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COLOR RECOGNITION WEARABLE DEVICE USING MACHINE LEARNING FOR VISUALY IMPAIRED PERSON
Get PDFABSTRACT: Recognizing colors is a concerning problem for the visually impaired person. The aim of this paper is to convert colors to sound and vibration in order to allow fully/partially blind people to have a ‘feeling’ or better understanding of the different colors around them. The idea is to develop a device that can produce vibration for colors. The user can also hear the name of the color along with ‘feeling’ the vibration. Two algorithms were used to distinguish between colors; RGB to HSV color conversion in comparison with neural network and decision tree based machine learning algorithms. Raspberry Pi 3 with Open Source Computer Vision (OpenCV) software handles the image processing. The results for RGB to HSV color conversion algorithm were performed with 3 different colors (red, blue, and green). In addition, neural network and decision tree algorithms were trained and tested with eight colors (red, green, blue, orange, yellow, purple, white, and black) for the conversion to sound and vibration. Neural network and decision tree algorithms achieved higher accuracy and efficiency for the majority of tested colors as compared to the RGB to HSV.
ABSTRAK: Membezakan antara warna adalah masalah yang merunsingkan terutamanya kepada mereka yang buta, separa buta atau buta warna. Tujuan kertas penyelidikan ini adalah untuk membentangkan kaedah menukar warna kepada bunyi dan getaran bagi membolehkan individu yang buta, separa buta atau buta warna untuk mendapat ‘perasaan’ atau pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang warna-warna yang berbeza disekeliling mereka. Idea yang dicadangkan adalah dengan membuat sebuah alat yang dapat menghasilkan getaran bagi setiap warna yang berbeza. Disamping itu, pengguna juga dapat mendengar nama warna tersebut. Algoritma yang digunakan untuk membezakan antara warna adalah penukaran warna RGB kepada HSV yang dibandingkan dengan rangkaian neural dan algoritma pembelajaran mesin berasaskan pokok keputusan. Raspberry Pi 3 bersaiz kad kredit dengan perisian Open Source Computer Vision (OpenCV) mengendalikan pemprosesan imej. Hasil algoritma penukaran warna RGB kepada HSV telah dilakukan dengan tiga warna yang berbeza (merah, biru, dan hijau). Tambahan pula, hasil rangkaian neural dan algoritma berasaskan pokok keputusan telah dilakukan dengan lapan warna (merah, hijau, biru, oren, kuning, ungu, putih, dan hitam) dengan penukaran warna tersebut kepada bunyi dan getaran. Selain itu, hasil rangkaian neural dan algoritma berasaskan pokok keputusan mencapai hasil dapatan yang baik dengan ketepatan dan kecekapan yang tinggi bagi kebanyakan warna yang diuji berbanding RGB kepada HSV
THE EFFECTS OF CABLE CHARACTERISTICS ON MAXIMUM OVERVOLTAGE IN COMBINED OVERHEAD/CABLE LINES PROTECTED BY SURGE ARRESTERS
Get PDFÂ This paper presents the calculation of maximum lightning overvoltage for a transmission system consisting of overhead lines in combination with an underground power cable. For this purpose, a 132 kV overhead transmission line combined with an underground cable is considered. This combined line has been protected by surge arresters. EMTP-RV and MATLAB software are used to conduct the modeling, simulation and calculation works. Lightning strikes on the tower top and results in large over-voltages appearing along overhead lines and cable. Underground cable characteristics have significant effects on maximum lightning over-voltages. Therefore, the three characteristics considered for these effects are: (i) cable length; (ii) cable core resistivity, (iii) cable sheath resistivity. Tower footing resistance effect is also included in the computer simulation. ABSTRAK: Kajian ini berkenaan tentang pengiraan takat maksimum voltan kilat berlebihan bagi sistem transmisi melibatkan kabel atas kepala termasuk kabel tenaga bawah tanah. Bagi tujuan ini, talian kabel penghantaran atas kepala 132 kV termasuk kabel bawah tanah telah diambil kira. Kombinasi kabel ini dilindungi dengan penahan lonjakan voltan tenaga. Perisian EMTP-RV dan MATLAB telah digunakan untuk membuat model, simulasi dan kerja-kerja pengiraan. Panahan petir di atas puncak bangunan merupakan penyebab utama voltan berlebihan muncul bersama talian atas kepala dan kabel. Ciri-ciri kabel bawah tanah merupakan faktor penyumbang utama ke atas voltan berlebihan daripada kilat. Oleh itu, tiga kes telah diambil kira sebagai penyumbang voltan berlebihan: (i) panjang kabel; (ii) rintangan teras kabel, (iii) rintangan sarung kabel. Kesan rintangan tapak bangunan turut diambil kira dalam simulasi komputer
