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ASSIST AS NEEDED CONTROL STRATEGY FOR UPPER LIMB REHABILITATION ROBOT IN EATING ACTIVITY
Get PDFThe slacking behaviour or lack of participation from impaired patients during robotic rehabilitation therapy is one of the factors that slow down their recovery. The implementation of Assist As Needed (AAN) control law in the robotic assisted rehabilitation treatment may alleviate this problem and encourage the patients to be actively involved in the rehabilitation exercises. This paper presents a new Assist As Needed control strategy for an upper limb rehabilitation robot in assisting subjects with various levels of capabilities to regain their original upper limb’s functionality in realizing basic motions in eating activity. The controller consists of Proportional, Integral, Derivative (PID) controller in the feedback loop, with an adjustable gain K that varies according to the user’s level of capability. A Force Sensing Resistor (FSR) is used to identify the user’s upper extremity capability level. The controller regulates the necessary amount of assistance provided by the robot based on the information obtained from the sensor. The automatic adjustment of the robot’s assistance to the subjects leads them to put in their own effort in accomplishing the desired movements. The proposed control strategy is simple, easy to program, and mathematically less complicated. A prototype of the wearable upper limb rehabilitation robot has been built and a Graphical User Interface (GUI) has been developed using MATLAB software to facilitate the rehabilitation process and for progress monitoring. The simulation and experimental results have proven that the proposed control strategy is successful in regulating the necessary amount of robot assistance according to the patients’ level of capability. The proposed controller has effectively driven the upper limb rehabilitation robot to achieve the desired trajectory with zero steady state error, percentage overshoot less than 8% and settling time below 6 seconds, whilst providing the correct amount of robotic assistance in accordance to the subjects’ capability level.
ABSTRAK: Reaksi kurang respon dari pesakit kurang keupayaan semasa terapi pemulihan robotik adalah satu faktor melambatkan kadar pemulihan. Pelaksanaan teknik kawalan Bantu Apabila Diperlukan (AAN) dalam rawatan pemulihan dengan bantuan robot dapat membantu dan mendorong pesakit terlibat secara aktif dalam latihan pemulihan. Artikel ini membentangkan strategi kawalan baru, iaitu Bantu Apabila Diperlukan oleh robot pemulihan bagi anggota atas pesakit yang mempunyai pelbagai tahap kemampuan, dalam mengembalikan fungsi asas gerakan tangan seperti aktiviti makan. Teknik kawalan terdiri daripada kawalan Berkadar, Integral, Terbitan (PID) dalam lingkaran tindak balas, dengan pemboleh ubah K mengikut tahap kemampuan pesakit. Alat pengukur Resistan Daya Rasa (FSR) digunakan bagi mengenal pasti tahap kemampuan maksima pesakit dalam menggerakkan tangan. Berdasarkan maklumat yang diperoleh daripada sensor, teknik kawalan akan menghantar maklumat kepada robot bagi membantu pesakit. Bantuan automatik yang dibekalkan robot kepada pesakit akan mendorong pesakit berusaha melakukan gerakan yang diperlukan. Strategi kawalan yang dicadangkan ini adalah ringkas, mudah diprogramkan dan kurang rumit dari segi matematik. Sebuah prototaip robot pemulihan anggota tangan telah dibina dan sebuah platform grafik bagi pengguna (Antara Muka Grafik Pengguna, GUI) telah dibangunkan menggunakan perisian MATLAB bagi memudahkan proses pemulihan dan pemantauan kemajuan pesakit. Hasil simulasi dan eksperimen membuktikan bahawa strategi cadangan kawalan ini berjaya mengatur jumlah bantuan daripada robot bersesuaian dengan tahap kemampuan pesakit. Teknik kawalan yang dicadangkan telah berjaya menggerakkan robot pemulihan tangan bagi mencapai lintasan gerakan yang diinginkan dengan ralat sifar pada keadaan stabil, peratusan ayunan berlebihan kurang daripada 8%, masa penyelesaian bawah 6 saat dan pada masa sama, memberikan maklumat bantuan robot yang tepat, bersesuaian dengan tahap kemampuan pesakit
Editorial
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CHIEF EDITOR
Ahmad Faris Ismail, IIUM, Malaysia
EXECUTIVE EDITOR
AHM Zahirul Alam, IIUM, Malaysia
ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Nor Farahidah Za’bah, IIUM, Malaysia
LANGUAGE EDITOR
Lynn Mason, Malaysia
COPY EDITOR
Hamzah Mohd. Salleh, IIUM, Malaysia
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Abdullah Al-Mamun, IIUM, Malaysia
Abdumalik Rakhimov, IIUM, Malaysia
Ali Sophian, IIUM, Malaysia
Amir Akramin Shafie, IIUM, Malaysia
