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INVESTIGATION ON THE MECHANICAL, THERMAL, BIO-DEGRADATION, AND BIO-COMPATIBILITY PROPERTIES OF POLY (LACTIC ACID) / POLY (ETHYLENE GLYCOL) BLEND
Get PDFAbsorbable sutures are widely used in surgery. In addition to acceptable mechanical properties, the surgical sutures should exhibit favorable degradability properties. In this research, the mechanical and thermal properties, hydrophilicity, biodegradability, pH changes, and drug release profile of polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) alloy were examined to fabricate absorbable sutures. The test results for the mechanical properties showed that the strength of the PLA/PEG alloy decreased with increasing PEG content, leading to an increase in elongation. The differential thermal analysis indicated that the resulting material was above its glass transition temperature (Tg) at ambient temperature and was thus flexible enough. According to the degradation test results, the alloys were degraded similar to the commercial sample. Furthermore, the pH measurements revealed that the degradation of the alloy had no significant effect on the pH of the environment. Bupivacaine hydrochloride was incorporated into a certain amount of PLA and PEG, and the drug release rate was then measured. The sample provided a suitable substrate for burst release. Moreover, the cytotoxicity test was carried out to evaluate the biocompatibility properties of the PLA/PEG alloy and it was found that this alloy is biocompatible and the biocompatibility of the material decreases with increasing drug loading.
ABSTRAK: Sutur boleh serap telah digunakan dalam pembedahan secara meluas. Tambahan kepada sifat-sifat mekanikal ini, sutur pembedahan perlu memiliki ciri-ciri kebolehurain yang dikehendaki. Dalam kajian ini, sifat-sifat mekanikal dan terma, kehidrofilikan, kebolehuraian, perubahan pH, dan profil penguraian ubat asid polilaktik (PLA) dan aloi polietilena glikol (PEG) telah dikaji bagi mencipta sutur boleh serap. Hasil kajian mendapati sifat-sifat mekanikal menunjukkan kekuatan PLA/PEG aloi berkurangan dengan penambahan level PEG, menyebabkan bertambahnya pemanjangan. Analisis pembezaan terma menunjukkan hasil bahan adalah melepasi suhu perubahan gelas (Tg) pada suhu sekitar dan oleh itu sangat lentur. Berdasarkan hasil kajian degradasi, aloi ini telah digradasi seperti sampel komersial. Tambahan lagi, ukuran pH menunjukkan degradasi aloi ini tidak menunjukkan kesan langsung pada pH persekitaran. Bupivacaine hidroklorida dimasukkan ke dalam PLA dan PEG, dan kadar ubat dibebaskan kemudiannya diukur. Sampel substrat yang bersesuian disediakan bagi pelepas letus. Tambahan, ujian Kesitotoksikan telah dijalankan bagi menilai ciri-ciri keserasian-bio aloi PLA/PEG dan didapati aloi ini serasi-bio dan keserasian-bio bahan berkurangan dengan penambahan beban ubat
AUTOMATIC FACIAL REDNESS DETECTION ON FACE SKIN IMAGE
Get PDFOne facial skin problem is redness. On site examination currently relies on examination through direct observations conducted by doctors and the patient's medical history. However, some patients are reluctant to consult with a doctor because of shame or prohibitive costs. This study attempts to utilize digital image processing algorithms to analyze the patient's facial skin condition automatically, especially redness detection in the face image. The method used for detecting red objects on face skin for this research is Redness method. The output of the Redness method will be optimized by feature selection based on area, mean intensity of the RGB color space, and mean intensity of the Hue Intensity. The dataset used in this research consists of 35 facial images. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy are used to measure the detection performance. The performance achieved 54%, 99.1%, and 96.2% for sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, respectively, according to dermatologists. Meanwhile, according to PT. AVO personnel, the performance achieved 67.4%, 99.1%, and 97.7%, for sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, respectively. Based on the result, the system is good enough to detect redness in facial images.