A STUDY ON LOW-COMPLEXITY TRANSMIT ANTENNA SELECTION FOR GENERALIZED SPATIAL MODULATION
Get PDFABSTRACT: Generalized spatial modulation (GSM) maps its information to the index of the transmit antenna combination, making simultaneous transmission of multiple symbol possible. However, SM outperform GSM scheme in terms of error performance of the same data rate, due to average power effect. Transmit and receive diversity or the combination of both allow huge improvement in mimo systems in terms of error performance. In this paper, we investigate a near optimal low-complexity Euclidean distance antenna selection (LC-EDAS) technique in GSM system, to further improve the performance of the conventional GSM system. The LC-EDAS technique independently search across signal and spatial dimension to eliminate the worse channel prior to transmission. Secondly, we investigate a sub-optimal low-complexity transmit antenna selection (LCTAS) in the GSM system to further reduce the computational complexity (CC) imposed by LC-EDAS. The Monte Carlo simulation results obtained reveals a trade-off between the GSM scheme with LC-EDAS and GSM scheme with sub-optimal transmit antenna selection in terms of error performance and CC.
ABSTRAK: Modulasi Spatial Keseluruhan (GSM) menghubung informasi kepada indeks kombinasi antena yang dipancarkan, membuatkan pemancaran keseluruhan simbol dapat dilakukan. Walau bagaimanapun, SM lebih bagus daripada skim GSM pada prestasi kesilapan pada kadar data yang sama, kerana kesan purata kuasa. Kepelbagaian penghantaran dan penerimaan ataupun kombinasi keduanya memberi pembaharuan yang lebih besar dalam sistem mimo pada prestasi kesalahan. Penyelidikan ini akan mengkaji optima terdekat Euclidean kurang rumit, melalui teknik (LC-EDAS) pilihan jarak antenna dalam sistem GSM, bagi menambah prestasi sistem GSM sedia ada. Teknik LC-EDAS secara sendiri mencari signal dan dimensi separa bagi mengurangkan saluran lebih teruk semasa penghantaran. Kedua, kami mengkaji sub-optima proses pemilihan kurang rumit penyebaran antena (LCTAS) dalam sistem GSM bagi mengurangkan kerumitan pengiraan (CC) yang dikenakan oleh LC-EDAS. Keputusan simulasi Monte Carlo yang diperoleh menunjukkan timbangan antara skim GSM dan LC-EDAS dan skim GSM bersama sub-optima proses pemilihan penyebaran antena berdasarkan kesilapan prestasi dan CC
Effect of poly(ethylene glycol) on the injectability, setting behavior and mechanical properties of calcium phosphate bone cement
Get PDFABSTRACT: The present paper reports on the effect of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) addition on injectability, setting behaviour, and mechanical properties of calcium phosphate cement (CPC) for injectable bone filling applications. Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, and diammonium hydrogen phosphate, (NH4)2HPO4, have been used as precursors in wet chemical precipitation synthesis of hydroxyapatite powder. Cement paste was prepared with different powder-to-liquid ratios, varied at 1.0, 1.3, 1.5 and 2.0. The incorporation of PEG was also varied at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 wt% at the powder-to-liquid ratio of 1.3. The CPC produced was then evaluated in terms of injectability, setting time and mechanical strength. The results indicated that PEG addition significantly improved setting time, injectability, as well as compressive strength of CPC. Without PEG, the initial setting time ranged between 3 and 122 min, while the final setting time ranged between 5 and 277 min. The addition of PEG has significantly improved setting time where the initial setting time ranged from 47 to 88 min and the final setting time ranged from 182 to 228 min. The extrusion load decreased when PEG was added, which revealed an improvement in injectability; 82.5% without PEG addition and 95.5% when 5% PEG was added. The compressive strength of CPC is in the range of 0.59 to 1.344 MPa and its porosity is in the range of 39.2% to 47.1%. With the incorporation of PEG, the compressive strength greatly increased to the range of 1.167 and 1.786 MPa..
