRACT: Bacillus species are able to produce PHB, Proteases and Lipases. Bacillus subtilius, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus therigienesis and Bacillus sp. were used. Plackett-Burman, Box-Behnken design and the Excel solver were used to optimize the production. The statistical analysis of the results proved insignificant relationship between the media compositions and the responses. The results clearly proved a competition between the production of PHB, Proteases and Lipases. Meanwhile systematic experimental design succeeded to minimize this competition. The maximum gained PHB in this study were 16.48 g/l/48 hr. In case of Proteases and Lipases were 534, and 22.56 Units/ml/48 h respectively. The strategies used in this study are recommended for simultaneous production of PHB and proteases. For some extend lipases produced too
Characterization of Materials by Vibration Technique
Get PDFThis paper presents an experimental investigation of two different kinds of plates of materials namely glass and stainless steel by experimental modal analysis. The materials are excited by an impact hammer to perform resonant vibration where the characteristics of the resonance are acquired. One most important characteristic is the natural frequency where it is known that different material having undergone resonant vibration exhibit different specific natural frequencies to it. The natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes are used as the parameters of determining the structural properties of these materials. The vibration analysis is done using the LMS instruments and software where Frequency Response Function (FRF) measurement technique is employed in determining the natural frequencies. The structural properties are established based on the obtained natural frequencies and geometries of the materials using the expression from available literature. The elastic moduli obtained for glass and stainless steel are 66.08 Gpa and 193.26 GPa.ABSTRAK: Kertas ini membentangkan kajian mengenai dua bahan plat yang berbeza iaitu kaca dan keluli tahan karat dengan menggunakan analisis ragaman eksperimental. Getaran resonans dijalankan dengan menguja bahan-bahan tersebut dengan tukul hentaman dimana ciri-ciri tertentu diperolehi. Frekuensi asli merupakan satu daripada ciri utama, dimana ianya diketahui bahawa bahan yang berbeza akan mengalami getaran resonans yang menghasilkan frekuensi asli tertentu. Frekuensi asli dan bentuk ragam yang berpadanan digunakan sebagai parameter dalam menentukan sifat-sifat struktur bahan ini. Analisis getaran dijalankan dengan menggunakan peralatan LMS dan teknik ukuran perisian Fungsi Frekuensi Sambutan (Frequency Response Function (FRF)) untuk menentukan frekuensi asli. Sifat-sifat struktur ditentukan berdasarkan frekuensi asli dan bahan geometri, yang diperolehi daripada pengungkapan bahan sumber bacaan yang sedia ada. Modulus keanjalan yang diperolehi untuk kaca adalah 66.08 GPa dan untuk keluli tahan karat adalah 193.26 GPa
PhaC Synthases and PHA Depolymerases: The Enzymes that Produce and Degrade Plastic
Get PDFPHAs are a group of intracellular biodegradable polymer produced by (most) bacteria under unbalanced growth conditions. A series of enzymes are involved in different PHAs synthesis, however PhaC synthases are responsible for the polymerization step. PHAs are accumulated in bacterial cells from soluble to insoluble form as storage materials inside the inclusion bodies during unbalanced nutrition or to save organisms from reduces equivalents. PHAs are converted again to soluble components by another pathways and enzymes for the degradation process. PHAs depolymerases are the responsible enzymes. This review is designed to give the non-specialists a condense background about PHAs especially for researcher and students in medicinal and pharmaceutical filled. ABSTRAK: PHAs (polyhydroxyalkanoate) merupakan sekumpulan polimer terbiodegradasikan intrasel yang dihasilkan oleh (kebanyakan) bakteria di bawah keadaan tumbesaran tak seimbang. Satu rangkaian enzim terlibat dalam sistesis PHAs yang berbeza, namun sintesis PhaC bertanggungjawab