ABSTRAK: Salah satu masalah kulit wajah adalah kemerahan muka. Pemeriksaan di lokasi kini bergantung pada pemeriksaan melalui pemerhatian langsung yang dilakukan oleh doktor dan sejarah perubatan pesakit. Namun, sebilangan pesakit enggan berunding dengan doktor kerana rasa malu atau kos yang terhad. Kajian ini cuba membuat sistem pengesanan kemerahan wajah yang dapat menganalisis keadaan wajah, terutama kemerahan, melalui gambar kulit wajah. Kaedah yang digunakan untuk mengesan objek merah pada kulit wajah bagi penyelidikan ini adalah kaedah Kemerahan. Keluaran kaedah Kemerahan akan dioptimumkan dengan pemilihan ciri berdasarkan luas, intensiti min RGB, dan intensiti min Hue Intensity. Set data yang digunakan dalam penyelidikan ini terdiri daripada 35 gambar wajah. Nilai pengesahan yang digunakan adalah kepekaan, kekhususan, dan ketepatan. Hasil yang diperoleh berdasarkan pakar dermatologi masing-masing adalah 54%, 99.1%, dan 96.2% untuk kepekaan, kekhususan, dan ketepatan. Sementara itu, PT. Selain itu, menurut kakitangan AVO 67.4%, 99.1%, dan 97.7%, bagi kepekaan, kekhususan, dan ketepatan, masing-masing. Berdasarkan dapatan kajian ini, sistem ini cukup baik bagi mengesan kemerahan pada gambar wajah
A NOVEL USER PROFILE-BASED FUZZY APPROACH FOR EVALUATING TRUST IN SEMANTIC WEB
Get PDFABSTRACT: As a developed World Wide Web architecture, the Semantic Web collects traditional web contents with a formal and understandable semantic using a machine. The main purpose of the Semantic Web is to increase automation, web information processing, and improve interactions and collaboration among information systems. The subject of trust is one of the main challenges in the semantic web. Since different tools and individuals exist in the semantic web, a certain measure of trust in an entity cannot be used and a central system is responsible for data collection and estimating the reliability. In this study, a fuzzy system is used to evaluate the trust measure in the semantic web. For this purpose, the user profile data including a list of pages, user sessions, and visited pages in each session, and the time of page viewings are used as semantic parameters. After determining the general framework of trust in the semantic web, the effectiveness of the above mentioned semantic parameters on the trust measure is investigated and effective parameters are used for evaluation in the fuzzy system. The experiment results show that the proposed fuzzy method with a mean absolute error of 2.5% and an average precision of 97.5% could achieve the right value of trust in the semantic web.
ABSTRAK: Sebagai senibina World Wide Web, Semantik Web mengumpul kandungan web tradisional bersama semantik formal dan mudah difahami menggunakan mesin. Tujuan utama Semantik Web adalah bagi meningkatkan automasi, pemprosesan maklumat web, dan meningkatkan interaksi dan kerjasama antara sistem maklumat. Kepercayaan adalah salah satu cabaran utama dalam web semantik. Disebabkan perbezaan alatan dan pelbagai individu wujud dalam web semantik, langkah tertentu sebagai entiti dipercayai tidak dapat digunakan dan sistem pusat adalah bertanggungjawab bagi pengumpulan data dan kebolehpercayaan anggaran. Dalam kajian ini, sistem rawak telah digunakan bagi menilai tahap kepercayaan dalam web semantik. Bagi tujuan ini, data profil pengguna termasuk senarai halaman, sesi pengguna, dan halaman yang dikunjungi dalam setiap sesi, dan masa paparan halaman telah digunakan sebagai parameter semantik. Selepas menentukan rangka umum kepercayaan dalam web semantik, keberkesanan parameter semantik yang dinyatakan di atas pada ukuran kepercayaan telah disiasat dan parameter yang berkesan telah digunakan bagi penilaian sistem rawak. Keputusan eksperimen menunjukkan bahawa kaedah rawak yang dicadangkan dengan ralat mutlak purata sebanyak 2.5% dan ketepatan purata sebanyak 97.5% dapat mencapai nilai kepercayaan yang benar dalam web semantik
Grease Quality Issues on Middle Voltage Switchgear: Corrosivity, Resistivity, Safety and Ageing
Get PDFGrease products recommended by OEM for conventional 11kV switchgears are generally trusted. Some disadvantages might however exist among them or their supply could be insufficient and lead to use of non-OEM-recommended grease. This paper reports analysis methods to evaluate both types of grease that were recently used in the switchgears at local electrical distribution stations owned by Tenaga Nasional Berhad. Hardened, greenish and severely irritating greases probably caused by incompatible compounding, electrochemical reaction, and hazardous components, respectively, were among common problems faced by workers. Eight physical tests and four chemical tests were conducted on 10 grease samples using thermogravimetry, switchgear rig, gas chromatography and infrared spectroscopy besides other equipment and standard methods. Grease stability, oil bleeding, flammability of grease droplet and dropping point were among the characteristics determined in the analyses. The results reveal copper corrosion, chemical change, instable and inconsistent grease, and toxics in grease, which surprisingly included the OEM-recommended one.