Anis Nurashikin Nordin, IIUM, Malaysia
Erry Yulian Triblas Adesta, IIUM, Malaysia
Erwin Sulaeman, IIUM, Malaysia
Hanafy Omar, Saudi Arabia
Hazleen Anuar, IIUM, Malaysia
Konstantin Khanin, University of Toronto, Canada
Ma'an Al-Khatib, IIUM, Malaysia
Md Zahangir Alam, IIUM, Malaysia
Meftah Hrairi, IIUM, Malaysia
Mohamed B. Trabia, United States
Mohammad S. Alam, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, United States
Mustafizur Rahman, National University Singapore, Singapore
Ossama Abdulkhalik, Michigan Technological University, United States
Razi Nalim, IUPUI, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
Rosminazuin AB. Rahim, IIUM, Malaysia
Waqar Asrar, IIUM, Malaysia
AIMS & SCOPE OF IIUMENGINEERING JOURNAL
The IIUM Engineering Journal, published biannually, is a carefully refereed international publication of International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). Contributions of high technical merit within the span of engineering disciplines; covering the main areas of engineering: Electrical and Computer Engineering; Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering; Automation and Mechatronics Engineering; Material and Chemical Engineering; Environmental and Civil Engineering; Biotechnology and Bioengineering; Engineering Mathematics and Physics; and Computer Science and Information Technology are considered for publication in this journal. Contributions from other areas of Engineering and Applied Science are also welcomed. The IIUM Engineering Journal publishes contributions under Regular papers and Invited review papers. It also welcomes contributions that address solutions to the specific challenges of the developing world, and address science and technology issues from an Islamic and multidisciplinary perspective.
REFEREES’ NETWORK
All papers submitted to IIUM Engineering Journal will be subjected to a rigorous reviewing process through a worldwide network of specialized and competent referees. Each accepted paper should have at least two positive referees’ assessments.
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A manuscript should be submitted online to the IIUM-Engineering Journal website at
http://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal. Further correspondence on the status of the paper could be done through the journal website.
INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE
A. Anwar, United States
Abdul Latif Bin Ahmad, Malaysia
Farzad Ismail, USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Hanafy Omar, Saudi Arabia
Hany Ammar, United States
Idris Mohammed Bugaje, Nigeria
K.B. Ramachandran, India
Kunzu Abdella, Canada
Luis Le Moyne, ISAT, University of Burgundy, France
M Mujtaba, United Kingdom
Mohamed AI-Rubei, Ireland
Mohamed B Trabia, United States
Syed Kamrul Islam, United States
Tibor Czigany, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary
Yiu-Wing Mai, The University of Sydney, Australia.
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Whilst every effort is made by the publisher and editorial board to see that no inaccurate or misleading data, opinion or statement appears in this Journal, they wish to make it clear that the data and opinions appearing in the articles and advertisement herein are the responsibility of the contributor or advertiser concerned. Accordingly, the publisher and the editorial committee accept no liability whatsoever for the consequence of any such inaccurate or misleading data, opinion or statement.
IIUM Engineering Journal
ISSN: 1511-788X E-ISSN: 2289-7860
USING MODIFICATION OF PRIM’S ALGORITHM AND GNU OCTAVE AND TO SOLVE THE MULTIPERIODS INSTALLATION PROBLEM
Get PDFThe Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) is one of the famous problems that is used mostly as the backbone in many network design problems. Given a graph G(V,E), where V is the set of vertices and E is the set of edges connecting vertices in V, and for every edge eij there is an associated weight cij ?0. The Multi Period Degree Constrained Minimum Spanning Tree (MPDCMST) is a problem of finding an MST while also considering the degree constrained on every vertex, and satisfying vertices installation requirement on every period. Two algorithms (WWM1 and WWM2) are proposed for solving this problem. GNU OCTAVE is used for coding and visualization. GNU is a recursive acronym for "GNU's Not Unix!", and that name is chosen because it is like Unix but differs from Unix because it is free and contains no Unix code. Those algorithms were implemented using 300 randomly generated problems. Moreover, we compare WWM1 and WWM2 algorithms using existing data from the literature and the results show that WWM2 is the best.
