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Anti-Windup Scheme for Practical Control of Positioning Systems
Get PDFPositioning systems generally need a good controller to achieve high accuracy, fast response and robustness. In addition, ease of controller design and simplicity of controller structure are very important for practical application. For satisfying these requirements, nominal characteristic trajectory following controller (NCTF) has been proposed as a practical point-to-point (PTP) positioning control. However, the effect of actuator saturation can not be completely compensated for due to the integrator windup as the plant parameters vary. This paper presents a method to improve the NCTF controller for overcoming the problem of integrator windup using simple and classical tracking anti-windup scheme. The improved NCTF controller is evaluated through simulation using a rotary positioning system. The results show that the improved NCTF controller is adequate to compensate for the effect of integrator windup. Keywords: Positioning, point-to-point, integrator windup, compensation, controller, robustness
Characterization of Fairness of Information Distribution in a Mobile Agent Based Adaptive Information System
Get PDFThe information age is now passing through an evolutionary phase. As the capacity of networks is increasing to handle and process huge volume of information traffic, the management of such information systems is becoming a trivial issue. The Internet being the largest source of information provision is heterogeneous in nature with constantly evolving environment. New information services are added whereas some are modified or removed. User’s demands and interests also change constantly. In such a dynamic environment it is very difficult to maintain a coherent picture of the information services. A novel technique proposed recently employs autonomous mobile agents in faded information field architecture to facilitate information provision and servicing in this new era of information age. The architecture is decentralized in nature whereby both the service provider and information seeker communicate through mobile agents. However, the degree of fairness of information distribution and access is still a problem to be addressed. This paper investigates the issue of fairness among information users for access to information in a networked environment that uses mobile agent technology and faded information field architecture to service the system. A number of algorithms were simulated and their effectiveness is discussed in the paper. Simulation results are presented that show a lot of potential to address the issue of fairness in information systems. Keywords: Mobile agents, information systems, intelligent systems
Availability Of Literature On Engineering Ethics In The Internet
Get PDFInternet is becoming a popular tool among career-oriented people. Among professionals, some of the engineers use the Internet in their work to search for information. The study is carried out to ascertain comparative availability of the materials on ethics and engineers in four top Internet search engines (ISE’s). Four ISE’s were accessed on 2 February 2011, from 2.21 p.m. to 4.21 p.m. [Gombak Time] using a combination of selected search terms: education, engineer, engineering, ethics, Islam, professional, research, and training. The search results or hits produced by the selected ISE’s were analyzed using a specially created instrument/format. The study computes relative ratios of the coverage of selected terms in relation to the number of hits for selected terms within each ISE. The ratios are obtained by dividing the hits for a search term or combination into the total hits within each ISE. The results of the analysis reveal that the ISE’s contain the highest frequency of materials on engineers and ethics. The findings suggest to engineering students and practitioners of varying capabilities among the ISE’s used in the study to learn about engineering ethics. Limitations of the study and suggestions for further research are included in the study. ABSTRAK: Internet menjadi alat yang popular di kalangan staf yang berorientasikan kerjaya. Di kalangan profesional, para jurutera menggunakan Internet untuk mencari maklumat dalam kerja-kerja mereka. Kajian ini dijalankan untuk menentukan ketersediaan perbandingan bahan-bahan mengenai etika dan jurutera dalam empat enjin carian Internet (ISE) teratas. Beberapa ISE dicapai pada 2 Februari 2011, di antara 2.21 petang sehingga 4.21 petang [waktu Gombak] menggunakan gabungan terma carian yang dipilih: pendidikan, jurutera, kejuruteraan, etika, Islam, profesional, penyelidikan, dan latihan. Keputusan carian atau ‘hits’ yang dihasilkan oleh ISE terpilih telah dianalisis dengan menggunakan instrumen/format yang direka khas. Kajian itu mengira nisbah relatif liputan terma-terma terpilih tersebut dengan jumlah ‘hits’ bagi kesemua terma bagi setiap ISE. Nisbah diperolehi dengan membahagikan ‘hits’ bagi istilah carian atau gabungan istilah dengan jumlah ‘hits’ dalam setiap ISE. Keputusan analisis menunjukkan ISE yang mengandungi kekerapan tertinggi bahan-bahan berkaitan dengan jurutera dan etika. Hasil kajian menyarankan kepada pelajar-pelajar dan pengamal kejuruteraan bahawa wujud keupayaan yang berbeza-beza di kalangan ISE berhubung dengan potensi bahan-bahan berkaitan etika kejuruteraan. Batasan kajian dan cadangan untuk penyelidikan selanjutnya dimasukkan dalam kajian ini. Keywords-engineering ethics; internet search engines; literature; training and developmen