ABSTRAK: Penyelidikan ini melaporkan tentang kesan menambah polietilina glikol (PEG) terhadap sifat-sifat simen kalsium fosfat seperti keupayaan suntikan, masa pengerasan dan kekuatan mekanikal. Kalsium hidroksida dan diammonium hidrogen fosfat digunakan sebagai reagen dalam kaedah pemendakan kimia basah bagi menghasilkan serbuk hidroksiapatit. Pes simen disediakan dengan nisbah serbuk kepada cecair yang berbeza, dengan nisbah 1.0, 1.3, 1.5 dan 2.0. Kemudian, PEG ditambah ke dalam simen kalsium fosfat dengan kepekatan yang berbeza, bernilai 1, 2, 3, 4 dan 5 wt% bagi 1.3 nisbah serbuk kepada cecair. Simen yang terhasil diuji bagi menilai keupayaan suntikan, masa pengerasan dan kekuatan mekanikal. Keputusan ujian-ujian tersebut menunjukkan bahawa penambahan PEG ke dalam simen telah meningkatkan kebolehan simen untuk disuntik, mengurangkan masa pengerasan simen dan meningkatkan kekuatan mekanikal simen. Simen tanpa PEG mempunyai masa pengerasan awal daripada 3 min kepada 122 min dan masa pengerasan akhir daripada 5 min kepada 277 min. Apabila PEG ditambah, masa pengerasan simen menjadi lebih baik dengan masa pengerasan awal daripada 47 min kepada 88 min dan masa pengerasan akhir daripada 182 min kepada 228 min. Peningkatan dalam keupayaan simen untuk disuntik telah dibuktikan dengan pengurangan beban penyempitan apabila PEG ditambah ke dalam simen. Simen tanpa PEG mempunyai 82.5% keupayaan suntikan dan meningkat kepada 95.5% apabila 5% PEG ditambah. Kekuatan mampatan simen bernilai antara 0.59 dan 1.334 MPa dan keliangan simen bernilai antara 39.2% dan 47.1%. Kekuatan mampatan simen meningkat dengan ketara apabila PEG ditambah, bernilai antara 1.167 dan 1.786 Mpa
A REVIEW ON RHEOLOGY OF NON-NEWTONIAN PROPERTIES OF BLOOD
Get PDFHuman blood is composed of red cells, white blood cells, and platelets in a fluid called plasma that contains organic and mineral salts and protein. The rheological characteristics of blood are determined by the properties of these combinations and their interaction with each other. The plasma is essentially a Newtonian fluid, but the blood as a whole behaves as a non-Newtonian fluid showing all signs of non-Newtonian rheology including deformation rate dependency, viscoelasticity, yield stress, and thixotropy. The purpose of this study is mainly a review based on past work on blood rheology, determinants of blood viscosity, yield stress, thixotropy, blood viscosity measurement, and heat transfer in blood flow to better understand the non-Newtonian effect in the blood circulation system. ABSTRAK: Darah manusia terdiri daripada sel-sel merah, sel darah putih dan platlet dalam cecair yang dipanggil plasma, mengandungi garam organik dan mineral dan protein. Ciri-ciri sifat reologi darah ditentukan oleh sifat-sifat kombinasi ini dan interaksi antara satu sama lain. Plasma adalah pada dasarnya Newtonian cecair tetapi secara keseluruhannya darah bersifat sebagai bukan suatu cecair Newtonian yang menunjukkan tanda-tanda bukan Newtonian reologi, mengandungi pergantungan kadar ubah bentuk, kelikatkenyalan, tegasan alah dan thixotropi. Tujuan kajian ini adalah berkenaan ulasan kajian-kajian lepas berkaitan rheology darah, penentu viskositi darah, tegasan alah dan thixotropi, ukuran kelikatan darah dan pemindahan haba dalam aliran darah bagi memahami kesan bukan Newtonian dalam sistem peredaran darah
STATIC NETWORK PERFORMANCE OPTIMISATION USING DUAL INTERLEAVE ROUTING ALGORITHM