ABSTRAK: Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) merupakan salah satu masalah mahsyur yang banyak digunakan sebagai tulang belakang kepada masalah banyak rekaan jaringan. Menerusi graf G(V,E), di mana V adalah himpunan titik dan E adalah himpunan garis yang menghubungkan titik-titik dalam V, dan bagi setiap garis eij terdapat berat berhubung cij ?0, Multi-period Degree Constrained Minimum Spanning Tree (MPDCMST) merupakan masalah dalam menentukan MST, pada masa sama turut menimbangkan kekangan pada setiap titik vertek, dan memenuhi syarat keperluan pemasangan pada setiap detik. Dua algoritma (WWM1 dan WWM2) dicadangkan bagi menyelesaikan masalah ini. GNU OCTAVE digunakan bagi pengaturcaraan dan visualisasi. GNU merupakan suatu singkatan kepada “GNU's Not Unix”, dan nama tersebut dipilih karena ianya seperti Unix, tetapi berbeza dari Unix kerana ia percuma dan tidak mempunyai kod Unix. Algoritma tersebut dilaksana dengan menggunakan 300 masalah terhasil secara rawak. Tambahan, algoritma WWM1 dan WWM2 dibandingkan dengan kajian terdahulu dan hasil kajian menunjukkan WWM2 adalah terbaik.
 
INVESTIGATION OF MAGNETIC PROPERTIES FOR DIFFERENT COIL SIZES OF DYNAMIC WIRELESS CHARGING PADS FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES (EV)
Get PDFElectric vehicles (EV) have been introduced in the recent years due to public awareness of the effect of gas emission from traditional cars and the extinction of petroleum natural resources. For charging EV, dynamic wireless charging is considered in this paper. This is because it is more convenient and saves charging time since it charges the electric vehicle while moving. The main challenge of this process is to maintain a high amount of power transfer from primary to secondary coil. One of the factors contributing to a good power transfer is the size of the coil [1]. There are various designs of coil for wireless charging of electric vehicles (EV). Among the most common designs are circular pad (CP), rectangular pad (RP), double-D pad (DDP), and double-D quadrature pad (DDQP). In this paper, circular pad (CP) is chosen for use, due to its simplicity in design and good electrical and magnetic properties. Three different coil pair sizes are tested to find the most suitable coil pair for the primary and secondary pads that has the maximum power transfer and is least sensitive to misalignment. The magnetic properties have been investigated to obtain the highest value of magnetic flux. The geometry design of the pads and simulation was done using COMSOL Multiphysics software. From the simulation, it was found that the unsymmetrical coil pair gives high magnetic strength when the outer diameters of the primary and secondary coils have the same value.
ABSTRAK: Kenderaan Elektrik (EV) telah diperkenalkan sejak beberapa tahun ini hasil kesedaran awam tentang kesan pembebasan gas dari kenderaan lama dan pengurangan sumber asli petroleum. Kajian ini berkaitan pengecas dinamik tanpa wayar bagi mengecas EV. Ini kerana pengecas ini lebih sesuai dan jimat masa mengecas kerana kenderaan elektrik dicas ketika bergerak. Cabaran utama proses ini adalah mengekalkan pemindahan tenaga yang tinggi daripada gegelung primer kepada gegelung sekunder. Salah satu faktor bagi mendapatkan pemindahan tenaga yang tinggi adalah saiz gegelung wayar [1]. Terdapat pelbagai bentuk gegelung bagi mengecas kenderaan elektrik (EV) tanpa wayar. Antaranya adalah pad membulat (CP), pad segiempat tepat (RP), pad berganda-D (DDP), dan pad kuadratur berganda-D (DDQP). Kajian ini telah menggunakan pad membulat (CP) kerana reka bentuknya yang ringkas dan ia mempunyai sifat elektrikal dan magnatik yang baik. Tiga pasang gegelung berbeza telah diuji bagi mendapatkan pasangan gegelung pad primer dan sekunder yang paling sesuai di mana ianya mempunyai pemindahan tenaga maksima dan paling kurang sensitif pada ketidakjajaran. Sifat magnet telah diuji bagi mendapatkan nilai fluks magnet tertinggi. Rekabentuk geometri pad dan simulasi telah dijalankan menggunakan perisian Multifizik COMSOL. Hasil simulasi mendapati pasangan gegelung yang tidak simetri telah menghasilkan kekuatan magnetik tertinggi apabila diameter luaran gegelung primer dan sekunder mempunyai nilai sama
STEMMING IMPACT ANALYSIS ON INDONESIAN QURAN TRANSLATION AND THEIR TAFSIR CLASSIFICATION FOR ONTOLOGY INSTANCES