Strategy And Policy Statements On Green ICT: An Islamic Perspective
Get PDFIn this information and knowledge era; ICT development and industry are growing very fast and associated with huge procurement force. Today, the global society is facing serious challenges in improving environmental performance, particularly with climate change, global warming, and resource management. ICT industry is widely contributing to the global economy associating with innovation, invention and rapid development of almost all the aspect of human life. On other hand; ICT industry is responsible for global CO2 emissions. Global environmental problems are affecting directly many countries' energy and industrial policies. The rapid increasing of ICT usage means more energy consumption and more environmental problems and the estimated ICT consumption of energy will be about 15% of the total consumption worldwide in 2020. Therefore, many countries are establishing Green ICT policies which increase energy efficiency due to correspondence climate change. Therefore, governments especially in developing and Islamic countries need to adopt new strategic policies for efficient energy use in ICT. This study presents the current environmental problems related to green ICT and the efforts to solve it. Several studies have warning from the current energy consumption paradigm, based on newly changed ICT practices. This study provides guidelines for decision makers and ICT professionals to enhance their work toward green ICT and eliminating environmental problems. Islamic viewpoint on environment and its protection is considered since it offers comprehensive, stable, and fair viewpoint that is based on main Islamic sources; Quran and Sunnah. Hundreds of Quranic verses and prophet Hadiths clarify (directly or indirectly) the right manner in dealing and protection of environment resources. This paper proposes a framework for strategy and policy statements of green ICT based on Islamic perspective to serve the world especially developing and Islamic countries.ABSTRAK: Di era informasi dan kommunikasi teknologi (ICT) kini, pembangunan ICT dan industri berkembang begitu pesat dan dikaitkan dengan daya membeli yang tinggi. Hari ini, masyarakat dunia menghadapi cabaran dalam meningkatkan prestasi persekitaran, terutamanya dengan perubahan cuaca, pemanasan global, dan pengurusan sumber. Industri ICT merupakan penyumbang sebahagian besar daripada ekonomi global yang berkaitan dengan inovasi, reka cipta dan perkembangan pesat hampir semua aspek manusia. Di sebaliknya pula, industri ICT bertanggung jawab terhadap pelepasan CO2 global. Masalah persekitaran global secara langsung mempengaruhi polisi tenaga dan industri banyak negara. Pembangunan pesat ICT menyebabkan meningkatnya penggunaan tenaga dan pertambahan masalah persekitaran. Penggunaan tenaga oleh ICT dianggarkan mencapai jumlah 15% daripada jumlah penggunaannya di seluruh dunia pada tahun 2020. Oleh itu, banyak negara yang membentuk polisi ICT Hijau supaya kecekapan tenaga dapat ditingkatkan seiring dengan perubahan cuaca. Kerajaan terutamanya di negara-negara membangun dan negara Islam lain haruslah mengamalkan polisi baru yang wajar agar tenaga digunakan secara efisien di bidang ICT. Kajian ini membentangkan masalah persekitaran yang kini berkaitan dengan menhijaukan ICT dan usaha-usaha untuk meyelesaikannya. Beberapa kajian berbentuk peringatan berasaskan paradigma penggunaan tenaga terkini, berdasarkan kepada amalan terbaru ICT yang dipinda. Kajian memberikan garis panduan kepada pembuat-pembuat keputusan dan para professional ICT untuk mempertingkatkan usaha mereka ke arah ICT hijau dan menyelesaikan masalah alam sekitar. Pandangan Islam terhadap alam sekitar dan usaha melindunginya dipertimbangkan, memandangkan ianya memberi pendapat yang menyeluruh, stabil dan adil berdasarkan sumber-sumber Islam iaitu Quran dan Sunnah. Banyak ayat-ayat Al-Quran dan hadis-hadis memperjelaskan (secara langsung atau tidak langsung) cara yang betul dalam menangani dan melindungi sumber alam sekitar. Kertas ini juga mencadangkan rangka kerja untuk pernyataan strategi dan polisi untuk menhijaukan ICT berdasarkan perspektif Islam dalam berkhidmat kepada dunia, terutamanya di negara-negara membangun dan negara-negara Islam. Keywords: Green ICT, ICT professionals, strategy statement, environment problem, Islamic Perspectiv
MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF IRON CORROSION PROBLEM BASED ON CONDENSATION CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Get PDFCorrosion process is a natural case that happened at the various metals, where the corrosion process in electrochemical can be explained by using galvanic cell. The iron corrosion process is based on the acidity degree (pH) of a condensation, iron concentration and condensation temperature of electrolyte. Those are applied at electrochemistry cell. The iron corrosion process at this electrochemical cell also able to generate electrical potential and electric current during the process takes place. This paper considers how to build a mathematical model of iron corrosion, electrical potential and electric current. The mathematical model further is solved using the finite element method. This iron corrosion model is built based on the iron concentration, condensation temperature, and iteration time applied. In the electric current density model, the current based on electric current that is happened at cathode and anode pole and the iteration time applied. Whereas on the potential electric model, it is based on the beginning of electric potential and the iteration time applied. The numerical results show that the part of iron metal, that is gristle caused by corrosion, is the part of metal that has function as anode and it has some influences, such as time depth difference, iron concentration and condensation temperature on the iron corrosion process and the sum of reduced mass during corrosion process. Moreover, difference influence of time and beginning electric potential has an effect on the electric potential, which emerges during corrosion process at the electrochemical cell. Whereas, at the electrical current is also influenced by difference of depth time and condensation temperature applied.Keywords: Iron Corrosion, Concentration of iron, Electrochemical Cell and Finite Element Metho
Effects of Different Methods of Slaughtering on Protein Expression in Chicken Meat
Get PDFABSTRACT: This study investigated the variation in total protein profile in chicken skeletal muscle which is thought to be influenced by variations in the method of slaughtering. Two types of samples, depending on the method of slaughtering using a sharp knife, were examined. These were: (i) CT- neck was cut off completely and body was tied until the animal expired, and (ii) PR- neck was cut off partially leaving the spinal cord intact and the body was released immediately after slaughtering. Proteins, expressed in higher amounts, were mostly found to be distributed in the range of Mw 45-66 kDa -- as resolved using SDS-PAGE. 2D-PAGE resolution showed differences in protein expression between the samples. Protein spotted on the gel near pH 5.0 and Mw 116 kDa was found in the skeletal muscle from CT samples but were absent in the PR samples.ABSTRAK: Variasi profil jumlah protein di dalam otot skeletal telah dikaji dengan jangkaan bahawa ianya dipengaruhi oleh kaedah penyembelihan yang berbeza. Berdasarkan kaedah penyembelihan, dua jenis sampel telah diperiksa: (i) CT – leher telah dipotong sepenuhnya dan badan haiwan diikat hingga mati and (ii) PR – leher dipotong separuh meninggalkan kord tulang belakang dalam keadaan sempurna dan badan dilepaskan serta-merta selepas penyembelihan. Kandungan protein didapati tinggi dalam taburan Mw 45-66 kDa sebagai terurai menggunakan SDS-PAGE. Sementara itu, kandungan protein yang berbeza diperhatikan di dalam penguraian 2D-PAGE. Tompok protein kelihatan pada gel sekitar pH 5 dan Mw 116 kDa telah dijumpai pada CT otot skeletal, tetapi tidak kelihatan pada sampel PR.KEYWORDS: 2D-PAGE; slaughtering; protein; slaughterin
Epistemology -An Islamic Perspective
Get PDFSince man is the vicegerent of God in this world. And in order to enable him to fulfill his responsibilities (of his vicegerency), God has endowed man with the potentials of creative & conceptual knowledge. It becomes incumbent upon him to mould knowledge in the framework provided by Islam. Thus all types of knowledge whether it is Natural Science, Social Science or even Pure Science, should be understood with the aim to establish an Islamic System. In this paper we will discuss the background of epistemology, different areas of epistemology-like source, types (revealed and derived), elements in Islam, principles (Unity of Allah, unity of creation,and unity of thoughts) and limitations.ABSTRAK: Manusia merupakan khalifah Allah di muka bumi ini. Agar manusia dapat menjalankan tugasnnya (sebagai khalifah), Allah telah memperkenankan manusia dengan kebolehan berkreatif dan berfikir. Manusia diwajibkan keatasnya untuk mempergunakan ilmu seperti yang dirangkakan dalam agama Islam. Dengan itu, segala jenis ilmu sama ada Sains Semula Jadi, Sains Sosial atau pun Sains Tulen, perlu difahami dengan tujuan membentuk Sistem Islam. Kertas ini mengkaji latar belakang epistemologi, pelbagai sumber ilmu yang berbeza, jenis (yang didedahkan dan diterbitkan), elemen dalam Islam, prinsip (Keesaan Allah, keesaan kewujudan dan keharmonian pemikiran) dan batasannya
Three Dimensional Parametric Analyses on Effect of Fibre Orientation for Stress Concentration Factor in Fibrous Composite Cantilever Plate with Central Circular Hole under Transverse Loading