No full textIn the recent years, there is an increasing demand on multi-hop wireless sensor networks (WSN) especially for remote condition and integrity monitoring of oil and gas pipelines. The sensing points are connected through WSN points, known as a wireless communication medium, between the remotely measured locations on a pipeline and a centralised monitoring station, located some distance away. Generally, WSN deployment on a multi-hop linear topology has critical factors that contribute towards overall degrading of network performance proportional to the number of nodes. This is especially true in highly dense networks. In general, such a drawback contributes towards poor network reliability, low network capacity, high latency, and inequality with snowballing effect, increasing in the direction of the destination node. This paper introduces the Dual Interleaving Linear Static Routing (DI-LSR) for a multi-hop linear network with high reliability and efficiency to significantly enhance the overall network performance of a pipeline network. The DI-LSR was tested and analysed according to IEEE 802.11 standard in a various simulation environment for future real-time deployment in a pipeline network. ABSTRAK: Sejak beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini, terdapat permintaan yang drastik pada rangkaian multi-hop sensor wayarles (WSN) terutamanya bagi pemantauan jarak jauh dan integriti saluran paip minyak dan gas. Kesemua unit pengesan antara lokasi disambung melalui satu saluran WSN yang dikenali sebagai medium komunikasi wayarles dan diukur ke stesen pemantauan berpusat. Penempatan WSN pada topologi linear multi-hop mempunyai faktor-faktor penyumbang kepada penurunan prestasi keseluruhan rangkaian yang berkadar dengan jumlah bilangan nod dalam rangkaian yang padat. Secara umum, kelemahan ini adalah penyumbang kepada kebolehpercayaan rangkaian, kapasiti rangkaian rendah, respon rangkaian tinggi dan faktor pendorong kesan ketidaksamaan terhadap nod destinasi. Kajian ini memperkenalkan Dual interleaving Linear Static Routing (DI-LSR) iaitu algoritma jalinan komunikasi cekap bagi mencapai peningkatan ketara keseluruhan prestasi dalam saluran paip rangkaian. DI-LSR telah diuji dan dianalisa dalam pelbagai persekitaran simulasi mengikut piawaian IEEE 802.11 bagi mengatur kedudukan pada masa depan saluran paip rangkaian
DIMINISHING SEISMIC EFFECT ON BUILDINGS USING BEARING ISOLATION
Get PDFAdopting suitable seismic protection techniques is presently a foremost concern worldwide and has become a governing principle in the growing construction industry globally. Thus, a rapid upsurge in infrastructure development in seismic-prone areas requires proper treatment for building structures. Therefore, the aim of the study is to incorporate a rubber bearing isolation device in a building base in order to diminish the seismic effect on the superstructure. The changes of structural parameters and responses of fixed-based buildings for applying High Damping Rubber Bearing (HDRB) are investigated under site-specific ground excitation. Twenty representative buildings have been used to examine the responses employing four types of HDRB systems. The study reveals that the HDRB makes the structure more flexible, offering reduced structural responses. The introduction of HDRB may help to decrease floor moment by 31~55%, which can allow the structures to withstand comparatively high seismic tremors safely and efficiently. The base isolated structures experience significant lateral shift between 87.15 and 130.15 mm, and relative floor displacement is below 3% because