Get PDFThe current gap which appears in the Quran ontology population domain is stemming impact analysis on Indonesian Quran translation and their Tafsir to develop ontology instances. The existing studies of stemming effect analysis performed in various languages, dataset, stemming method, cases, and classifier. However, there is a lack of literature that studies about stemming influence on instances classification for Quran ontology with different dataset, classifier, Quran translation, and their Tafsir on Indonesian. Based on this problem, our study aims to investigate and analyze the stemming impact on instances classification results using Indonesian Quran translation and their Tafsir as datasets with multiple supervised classifiers. Our classification framework consists of text pre-processing, feature extraction, and text classification stage. Sastrawi stemmer was used to perform stemming operation in text pre-processing stage. Based on our experiment results, it was found that Support Vector Machine (SVM) with Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) and stemming operation owns the best classification performance, i.e., 70.75% for accuracy and 71.55% for precision in Indonesian Quran translation dataset on 20% test data size. While in 30% test data size, SVM and TF-IDF with stemming process own the best classification performance, i.e., 67.30% for accuracy and 68.10% for precision in Ministry of Religious Affairs Indonesia dataset. Furthermore, in this study, it was also discovered that the Backpropagation Neural Network has the most precision and accuracy reduction due to the negative impact of stemming operations
SPACE MAPPING OF HIP AND WRISTS MOTIONS FOR DIFFERENT TRANSFER DISTANCES IN MANUAL MATERIAL HANDLING TASK
Get PDFManual material transfer tasks are common in occupational settings. Repetitive lifting tasks usually involve twisting and bending which are associated with occupational lower back injuries. One of the approaches to reduce bending and twisting is to separate the distance between lifting origin and destination, which will encourage lifters to step and turn entire bodies. However, adding lifting distances is likely to affect space usages and requirements. A study was conducted to investigate how the transfer distances influence space usage during the lifting task. Raw data of hip and hand wrists motion of 26 male subjects during transfer in 4 different distances were captured using X-Sens motion capture system. MVN Studio software was used to process and extract positional data. Tabulated space mapping revealed limited hip movement and semicircular shaped hand motions for short transfer distances. The pattern changes into a more stretched-curve shape as the distance increases. Overall, it was observed that shorter transfer distance caused participants to adopt more twisting and less bending postures, while further transfer distances resulted in more bending and less twisting. This study may provide industrial practitioners with information to design a space requirement for manual material transfer tasks.
ABSTRAK: Kerja-kerja pemindahan barang secara manual adalah biasa dalam persekitaran kerja. Kerja-kerja mengangkat barang yang kebiasaannya melibatkan badan membengkok dan berpusing boleh menyebabkan kecederaan tulang belakang. Salah satu cara bagi mengurangkan risiko ini adalah dengan memisahkan jarak antara tempat asal dan tempat tuju pemindahan barang. Pemindah barang digalakkan untuk melangkah dan memusingkan seluruh badan. Namun, cara ini menyebabkan penggunaan ruang yang banyak. Satu kajian telah dijalankan bagi mengkaji bagaimana jarak pemindahan barang mempengaruhi penggunaan ruang ketika kerja-kerja pemindahan. Data asal pergerakan pinggul dan pergelangan tangan daripada 26 subjek lelaki ketika pemindahan barang pada 4 jarak berbeza diperolehi menggunakan sistem rakaman gerakan X-Sens. Perisian MVN Studio digunakan bagi memproses dan mengekstrak data ini. Ruang pemetaan berjadual mendedahkan pergerakan pinggul yang terhad dan pergerakan tangan berbentuk separa bulat pada jarak pemindahan terdekat. Corak ini berubah kepada bentuk lengkung memanjang apabila jarak bertambah. Keseluruhannya, jarak pindahan yang kurang menyebabkan para peserta lebih terdedah kepada postur memusingkan badan berbanding membengkok, sementara jarak yang jauh menyebabkan peserta lebih membengkok berbanding memusingkan badan. Kajian ini memberikan maklumat untuk penggiat industri mereka cipta keperluan ruang bagi kerja-kerja pemindahan barang secara manual