ABSTRAK: Produk gris yang disyorkan oleh Pengeluar Peralatan Asal (OEM) bagi gear-suis konvensional 11 kV secara umumnya dipercayai ramai. Kemungkinan terdapat kekurangan pada produk-produk tersebut ataupun bekalan gris mereka yang tidak mencukupi telah mendorong kepada penggunaan gris yang tidak disyorkan oleh OEM. Kaedah analisis kajian ini melaporkan tentang kedua-dua jenis gris yang kebelakangan ini digunakan oleh Tenaga Nasional Berhad pada gear-suis di stesen pencawang elektrik. Gris mengeras, berlumut dan menjengkelkan mungkin disebabkan oleh sebatian bahan yang tidak sesuai, tindak balas elektrokimia dan komponen yang tidak selamat, masing-masing adalah antara masalah yang dihadapi oleh para pekerja. Lapan ujian fizikal dan empat ujian kimia telah dijalankan pada 10 sampel gris menggunakan termogravimetri, pemakai gear-suis, kromatografi gas dan spektroskopi inframerah selain alatan lain dan kaedah-kaedah piawai. Antara ciri-ciri yang dikaji dalam analisis ini adalah kestabilan gris, sifat lelehan minyak, sifat mudah terbakar titisan gris dan takat rendah gris. Hasil kajian mendapati gris ini menyebabkan tembaga terhakis, sifat kimia berubah, sifat gris yang tidak stabil dan mudah berubah, dan juga beracun memberi kejutan kerana pihak OEM tetap mengesyorkan gris jenis ini
AUGMENTATIVE AND ALTERNATIVE COMMUNICATION METHOD BASED ON TONGUE CLICKING FOR MUTE DISABILITIES
Get PDFThis paper presents a pilot study for a novel application of converting tongue clicking sound to words for people with the inability to speak. 15 features of speech that are related to speech timing patterns, amplitude modulation, zero crossing and peak detection were extracted. The experiments were conducted with three different patterns using binary Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification with 10 recordings as training data and 10 recordings as development data. Peak size outperformed all features with 85% classification rate for pattern P1-P3 whereas multiple features produced 100% classification rate for P1-P2 and P2-P3. A GUI based system was developed to validate the trained classifier. Multiclass SVM were constructed based on the best features obtained from binary SVM classification outcome, namely peak size and skewness amplitude modulation, and then tested on 15 recordings. The GUI based multiclass SVM obtained a satisfying performance of 67% correct classification of the test data set.
ABSTRAK: Kertas ini membentangkan panduan kajian kepada aplikasi terkini dalam menukar bunyi klik pada lidah kepada perkataan untuk orang yang mempunyai kehilangan upaya dalam bertutur. 15 ciri khas berkaitan pertuturan adalah pola masa, modulasi nilai tertinggi, tiada titik persilangan dan nilai terpilih yang dikesan. Eksperimen telah dijalankan dengan tiga corak berlainan menggunakan perduaan Mesin Vektor Sokongan (SVM) klasifikasi dengan 10 rakaman sebagai data terlatih dan 10 rakaman sebagai data yang dibina. Saiz tertinggi yang melebihi semua ciri-ciri pada 85% kadar klasifikasi dilihat pada corak P1-P3, sedangkan ciri-ciri pelbagai telah terhasil pada 100% kadar klasifikasi P1-P2 dan P2-P3. Sistem berdasarkan GUI telah dibina bagi menilai ciri terlatih. Kelas pelbagai SVM telah dibina berdasarkan ciri-ciri terbaik dan dihasilkan daripada klasifikasi perduaan SVM, iaitu saiz tertinggi dan modulasi saiz tertinggi tidak linear, dan telah diuji dengan 15 rakaman. Kelas pelbagai SVM yang didapati melalui GUI ini adalah memberangsangkan iaitu 67% klasifikasi adalah tepat pada set data yang diuji
EXPERIMENTAL AND FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF SOLVENT CAST POLY(LACTIC ACID) THIN FILM BLENDS
Get PDFA combined experimental and finite element analysis () investigation was performed to study the effect of incorporating poly(propylene carbonate)(PPC) and curcumin on the mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA). In addition, the chemical interaction and morphological changes brought upon by each subsequent additive were also observed. The addition of PPC at 30 wt% into PLA causes a decrease in strength and modulus by 51% and 68% respectively whilst inducing higher elongation by 74%. The resultant decrease in strength and modulus of the PLA/PPC blend was recovered by adding a low weight percentage (1 wt%) of curcumin. The images of the fractured surfaces via scanning electron microscope () revealed the brittle-ductile-brittle progression of PLA due to the addition of PPC and curcumin which corroborates the findings from the tensile test. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy () revealed that the addition of PPC by 30 wt % resulted in chemical interaction between the carbonyl groups of PLA and PPC as the C=O peak of PLA slightly shifted to a lower wavenumber. The presence of curcumin peaks however was found to be difficult to be identified in the PLA/PPC/curcumin blend. The simulated results for the stress-strain profile using FEA agreed well with the experimental tensile test profile with a relatively low percentage error of less than 6%. Therefore, it was concluded that for these compositions, the developed model can be used for further simulation works to design biomedical devices.