of additional flexibility. The effective inertia height for the BI buildings remains under two-thirds of building elevation showing triangular distribution concentrating to the top story level. The reduction in forces, moments, and relative displacements of the structural members by applying HDRB can ensure economic design and higher structural safety against seismic excitation. ABSTRAK: Penerapan teknik yang sesuai bagi pelindungan gelombang seismos menjadi penekanan semasa di seluruh dunia dan telah menjadi prinsip penentu dalam industri pembinaan secara global. Oleh itu, kenaikan yang cepat dalam pembangunan infrastuktur dalam kawasan terdedah kepada gelombang seismos memerlukan penyelenggaraan yang betul bagi struktur bangunan. Jadi, matlamat kajian ini adalah bagi menggabungkan getah alat pengandar asing dalam teras bangunan bagi mengurangkan kesan seismos pada struktur asas. Perubahan pada parameter struktur dan tindak balas tapak-tetap bangunan bagi penggunaan teknik High Damping Rubber Bearing (HDRB) dikaji di bawah setiap kenaikan getaran gelombang sebenar bawah tanah. Dua puluh bangunan telah digunakan bagi menilai tindak balas terhadap penggunaan empat jenis sistem HDRB. Kajian menunjukkan HDRB membuatkan struktur lebih fleksibel, dan mengurangkan tindak balas terhadap struktur. Penggunaan HDRB dalam pembangunan membantu mengurangkan momen lantai sebanyak 31~55%, di mana struktur bangunan lebih tahan terhadap gegaran tinggi secara selamat dan berkesan. Struktur asas yang terasing mengalami peralihan sisi yang ketara antara 87.15 dan 130.15 mm, dan anjakan lantai relatif di bawah 3% dengan penambahan sistem fleksibel ini. Ketinggian inertia berkesan bagi bangunan BI kekal di antara dua pertiga ketinggian bangunan. Ini menunjukkan pengagihan segitiga tertumpu pada aras atas bangunan. Pengurangan pada daya, momen dan perubahan relatif struktur menggunakan HDRB dapat memastikan reka bentuk lebih ekonomi dan selamat pada bangunan tinggi daripada sebarang gelombang seismos
Chlorella vulgaris logistic growth kinetics model in high concentrations of aqueous ammonia
Get PDFABSTRACT: The ability of microalgae to utilize CO2 during photosynthesis and grow rapidly shows their potential in CO2 bio-fixation to capture and store the gas. However, CO2 capture by this biological approach is very slow compared to chemical reaction-based processes such as absorption using amine or aqueous ammonia. Integration between chemical (aqueous ammonia) and biological (microalgae) aspects might enhance the capturing process and at the same time the microalgae can assimilate CO2 for beneficial bioproduct formation. Thus, it is important to assess the growth of the microalgae in various concentrations of ammonia with CO2 supply. Hence, the main objective of this study is to investigate Chlorella vulgaris growth and its kinetics in aqueous ammonia. To achieve that, C. vulgaris was cultivated in various concentrations of aqueous ammonia between 0 to 1920 mg/L at room temperature (i.e. 27 °C) and supplied with 15% (v/v) of CO2 under illumination of 3500 lux of white fluorescent light. Result shows that the maximum growth capacity (Xmax) of C. vulgaris is deteriorating from 1.820 Au to 0.245 Au as the concentration of aqueous ammonia increased. However, no significant change in maximum specific growth rate (µmax) was observed. The growth data was then fitted into the logistic growth model. The model coefficient of determination (R2) is decreasing, which suggests modification of the model is required.