CUTTING TOOL PERFORMANCE IN TURNING OF AL 7075-T651 ALUMINIUM ALLOY
Get PDF Recently, almost 70% of a commercial jetliner’s airframe is made of aluminium alloys. It is predicted that the application of aluminium alloy is to increase up to 65% by the year 2025. They are typically used because of their high strength to weight ratio. However, there are some drawbacks during machining aluminium alloy such as the adhesion wear and built-up edge (BUE) formation that can shorten tool life. As the tool wears, the machining performance, surface roughness, and cutting tool life are affected significantly. A lot of studies were conducted in order to minimize this critical issue. This project presents a study of the cutting tool performance of an uncoated carbide tool in dry turning operation on Al 7075-T651, in which the tool wear rate, volume of material removed, wear mechanism, and surface roughness were investigated. The machining tests were conducted on a CNC lathe machine to obtain the tool wear and surface roughness of the machined work piece. The average flank wear was measured using a digital microscope, whereas the wear mechanism was observed using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The average surface roughness (Ra) was measured using a surface roughness tester. The cutting time for this experiment was fixed at 40 minutes and all the results were analysed within this time range to evaluate the tool performance in the turning of Al 7075-T651. The results revealed that the tool performs better at low cutting speed, 250 m/min, by reducing the tool wear rate by 33%. The cutting speed of 250 m/min also contributed to 71% higher volume of material removed during the machining tests. The dominant type of wear found was flank wear, while the main principal of wear mechanism is adhesion. At higher cutting speed, the surface roughness was improved. Based on the results, it can be concluded that high cutting tool performance is achieved when low tool wear growth rate, high volume of material removal, and low surface roughness during turning operation are obtained.
ABSTRAK: Kebelakangan ini, hampir 70% kerangka pesawat udara komersil diperbuat daripada aloi aluminium. Penggunaan aloi aluminum ini dijangka meningkat sehingga 65% pada tahun 2025. Ia biasa digunakan kerana nisbah kekuatan kepada berat yang tinggi. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat beberapa kekurangan semasa pemesinan aloi aluminum ini iaitu pemakaian pelekat dan pembentukan binaan tepi (BUE) yang mengurangkan jangka hayat mata alat. Apabila mata alat menjadi haus, prestasi mesin, kekasaran permukaan, dan jangka hayat mata alat pemotong terjejas dengan ketara. Banyak kajian telah dijalankan bagi mengurangkan isu kritikal ini. Projek ini mengkaji prestasi mata alat pemotong karbida tidak bersalut dalam operasi mesin larik kering pada Al 7075-T651, di mana kadar haus mata alat, kuantiti bahan yang dibuang, mekanisme haus dan kekasaran permukaan telah diselidiki. Ujian pemesinan dijalankan pada mesin CNC mesin larik bagi mendapatkan kadar haus mata alat dan kekasaran permukaan material yang dimesin. Purata haus pengapit mata alat diukur dengan menggunakan mikroskop digital, manakala mekanisme haus dipantau menggunakan Mikroskop Elektronik Pengimbas (SEM). Purata kekasaran permukaan (Ra) diukur menggunakan alat penguji kekasaran permukaan. Tempoh masa pemotongan bagi eksperimen ini telah ditetapkan pada 40 minit dan semua keputusan telah dianalisa dalam tempoh masa ini bagi menilai prestasi mata alat dalam melarik Al 7075-T651. Hasil menunjukkan prestasi mata alat lebih baik pada kelajuan pemotongan rendah, 250 m/min dengan mengurangkan kadar haus mata alat sehingga 33%. Kelajuan pemotongan 250 m/min juga menyumbang kepada 71% peningkatan ke atas jumlah bahan yang dibuang semasa ujian pemesinan. Jenis haus yang dominan telah ditemui pada pengapit mata alat, manakala mekanisme haus yang utama adalah lekatan. Pada kelajuan pemotongan yang tinggi, kekasaran permukaan didapati lebih baik. Berdasarkan keputusan, dapat disimpulkan bahawa prestasi mata alat pemotong yang bagus dapat dicapai apabila kadar haus mata alat adalah rendah, jumlah penyingkiran bahan yang tinggi dan kekasaran permukaan yang rendah semasa operasi pelarikan dijalankan.