ABSTRAK: Gabungan penyelidikan secara eksperimen dan analisis unsur terhad (FEA) telah dijalankan bagi mengkaji kesan campuran poli (propilen karbonat) (PPC) dan kurkumin pada sifat mekanikal poli (asid laktik) (PLA). Tambahan, interaksi kimia dan perubahan morfologi pada setiap penambahan berikutnya turut diperhatikan. Penambahan PPC pada 30 wt% ke dalam PLA menyebabkan pengurangan pada tenaga dan modulus sebanyak 51% dan 68% masing-masing sementara menyebabkan kenaikan pemanjangan sebanyak 74%. Hasil pengurangan pada tenaga dan modulus campuran PLA/PPC diseimbangkan dengan mencampurkan peratus kurkumin kurang berat (1 wt%). Melalui mikroskop imbasan elektron (SEM), didapati imej permukaan retak menunjukkan PLA berturutan rapuh-mulur-rapuh disebabkan penambahan PPC dan kurkumin di mana ianya menyokong dapatan kajian ini melalui ujian kekuatan tegangan. Spektroskopi Inframerah Jelmaan Fourier (FTIR) menunjukkan dengan penambahan PPC sebanyak 30 wt %, interaksi kimia antara kumpulan karbonil PLA dan PPC pada puncak C=O PLA telah berubah sedikit kepada nombor gelombang lebih kecil. Walau bagaimanapun, kehadiran puncak kurkumin adalah sukar dikenal pasti dalam campuran PLA/PPC/kurkumin. Dapatan hasil simulasi pada profil strain-tekanan menggunakan FEA adalah sama dengan ujian kekuatan tegangan dengan peratus ralat yang agak rendah iaitu kurang daripada 6%. Oleh itu, komposisi model yang dibangunkan ini adalah sesuai bagi meneruskan kerja-kerja simulasi iaitu bagi mereka bentuk alat biomedikal.
 
A REVIEW ON SOFTWARE-DEFINED NETWORKING ENABLED IOT CLOUD COMPUTING
Get PDFMaking use of Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming the necessity of today’s life. The data collected and stored through IoT devices comes from the cloud and therefore cloud computing is acting as a backbone for supporting IoT. But it is easy to forget that the cloud is not completely digital in some areas of the world and there is a need for a data centre where data storage can be achieved. Cloud data centres are facing many difficulties and issues because they are using traditional methods of networking. This is where Software Defined Networking (SDN) has come into view; where it has changed the way traditional networks are operated. For example, the separation of the intelligence of the network devices within the data path can be useful in making networks agile and manageable. This paper aims to provide problem areas in the networking used by the cloud data centres and the role of SDN to overcome these issues. Platforms for providing the experimental setup for collaboration between SDN and cloud will ultimately be beneficial in setting up the SDN- enabled IoT cloud, and this is also discussed with the open research problems.