dalam peringkat pempolimeran. PHAs dikumpulkan dalam sel bakteria dari bentuk larut dan tak larut sebagai bahan simpan di dalam jasad terangkum semasa nutrisi tak seimbang atau untuk menyelamatkan organisma daripada pengurangan tak keseimbangan. PHAs ditukarkan sekali lagi kepada komponen larut dengan cara lain dan enzim lain untuk proses degradasi. PHAs depoly-merases (enzim yang memangkin penguraian makro molekul kepada molekul yang lebih mudah) merupakan enzim yang bertanggunjawab. Kajian semula ini direka untuk memberi mereka yang bukan pakar, satu ringkasan tentang PHAs terutamanya penyelidik dan penuntut dalam bidang peubatan dan farmaseutikal
Investigation of the Swirl Effect on Engine Using Designed Swirl Adapter
Get PDFSwirl is the rotational flow of charge within the cylinder about its axis. The engine used in this investigation is a basic Double Overhead Camshaft (DOHC) which has a capacity of 1597 cc and installed with a total of 16 valves developed by Malaysian car manufacturer PROTON. The swirl adapter is placed inside the intake port of the Engine. The Adapter angle is set to 30o to force the charge to bounce off the wall of the port to create swirl. The objective of this paper is to find the effect of swirl on the engine and to compare it with the normal turbulence mixing process. The swirl effect analysis is done by using the GT-SUITE which has a standard swirl flow embedded in the software. The effect is simulated on the GT-SUITE and it is found that the swirl affects the engine in reducing the fuel consumption and increasing the volumetric efficiency. The experimental result shows that the effect of swirl increases the power as well as torque in the idle and cruising speed conditions in comparison with normal turbulence. But it decreases rapidly in the acceleration speed. This happens due to the inability of the swirl adapter to generate swirl at higher wind flow velocity during the higher throttle opening condition.ABSTRAK: Pusar merupakan aliran putaran cas melingkungi silinder pada paksinya. Enjin yang digunakan untuk penyelidikan ini merupakan Enjin Aci Sesondol Stas Kembar (Double Overhead Camshaft (DOHC)) asas, yang mempunyai kapasiti 1597 cc. Ia dipasangkan dengan 16 injap yang dibangunkan oleh pembuat kereta Malaysia, PROTON. Penyesuai pusar diletakkan di dalam masukan liang enjin. Sudut penyesuai di tetapkan pada 30o untuk memaksa cas supaya melantun kepada dinding liang agar membentuk pusaran. Tujuan tesis ini ditulis adalah untuk mendapatkan kesan pusar ke atas enjin dan membandingkannya dengan proses percampuran gelora normal. Analisis kesan pusaran dilakukan dengan menggunakan GT-SUITE yang mempunyai aliran pusar yang telah dipiawaikan di dalam perisian tersebut. Kesan tersebut disimulasikan menggunakan GT-SUITE dan didapati bahawa pusaran mengakibatkan penggunaan bahan api yang berkurangan dalam enjin dan juga meningkatkan kecekapan isi padu. Keputusan eksperimental menunjukkan kesan pusaran meningkatkan kuasa, daya kilas dalam keadaan melahu dan laju jajap dibandingkan dengan keadaan golakan normal. Walaupun begitu, ia berkurangan secara mendadak semasa pecutan kelajuan. Ini berlaku disebabkan oleh ketakdayaan penyesuai pusar untuk menghasilkan pusaran pada aliran angin halaju semasa keadaan bukaan mendikit luas
FILTRATION OF NUCLEOCAPSID PROTEIN OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS FOR IMMUNODIAGNOSTIC KIT
No full textThe aim of the present study is to purify recombinant nucleocapsid (NP) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) using microfitration fitration system and improve the processing conditions as well. A microporous membrane screening using two different sizes of membrane which are 0.1µm and 0.45µm was performed before further improvement on NP protein filtration was carried out. Several conditions of the independent variables that affect the microfiltration process such as the temperature, transmembrane pressure (TMP), and viscosity were observed. It turned out to be that 0.45µm membrane gave higher yield of NP protein than that of 0.1µm membrane. Thus, 0.45µm membrane was used to improve the filtration process for NP protein. Based on the Full Factorial Design (STATISTICA 8.0, Statsoft, Inc.), eight sets of experiment were designed to identify the best conditions for the NP protein filtration. From these experiments, the optimal conditions that gave the highest yield of NP protein are; TMP 4.5psi, viscosity 2.39cP at 4ºC. Based on ANOVA (analysis of variance), all the independent variables studied do not significantly affect the purification of NP protein. However, based on the lowest p value for each variable corresponding to the response, temperature has the largest effect for the NP protein yield