ABSTRAK: Kebelakangan ini, hampir 70% kerangka pesawat udara komersil diperbuat daripada aloi aluminium. Penggunaan aloi aluminum ini dijangka meningkat sehingga 65% pada tahun 2025. Ia biasa digunakan kerana nisbah kekuatan kepada berat yang tinggi. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat beberapa kekurangan semasa pemesinan aloi aluminum ini iaitu pemakaian pelekat dan pembentukan binaan tepi (BUE) yang mengurangkan jangka hayat mata alat. Apabila mata alat menjadi haus, prestasi mesin, kekasaran permukaan, dan jangka hayat mata alat pemotong terjejas dengan ketara. Banyak kajian telah dijalankan bagi mengurangkan isu kritikal ini. Projek ini mengkaji prestasi mata alat pemotong karbida tidak bersalut dalam operasi mesin larik kering pada Al 7075-T651, di mana kadar haus mata alat, kuantiti bahan yang dibuang, mekanisme haus dan kekasaran permukaan telah diselidiki. Ujian pemesinan dijalankan pada mesin CNC mesin larik bagi mendapatkan kadar haus mata alat dan kekasaran permukaan material yang dimesin. Purata haus pengapit mata alat diukur dengan menggunakan mikroskop digital, manakala mekanisme haus dipantau menggunakan Mikroskop Elektronik Pengimbas (SEM). Purata kekasaran permukaan (Ra) diukur menggunakan alat penguji kekasaran permukaan. Tempoh masa pemotongan bagi eksperimen ini telah ditetapkan pada 40 minit dan semua keputusan telah dianalisa dalam tempoh masa ini bagi menilai prestasi mata alat dalam melarik Al 7075-T651. Hasil menunjukkan prestasi mata alat lebih baik pada kelajuan pemotongan rendah, 250 m/min dengan mengurangkan kadar haus mata alat sehingga 33%. Kelajuan pemotongan 250 m/min juga menyumbang kepada 71% peningkatan ke atas jumlah bahan yang dibuang semasa ujian pemesinan. Jenis haus yang dominan telah ditemui pada pengapit mata alat, manakala mekanisme haus yang utama adalah lekatan. Pada kelajuan pemotongan yang tinggi, kekasaran permukaan didapati lebih baik. Berdasarkan keputusan, dapat disimpulkan bahawa prestasi mata alat pemotong yang bagus dapat dicapai apabila kadar haus mata alat adalah rendah, jumlah penyingkiran bahan yang tinggi dan kekasaran permukaan yang rendah semasa operasi pelarikan dijalankan
STUDY ON PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT OF MANUAL OPERATIONS IN SOYA SAUCE FACTORY
Get PDFToday with a rapidly changing world and markets, SMEs are facing a critical challenge to remain competitive in the business market. In this paper, a case study of the SMEs food industry is presented. Work study methodology was embedded in the strategy to improve the productivity of the soya sauce enterprise. The sample size required for the study was calculated and random observations were determined through a work sampling technique to achieve a 95% confidence level. The result from this study reveals that work sampling data can be used as a reliable estimation for identification of any potential bottleneck as well as idle time in the factory. The process flowchart at the filling and capping terminal were examined and the travelling distance was optimized to 12.5 feet from original distance of 17 feet. The modified plant layout significantly improves the people flow, production material handling, work safety, space utilization, and better working conditions. The survival of SMEs is critical as this sector contributes 38.3% to Malaysian‘s gross domestic productivity (GDP). Thus, these findings demonstrated that enhancing the productivity of SME food industries is effective through a work study. However, the successful adoption of this approach is mostly because of top administrative involvement and the participation of all staff members.