ABSTRAK: Penggunaan Internet Benda (IoT) menjadi keperluan kepada kehendak hari ini. Data yang dikumpul dan disimpan melalui peranti IoT berasal dari awan dan oleh itu pengkomputeran awan bertindak sebagai tulang belakang bagi menyokong IoT. Tetapi, satu perkara yang dilupakan adalah bahawa awan itu tidak sepenuhnya digital, di suatu tempat dalam dunia ini, terdapat keperluan pada pusat data di mana penyimpanan data boleh dicapai. Pusat data awan menghadapi banyak masalah dan isu kerana ianya menggunakan kaedah rangkaian tradisional. Di sinilah Perisian Definisi Perangkaian (SDN) dipandang; ia telah mengubah cara rangkaian tradisional dikendalikan. Sebagai contoh, pemisahan kecerdasan peranti rangkaian dengan laluan data berguna bagi membuat rangkaian pintar dan boleh diurus. Kajian ini bertujuan bagi menyediakan ruang masalah dalam rangkaian yang digunakan oleh pusat Data Awan dan peranan SDN dalam mengatasi masalah ini. Platform persediaan eksperimen bagi kerjasama SDN dan awan akhirnya bermanfaat dalam menubuhkan pengaktifan-SDN awan IOT, juga turut dibincangkan dalam kajian ini berkenaan masalah penyelidikan terbuka
EFFECT OF BONDED COMPOSITE PATCH ON THE STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS FOR A CENTER-CRACKED PLATE
Get PDFCrack propagation until fracture is an important criterion to predict a structure‘s service life. In order to increase the latter, the cracked component needs to be repaired or replaced. In the present study, a finite element analysis has been carried out to investigate the effects of adhesive thickness, patch thickness and crack length on the passive repair performance of a center-cracked rectangular aluminum plate under mode-I loading condition using an ANSYS package. A comprehensive parametric study shows that the stress intensity factor is influenced by the patch thickness, patch size, adhesive material, and adhesive thickness.
ABSTRAK: Penyebaran retak sehingga patah adalah kriteria penting bagi menjangka hayat struktur. Bagi memanjangkan jangka hayat struktur, komponen keretakan perlu dibaik pulih atau diganti. Kajian ini telah menjalankan analisis elemen tak terhingga bagi mengetahui kesan ketebalan pelekat, ketebalan tampalan dan panjang retak pada bahagian keretakan tengah plat petak aluminium yang dibaiki secara pasif, menggunakan pakej ANSYS di bawah beban mod-I. Kajian parametrik yang menyeluruh menunjukkan faktor tekanan intensif dipengaruhi oleh ketebalan tampalan, saiz tampalan, bahan pelekat dan ketebalan pelekat
LIPASE IMMOBILIZATION ON FIBERS GRAFTED WITH POLYGLYCIDYL METHACHRYLATE
Get PDFABSTRACT: Lipase enzyme originated from wheat germ was immobilized on nylon -6- grafted with polyglycidyl methachrylate (PGMA). The immobilization of enzyme experiments were designed and studied using face centred central composite design (FCCCD) under response surface methodology (RSM). Prior to immobilization, the polymer was activated with diethyl amine/ethanol to introduce an amine functional group to facilitate covalent bonding with the enzyme. The immobilized and free enzymes were characterized for effect of temperature and pH on enzyme activity, stability, storage and reusability as well as kinetics studies. ANOVA revealed that optimum lipase activity of 0.287 U/ml was achieved at immobilization time of 5 h, pH of 6 and 1.0 mg/ml for enzyme concentration. The optimum temperatures and pH for immobilized and free enzymes were 45 °C and 35 °C, and 8 and 7, respectively. The immobilized enzyme showed higher stability compared to free enzyme. The immobilized enzyme retained 18% of its activity after being recycled 8 times. In a storage stability test, immobilized lipase was able to retain 70% of its activity after being stored for 30 days, while free enzyme activity dropped to 15 % after 20 days of storage.