Get PDFABSTRACT: A number of analytical and numerical techniques are available for the two dimensional study of stress concentration around the hole(s) in isotropic and composite plates subjected to in-plane or transverse loading conditions. The information on the techniques for three dimensional analyses of stress concentration factor (SCF) around the hole in isotropic and composite plates subjected to transverse loading conditions is, however, limited. The present work emphasizes on the effect of fibre orientation (q) on the stress concentration factor in fibrous composite plates with central circular hole under transverse static loading condition. The work is carried out for cantilever fibrous composite plates. The effects of thickness -to- width (T/A) and diameter-to-width (D/A) ratios upon SCF at different fibre orientation are studied. Plates of four different composite materials were considered for hole analysis in order to determine the sensitivity of SCF with elastic constants. Deflections in transverse direction were calculated and analysed. All results are presented in graphical form and discussed. The finite element formulation and its analysis were carried out using ANSYS package.ABSTRAK: Terdapat pelbagai teknik analitikal dan numerical untuk kajian tumpuan tegasan dua dimensi di sekeliling lubang-lubang dalam komposit isotropik dan plat pada satah atau keadaan bebanan melintang. Bagaimanapun, maklumat mengenai kaedah analisis tiga dimensi untuk faktor ketumpatan tegasan (SCF) sekitar lubang dalam komposit isotropik dan plat pada keadaan bebanan melintang adalah terhad. Kertas ini menekankan kesan orientasi gentian (q) pada faktor tumpuan tegasan dalam komposit plat bergentian dengan lubang berpusat di bawah keadaan bebanan melintang. Kajian ini dilkukan untuk cantilever plat komposit bergentian. Kesan ketebalan terhadap kelebaran plat (T/A) dan diameter terhadap kelebaran komposit (D/A) dengan SCF pada orientasi gentian berbeza telah dikaji. Plat komposit bagi empat bahan komposit berbeza telah diambilkira bagi kesemua analisis untuk mendapatkan kesensitifan SCF dengan konstan elastic. Defleksi pada arah melintang telah dikira dan dianalisa. Kesemua keputusan telah disembahkan secara grafik dan dibincang. Fomulasi unsur finit dan analisis telah dilaksanakan menggunakan pakej ANSYS.KEYWORDS:         finite element method; stress concentration factor; composites; transverse loading; deflection; elastic constant
Numerical Investigation of Parameters Affecting the Thermal and Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Impinging Jets in Cross Flow
Get PDFIn this investigation the hydrodynamic and the thermal fields due to a single impinging jet in cross-flow have been investigated numerically, using a 2-D axisymmetric model in order to predict the ground vortex characteristics. The parameters investigated include the effective velocity ratio, the nozzle height, the nozzle pressure ratio, the intake location, the intake mass flow rate and the jet temperature ratio. It is interesting to note that even with the 2-D modeling limitations it was possible to capture most of the thermal and fluid field characteristics of the ground vortex. It was found that the temperature distribution in the flow field is greatly affected by the effective velocity, and the maximum penetration point of the ground vortex is equal to the hot gas penetration. The ground vortex strength increases slightly with increasing the intake mass flow rate but has a minor effect on the ground vortex geometry and on the penetration of the hot gases. The intake location has a significant effect on the ground vortex strength when it is located upstream of the ground vortex core. Key Words: Numerical investigation, Turbulence Models, Impinging jets, Cross-flow
Developing an Intelligent Generator for Semi-Actual Test Data
Get PDFThe actual test data generation is one of the difficult and expensive parts of applying software-testing techniques. Many of the current test data generators suffer from the reduction of user’s confidence in generated test data and testing process. This is because of focusing on developer and database administrator viewpoints regardless of users concerns and focusing on data type and structure regardless of meaning. This paper proposes a model of an intelligent generator for semi-actual test data with the aim of increasing users confidence in software testing. The model uses samples of real data as a resource data and a set of efficient generation techniques based on statistical methods such as permutations, combination, sampling, and statistical distributions. The selection of the suitable structure and generation technique is based on one of the intelligent soft computing techniques such as fuzzy logic, neural network, heuristic, or genetic algorithm. The generated test data is validated according to the data specifications then tested by one of the normality testing techniques to be close to the real world or environment of the testing processes. This model offers the ability of simulating real environments.Key Words: Software Testing, Test Data Generation, Semi-Actual Data, Intelligent Generator, Simulation