ABSTRAK: Pada hari ini, dengan perubahan pesat dunia dan pasaran, SMEs berhadapan cabaran getir bagi terus tetap berdaya saing dalam pasaran perniagaan. Kajian ini membincangkan berkaitan kes kajian SMEs dalam industri makanan. Kaedah kajian kerja telah diguna pakai dalam strategi bagi meningkatkan pengeluaran sos soya. Saiz sampel yang diperlukan bagi kajian ini dikira dan pemerhatian rawak diperoleh melalui teknik persampelan bagi memperolehi 95% tahap yakin diri. Hasil keputusan kajian menunjukkan data persampelan boleh digunakan sebagai anggaran boleh percaya bagi mengklasifikasi kemungkinan kesesakan dan juga masa terbiar dalam kilang. Proses carta alir pada terminal isian dan penutup telah diperiksa dan jarak perjalanan dioptimumkan pada 12.5 kaki dari jarak asal iaitu 17 kaki. Ubah suai susun atur kilang dapat memperbaiki dengan ketara aturan pekerja, pengendalian bahan pengeluaran, keselamatan kerja, pengunaan ruang tempat kerja dan persekitaran tempat kerja yang lebih bagus. Kemandirian SMEs adalah sangat kritikal kerana sektor ini menyumbang 38.3% kepada Keluaran Malaysia Dalam Negara Kasar (KDNK). Oleh itu, hasil kajian menunjukkan peningkatan produktiviti industri makanan SMEs adalah berkesan menerusi kajian ini. Walau bagaimanapun, keberhasilan kaedah ini berpunca daripada keterlibatan pentadbiran dan seluruh anggota pekerja
INFLUENCE OF PALM OIL BIOMASS CLINKER AND EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH FIBERS ON CONCRETE PROPERTIES
Get PDFThis study aims to evaluate the influence of palm oil empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers on flexural strength performance of concrete in the presence of palm oil biomass clinker (POBC). This study considered various proportions of palm oil EFB fibers as 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% in concrete with fixed amount of POBC as 10%. It was investigated that there is substantial influence of palm oil EFB fibers on properties of concrete containing 10% POBC as sand replacement. The experimental findings of this study indicated that the workability of fresh mix concrete decreases as palm oil EFB fiber content increased. Besides that, hardened properties of concrete were found to be improved as the amount of palm oil EFB fibers increased in the concrete. It was noticed that flexural strength was improved with addition of 0.2% palm oil EFB fibers that act as reinforcement and deliver growth in flexural strength for concrete containing 10% of POBC. Hence, it was concluded that palm oil EFB fiber could be utilized as fiber reinforcement in concrete to improve flexural strength performance of the concrete.
ABSTRAK: Kajian ini bertujuan mengkaji pengaruh gentian tandan kelapa sawit (EFB) terhadap kekuatan lentur pada konkrit dengan kehadiran klinker minyak kelapa sawit biomas (POBC). Kajian ini mengguna pakai pelbagai peratus serat EFB kelapa sawit dalam konkrit iaitu sebanyak 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, dan 0.6% dengan jumlah tetap POBC sebanyak 10%. Didapati bahawa gentian tandan kelapa sawit EFB yang mengandungi 10% POBC berpengaruh besar sebagai pengganti pasir dalam bahan konkrit. Penemuan eksperimen menunjukkan bahawa kebolehkerjaan campuran baru konkrit berkurangan apabila kandungan gentian EFB minyak sawit meningkat. Selain itu, sifat-sifat mengeras pada konkrit didapati bertambah baik apabila jumlah gentian EFB minyak sawit meningkat dalam konkrit. Di samping itu, kekuatan lenturan meningkat dengan penambahan sebanyak 0.2% serat EFB minyak kelapa sawit, berfungsi sebagai penguat dan penambah kekuatan lenturan pada konkrit yang mengandung 10% POBC. Oleh itu, serat EFB minyak kelapa sawit boleh digunakan sebagai penguat gentian dalam konkrit bagi meningkatkan kekuatan lenturan konkrit.
This study aims to evaluate the influence of palm oil empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers on flexural strength performance of concrete in the presence of palm oil biomass clinker (POBC). This study considered various proportions of palm oil EFB fibers as 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% in concrete with fixed amount of POBC as 10%. It was investigated that there is substantial influence of palm oil EFB fibers on properties of concrete containing 10% POBC as sand replacement. The experimental findings of this study indicated that the workability of fresh mix concrete decreases as palm oil EFB fiber content increased. Besides that, hardened properties of concrete were found to be improved as the amount of palm oil EFB fibers increased in the concrete. It was noticed that flexural strength was improved with addition of 0.2% palm oil EFB fibers that act as reinforcement and deliver growth in flexural strength for concrete containing 10% of POBC. Hence, it was concluded that palm oil EFB fiber could be utilized as fiber reinforcement in concrete to improve flexural strength performance of the concrete.