ABSTRAK:Enzim Lipase telah dihasilkan daripada mikroorganisma pegun gandum di atas nilon -6- dan digraf bersama poliglisidel methakrilet (PGMA). Enzim pegun ini direka dan dikaji secara eksperimen menggunakan reka bentuk campuran pusat pada permukaan (FCCCD) di bawah kaedah tindak balas permukaan (RSM). Sebelum menjadi pegun, polimer ini telah diaktifkan dengan dietil amine/ethanol bagi menghasilkan kumpulan fungsi amine bagi membantu ikatan kovalen atom pada enzim. Enzim pegun dan bebas ini telah dikategorikan mengikut kesan enzim ke atas suhu, aktiviti enzim ke atas kesan pH, kestabilan, keboleh-simpanan dan keboleh-gunaan balik, serta ujian tindak balas kinetik. ANOVA membuktikan bahawa aktiviti optimum enzim lipase ini adalah sebanyak 0.287 U/ml telah terhasil selama 5 jam pegun, pada pH 6 dan kepekatan enzim sebanyak 1.0 mg/ml. Suhu dan pH optimum, pada enzim pegun dan enzim bebas ini adalah pada 45 °C dan 35 °C, dan pH 8 dan 7, masing-masing. Enzim pegun ini menunjukkan lebih stabil daripada enzim bebas. Enzim pegun dilihat kekal 18% daripada aktivitinya selepas 8 kali ulangan. Melalui ujian kestabilan simpanan, enzim lipase pegun dapat mengekalkan 70% daripada aktivinya selepas disimpan selama 30 hari, manakala aktiviti enzim bebas telah menurun kepada 15% selepas 20 hari dalam simpanan
COMPARISON STUDY OF STAINLESS STEEL CYCLIC VOLTAMMOGRAMS IN VARIOUS NATURAL MEDIA ADDITION: PRODUCT AND VOLTAGE EFFICIENCY
Get PDFThe cyclic voltammogram is widely used to analyse the electrolysis process. The use of various media, namely rambutan seed flour (Nephelium lappaceum), mango seed flour (Mangifera indica), breadfruit leaf powder (Artocarpus altilis), peria extract (Momordi charantia) and aloe vera extract (Aloe vera), in this study is to deliberately mimic the occurrence of those media in wastewater produced by several industries. The electrolysis analysis on the presence of several media would minimize the preparation steps on wastewater utilization for generating hydrogen as renewable energy. The research looks at the potential of wastewater as the raw material for the electrolysis process. In this research, stainless steel cyclic voltammograms were studied on water electrolysis. The electrolysis was done in base solution and adding various media, such as rambutan seed flour (Nephelium lappaceum), mango seed flour (Mangifera indica), breadfruit leaf powder (Artocarpus altilis), peria extract (Momordi charantia) and aloe vera extract (Aloe vera) in various concentrations, 0 - 10 g per litter of water. By reviewing the activity of a stainless steel electrode to decompose water molecules, the media generally caused the occurrence of covering by relatively large molecules around the electrode surface, resulting in decreased activity of the stainless steel electrodes. The optimum condition occurred with the addition of breadfruit leaf powder in all treatments with similar electrode activity as much as 1.68. The result could be implemented in a wastewater electrolysis processes containing the media to generate hydrogen gas.
ABSTRAK: Voltammogram berkitar banyak digunakan bagi menganalisis proses elektrolisis. Dalam kajian ini pelbagai jenis media telah sengaja digunakan seperti tepung biji rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), tepung biji mangga (Mangifera indica), serbuk daun sukun (Artocarpus altilis), ekstrak peria (Momordi charantia) dan ekstrak lidah buaya (Aloe vera), bagi memimik terjadinya media-media tersebut dalam sisa air buangan yang terhasil daripada beberapa industri. Analisis elektrolisis pada pelbagai media dapat mengurangkan langkah-langkah persiapan pada penggunaan sisa air bagi menghasilkan hidrogen sebagai tenaga boleh baharu. Penilitian kajian ini bertumpu pada potensi sisa air sebagai bahan kasar bagi proses elektrolisis. Kajian ini adalah tentang elektrolisis air voltammogram berkitar pada keluli tahan karat. Proses elektrolisis telah dilakukan pada larutan dasar dan dengan menambah pelbagai media, seperti tepung biji rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), tepung biji mangga (Mangifera indica), serbuk daun sukun (Artocarpus altilis), ekstrak petola (Momordi charantia) dan ekstrak lidah buaya (Aloe vera) dalam pelbagai kepekatan, 0 - 10 gram pada setiap liter air. Penurunan aktiviti elektrod keluli tahan karat telah disebabkan oleh aktiviti elektrod keluli tahan karat yang mengurai molekul air dan diliputi molekul-molekul besar pada permukaan elektrod. Keadaan optimum telah berlaku dengan penambahan serbuk daun sukun pada semua rawatan dengan aktiviti elektrod serupa sebanyak 1.68. Dapatan kajian dapat digunakan dalam proses elektrolisis sisa air yang mengandungi media bagi menghasilkan gas hidrogen