IMPLEMENTATION OF SEMI-EMPIRICAL MODELS TO ENHANCE THE ACCURACY OF PANEL METHODS FOR DRAG PREDICTION AT SUPERSONIC SPEEDS
Get PDFThis paper introduces an attempt to enhance the accuracy of panel methods. A low-order panel method is selected and coupled with semi-empirical methods to enhance the accuracy of drag prediction of flying bodies at supersonic speeds. The semi-empirical methods are used to improve the accuracy of drag prediction by mathematical modelling of viscosity, base drag, and drag due to wing-body interference. Both methods were implemented by a computer program and validated against experimental and analytical results. The comparisons show that a considerable improvement has been achieved for the selected panel method for prediction of drag coefficients. In general, accuracy within an average value of -4.4% was obtained for the enhanced panel method. Such accuracy could be considered acceptable for the preliminary design stages of supersonic flying bodies such as projectiles and missiles. The developed computer program gives satisfactory results as long as the considered configurations are slender and the angles of attack are small (below stall angle). ABSTRAK: Kertas kerja ini memperkenalkan percubaan untuk mempertingkatkan ketepatan kaedah panel. Kaedah panel tertib rendah telah dipilih dan digabungkan dengan kaedah separa empirik untuk mempertingkatkan ketepatan ramalan seret objek terbang pada kelajuan supersonik. Kaedah semi empirikal yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan ketepatan jangkaan seret menggunakan model matematik bagi kelikatan, seretan dasar, dan seretan disebabkan oleh badan sayap interferens. Kedua-dua kaedah dijalankan menggunakan program komputer dan disah berdasarkan keputusan uji kaji dan analisis. Perbandingan keputusan menunjukkan peningkatan yang mendadak diperolehi melalui kaedah panel yang telah dipilih sebagai jangkaan pekali seret. Secara umumnya, ketepatan yang melingkungi nilai purata sebanyak -4.4% telah diperolehi daripada kaedah peningkatan panel. Keputusan sebegini boleh diterima untuk peringkat reka bentuk permulaan bagi objek terbang supersonik seperti projektil dan misil. Program komputer yang direka memberikan keputusan yang memuaskan selagi konfigurasi yang dipilih adalah kecil dan sudut serangan adalah rendah (di bawah sudut tegun)
On-orbit Demonstration of a Sun Sensor on the Micro-Satellite MAIDO-1
Get PDFA 50-kg-class microsatellite “MAIDO-1 (SOHLA-1)” was launched, along with six other piggyback subsatellites, by a Japanese H-2A rocket on January 23, 2009. The fundamental and detailed designs of the satellite were developed by university students under the technical guidance of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). A string-type sun sensor (Fudai Sun Sensor; FSS) was also developed by the students with the technical assistance of JAXA and Advanced Engineering Services (AES) Co. Ltd. The FSS was mounted on the satellite as an experimental component. This paper reports the development of MAIDO-1 and FSS as well as the satellite operation by the students and the results of on-orbit experiments. ABSTRAK: Satu mikrosatelit kelas 50 kg “MAIDO-1 (SOHLA-1)” telah dilancarkan, bersama enam lagi subsatelit gendong, dengan menggunakan roket H-2A (Jepun) pada 23 Januari, 2009. Reka bentuk satelit yang asas dan terperinci dibangunkan oleh para pelajar universiti di bawah bimbingan teknikal Agensi Explorasi Aeroangkasa Jepun (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)). Sejenis penderia matahari bertali (Fudai Sun Sensor; FSS) juga dibangunkan oleh para penuntut dengan bantuan teknikal dari pihak JAXA dan Advanced Engineering Services (AES) Sdn. Bhd. FSS telah dilekapkan ke satelit sebagai komponen eksperimental. Kertas ini membentangkan perkembangan MAIDO-1 dan FSS, operasi satelit oleh pelajar-pelajar dan keputusan eksperimen semasa dalam orbit