ABSTRAK: Kajian ini bertujuan mengkaji pengaruh gentian tandan kelapa sawit (EFB) terhadap kekuatan lentur pada konkrit dengan kehadiran klinker minyak kelapa sawit biomas (POBC). Kajian ini mengguna pakai pelbagai peratus serat EFB kelapa sawit dalam konkrit iaitu sebanyak 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, dan 0.6% dengan jumlah tetap POBC sebanyak 10%. Didapati bahawa gentian tandan kelapa sawit EFB yang mengandungi 10% POBC berpengaruh besar sebagai pengganti pasir dalam bahan konkrit. Penemuan eksperimen menunjukkan bahawa kebolehkerjaan campuran baru konkrit berkurangan apabila kandungan gentian EFB minyak sawit meningkat. Selain itu, sifat-sifat mengeras pada konkrit didapati bertambah baik apabila jumlah gentian EFB minyak sawit meningkat dalam konkrit. Di samping itu, kekuatan lenturan meningkat dengan penambahan sebanyak 0.2% serat EFB minyak kelapa sawit, berfungsi sebagai penguat dan penambah kekuatan lenturan pada konkrit yang mengandung 10% POBC. Oleh itu, serat EFB minyak kelapa sawit boleh digunakan sebagai penguat gentian dalam konkrit bagi meningkatkan kekuatan lenturan konkrit
BIODELIGNIFICATION OF LEMON PEELS USING Aspergillus sp. TO IMPROVE YIELD AND COMPOSITION OF EXTXRACTED LEMON OIL
Get PDF Lemon oil obtained from lemon peels has a high market value. However, the presence of lignocellulose composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, can inhibit the extraction process. This study aimed to determine the effect of biodelignification on lemon peels using Aspergillus sp. towards lignin content, yield, chemical composition, and productivity of lemon oil. A solid-state fermentation was carried out under controlled relative humidity of 99% and a light intensity of ~0 W/cm2 for 0, 3, 6, and 9 days. The number of spores used was in the range of 0.3-5 x 105 spores/gram substrate with a ratio of spore solution and substrate of 1:1. Extraction was performed using a steam distillation method at 97-98°C for 6 hours. The results showed that the lignin content decreased with an increased fermentation time: 8.01%, 6.97-7.28%, 5.83-7.28%, and 4.35-5.44% dry weight for day 0, 3, 6, and 9, respectively. Lemon oil yield increased as the period of fermentation increased up to 0.27%, 0.29-0.31%, 0,30-0.46%%, and 0.67-0.79% for day-0, 3, 6, and 9, respectively. A major component of lemon oil is d-limonene. The d-limonene content reached 72,54% for day-0, 73-99% for day-3, 75,09-84.59% for day-6, and 88,03-99% for day-9.
ABSTRAK: Minyak lemon yang terhasil dari kupasan lemon mempunyai nilai tinggi dalam pasaran. Walau bagaimanapun, kehadiran lignoselulosa yang terdiri daripada selulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin, boleh merencatkan proses pengekstrakan. Kajian ini bertujuan memperolehi kesan biodelignifikasi pada kulit lemon menggunakan Aspergillus sp. terhadap kandungan lignin, hasil, komposisi kimia, dan penghasilan minyak lemon. Penapaian keadaan-pepejal dijalankan di bawah 99% kawalan kelembapan relatif dan keamatan cahaya ~0 W/cm2 bagi 0, 3, 6 dan 9 hari. Bilangan spora yang digunakan adalah dalam lingkungan substrat 0.3-5 x 105 spora/gram dengan nisbah larutan spora kepada substrat adalah 1:1. Pengekstrakan dijalankan menggunakan kaedah penyulingan stim pada suhu 97-98°C selama 6 jam. Keputusan menunjukkan kandungan lignin berkurangan dengan pertambahan masa penapaian: 8.01%, 6.97-7.28%, 5.83-7.28%, dan 4.35-5.44% berat kering pada hari 0, 3, 6, dan 9, masing-masing. Hasil minyak lemon bertambah dengan pertambahan masa penapaian sehingga 0.27%, 0.29-0.31%, 0,30-0.46%%, dan 0.67-0.79% pada hari 0, 3, 6, dan 9, masing-masing. Komponen major minyak lemon adalah d-limonina. Kandungan d-limonina mencapai 72,54% pada hari-0, 73-99% pada hari-3, 75,09-84.59% pada hari-6, dan 88,03-99% pada hari-9