ABSTRAK: Keupayaan alga-mikro untuk menggunakan CO2 semasa proses fotosintesis dan pembiakannya yang pesat menunjukkan potensi dalam penggunaan dan penyimpanan gas ketetapan-biologi. Walau bagaimanapun, penggunaan CO2 melalui cara ini adalah sangat perlahan berbanding proses tindak balas kimia melalui penyerapan amina ataupun cecair ammonia. Percampuran antara tindak balas kimia (cecair ammonia) dan tindak balas biologi, memungkinkan penambahan proses percampuran dan pada masa sama alga-mikro akan menyerap CO2 bagi kepentingan pembentukan hasil biologi. Dengan itu, adalah sangat penting untuk mengawasi pertumbuhan alga-mikro dalam pelbagai ketumpatan ammonia bersama kandungan CO2. Oleh itu, objektif utama penyelidikan ini adalah untuk menyiasat pertumbuhan Chlorella vulgaris dan proses kinetik dalam cecair ammonia. Bagi memperoleh hasil tersebut, C. vulgaris telah dikulturkan pada ketumpatan cecair berbeza antara 0 ke 1920 mg/L pada suhu bilik (iaitu 27 °C) dan dibekalkan dengan 15% (v/v) CO2 di bawah cahaya putih flurosen 3500 lux. Keputusan menunjukkan kapasiti pertumbuhan terbanyak (Xmax) C. vulgaris telah berkurang daripada 1.820 Au kepada 0.245 Au apabila ketumpatan cecair ammonia dikurangkan. Walau bagaimanapun, tiada perubahan ketara pada kadar pertumbuhan (µmax) dapat dilihat. Data kadar pertumbuhan kemudiannya dikemas kini pada model pertumbuhan logistik. Model pekali penentu (R2) telah direndahkan di mana cadangan untuk mengubah model adalah diperlukan
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION OF DURIAN SKIN NANOFIBRE BIOCOMPOSITE
Get PDFTo come up with a biodegradable alternative in reducing the use of polymer-based materials, polypropylene (PP) and durian skin nanofibre (DSNF) were melt-blended in a Haake internal mixer before compression moulded into composite specimens. The composites were exposed under ultraviolet (UV) radiation to simulate the effect of sunlight. The significant effect of maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) was observed by the improvement recorded in tensile properties and reduction of water absorption in PP/DSNF composite. The colour index of composites increased with UV radiation exposure. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images showed DSNF was well-dispersed in PP matrix in the presence of MAPP
OPTIMIZATION OF BOX TYPE GIRDER WITH AND WITHOUT INDUSTRIAL CONSTRAINTS
Get PDFIn this paper three dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis is performed for the optimization of an overhead crane box girder for capacity (50~120ton) and span (10 ~ 32 m) for safe bending stress and deflection with minimum mass and volume. A customized optimization code is developed using interpolative relations and correction factors to achieve optimized results with and without considering industrial constraints. A cutting and welding plan is developed to provide a standard operating procedure for the manufacturing of the box girder. Bill of materials, box girder design dimensions, and cutting and welding lengths are recorded with considerable time saving. ABSTRAK: Kertas ini mengkaji tentang analisis tidak linear tiga dimensi unsur terhingga bagi mengoptimumkan kotak kren galang atas kepala bagi kapasiti (50 ~ 120 tan) dan pada kadar (10 ~ 32 m) bagi takat lentur selamat dan pesongan dengan jisim minimum dan isipadu. Kod optimum penyesuaian telah direka mengguna pakai kaitan interpolatif dan faktor-faktor pembetulan bagi mencapai keputusan yang optimum, dengan dan tanpa mengambil kira kekangan industri. Pelan pemotongan dan kimpalan telah dicipta bagi menyediakan prosedur operasi biasa bagi pembuatan kotak galang. Rang undang-undang bahan, dimensi reka bentuk kotak galang, pemotongan dan panjang kimpalan telah direkodkan dengan penjimatan masa yang besar