APPLICATION OF SUBSYSTEMS CHANGE RANKING METHODOLOGY IN AIRCRAFT REDESIGN PROCESS
Get PDFRedesigning an aircraft is hardly a straightforward task. Due to its high susceptibility to change effects propagation, it becomes very important to select the right initiating change components to minimize redesign development risks. With realization that there are often several different ways to redesign an existing aircraft for satisfying similar requirements, designers might require assistance in selecting suitable initiating change components in their redesign plan. A methodology that systematically ranks the subsystems of the chosen baseline design according to their estimated redesign risk is proposed here. It is strongly believed that making this information available to designers during the early redesign stages will help them to make a better redesign plan. KEY WORDS: subsystems ranking, aircraft redesign, redesign plan ABSTRAK: Reka semula sesebuah pesawat udara bukanlah satu tugas yang jelas dan mudah. Memandangkan ia mudah rentan terhadap perubahan rambatan, amatlah penting untuk memilih penukaran komponen yang sesuai pada peringkat awal untuk mengurangkan masalah pembangunan reka semula. Menyedari bahawa terdapat beberapa cara untuk mereka semula pesawat udara yang sedia ada, demi memperolehi keputusan keperluan yang serupa dan memberansangkan, pereka wajar mendapatkan bantuan dari segi penukaran komponen yang sesuai pada peringkat awal pembangunan reka semula yang menepati rangka pelan reka bentuk mereka. Metodologi yang sistematik meletakkan subsistem dasar reka bentuk yang dipilih, berdasarkan anggaran risiko reka bentuk semula dicadangkan di dalam kertas kerja ini. Adalah diyakini bahawa dengan memperolehi informasi ini di peringkat permulaan reka bentuk, ia dapat menolong pereka merangka pelan reka cipta yang lebih baik
Bioethanol Production by Calcium Alginate-Immobilised St1 Yeast System: Effects of Size of Beads, Ratio and Concentration
Get PDFImmobilized yeast-cell technology posses several advantages in bioethanol production due to its potential to increase the ethanol yield by eliminating unit process used. Thus, process expenses in cell recovery and reutilization can be minimised. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of three parameters (substrate concentrations, size of alginate beads and ratio of volume of beads to volume of medium) on local isolated yeast (ST1) which immobilized using calcium alginate fermentation system. The most affected ethanol production by calcium alginate-immobilised ST1 yeast system were ratio of volume of the beads to the volume of substrate and concentration of LBS. Highest theoretical yield, 78% was obtained in ST1-alginate beads with the size of beads 0.5cm, ratio volume of beads to the volume of LBS media 0.4 and 150g/l concentration of LBS.ABSTRAK: Teknologi sel yis pegun memiliki beberapa kelebihan dalam penghasilan bioetanol kerana ia berpotensi meningkatkan pengeluaran etanol dengan menyingkirkan unit proses yang digunakan. Maka, proses pembiayaan dalam perolehan sel dan penggunaan semula boleh dikurangkan. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji pengaruh tiga parameter (kepekatan substrat, saiz manik alginat dan nisbah isipadu manik terhadap isipadu bahantara) ke atas sel tempatan terasing (local isolated yeast (ST1)) yang dipegun menggunakan sistem penapaian kalsium alginat. Penghasilan etanol yang paling berkesan dengan menggunakan sistem yis ST1 kalsium alginat-pegun adalah dengan kadar nisbah isipadu manik terhadap isipadu substrat dan kepekatan LBS. Kadar hasil teori tertinggi iaitu 78% didapati menerusi manik alginat-ST1 dengan saiz manik 0.5cm, nisbah isipadu 0.4 terhadap perantara LBS dan kepekatan LBS sebanyak 150g/l