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    INFLUENCE OF IPNS (VINYLESTER/EPOXY/POLYURETHANE) ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS/CARBON FIBER REINFORCED HYBRID COMPOSITES

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    The main objective of this study is to compare the interpenetrating polymer networks’ (IPNs) physical strengths with different variants of fibers. In this study, E-glass, carbon, and a combination of E-glass and carbon fiber (hybrid) have been taken as the reinforcement. Similarly, three combinations of the IPNs were chosen as the matrix material, namely epoxy / polyurethane (EP), vinyl ester / polyurethane (VP) and epoxy/vinyl ester (EV) as IPN blends. In order to thoroughly understand the physical characteristics of the combination of blends and fibers, nine variants (laminates) were fabricated: combinations of epoxy / polyurethane / E-glass (EPG), epoxy / polyurethane / carbon (EPC), epoxy / vinyl ester / glass / carbon (EPGC-hybrid), vinyl ester / polyurethane / glass (VPG), vinyl ester / polyurethane / carbon (VPC), vinyl ester / polyurethane / glass / carbon (VPGC), epoxy / vinyl ester / glass (EVG), epoxy / vinyl ester / carbon (EVC), and epoxy / vinyl ester / glass / carbon (EVGC-hybrid), all with help of a hand-layup technique. Furthermore, mechanical tests such as tensile, flexural, impact, and HDT (heat distortion temperature) were performed on all the variants as per the ASTM standards. Results shows that carbon fiber reinforcement with all IPN combinations has shown extraordinary performance (double fold) over the E-glass fiber reinforcement, whereas the hybrid (combination of E-glass/carbon) laminates have shown excellent characteristics over E-glass fiber reinforcement, irrespective of IPN matrix material. All the results were compared with each other and their corresponding variations were plotted as bar charts. ABSTRAK:  Objektif utama kajian ini adalah bagi membandingkan kekuatan fizikal rangkaian polimer saling menusuk (IPN) dengan pelbagai jenis gentian berbeza. Kajian ini mengguna pakai gentian kaca-E, karbon dan gabungan kaca-E dan gentian karbon (hibrid) sebagai penguat. Begitu juga, tiga kombinasi IPN dipilih sebagai bahan matrik, iaitu epoksi / poliuretan (EP), ester vinil / poliuretan (VP) dan epoksi / ester vinil (EV) sebagai campuran IPN. Bagi tujuan memahami secara mendalam ciri-ciri fizikal gabungan campuran dan gentian, sembilan varian (lamina) dihasilkan, malaui kombinasi seperti epoksi / poliuretan / kaca-E (EPG), epoksi / poliuretan / karbon (EPC), epoksi / ester vinil / kaca / karbon (EPGC-hibrid), ester vinil / poliuretan / kaca (VPG), ester vinil / poliuretan / karbon (VPC), ester vinil / poliuretan / kaca / karbon (VPGC), epoksi / ester vinil / kaca (EVG), epoksi / ester vinil / karbon (EVC), epoksi / ester vinil / kaca / karbon (EVGC-hibrid) dengan teknik susun atur lapisan menggunakan tangan. Selain itu, ujian mekanikal seperti tegangan, lenturan, hentaman dan HDT (suhu kelenturan panas) dilakukan pada semua varian mengikut piawaian ASTM. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa, penguat gentian karbon dengan semua kombinasi IPN telah menunjukkan prestasi luar biasa (dua kali ganda) daripada penguat gentian kaca-E, manakala lamina hibrid (campuran kaca-E / karbon) telah menunjukkan ciri-ciri sangat baik berbanding penguat gentian kaca-E tanpa mengira bahan matrik IPN. Semua hasil dapatan dibandingkan antara satu sama lain dan padanan variasi diplot sebagai carta bar

    AN IMMERSIVE AUGMENTED REALITY SYSTEM TO STUDY THE EFFICIENCY OF DYNAMIC EXIT SIGNAGE

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    Every year, many disasters occur to buildings causing their destruction and leading to huge casualties. One way of preventing casualties is by evacuation drill activity. Although accurate evacuation drills could enhance the efficiency of the process during the real event, these drills are not fully effective because participants miss the sense of being stressed or under pressure while in action. Several gaming concepts have been introduced to train the participants on how to cope with and evacuate effectively during an emergency. For instance, Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) interfaces could provide virtual content to enhance the effectiveness of evacuation drills. However, accurate representation of different evacuation scenarios and its impact analysis during emergency using the above technologies are still debatable, mainly due to immersion quality. Thus, this study proposes an Immersive Augmented Reality (IAR) application that is mainly the amalgamation of AR and VR in realizing fast and safe evacuation during on-site building emergencies. A virtual dynamic exit signage system is also developed in the proposed “Smart Evacuation application“. This work evaluated the efficiency of a virtual dynamic exit signage and also a proposed “Smart Evacuation“ system by analysing on-site emergency evacuation processes. By setting up various scenarios imitating real life disasters, this research analysed the time taken and level of stress of the occupants during the evacuation of a chosen site. The proposed “Smart Evacution“ achieved 33.82% better perfomance compared to normal evacuation thus indicating a faster and safer evacuation. ABSTRAK: Secara statistik, kebanyakan bencana kemusnahan bangunan yang berlaku setiap tahun telah menyebabkan kerugian besar. Salah satu cara bagi mengelak kejadian ini adalah melalui aktiviti latih tubi evakuasi. Walaupun latih tubi evakuasi ini dapat menambah proses kecekapan semasa kejadian sebenar, latih tubi ini tidak benar-benar berkesan kerana peserta kurang mendalami perasaan tertekan atau di bawah tekanan semasa kejadian. Pelbagai konsep permainan telah diperkenalkan bagi melatih peserta bagaimana perlu bertindak dan evakuasi secara efektif semasa kecemasan. Sebagai contoh, antarmuka Realiti Terimbuh (AR) dan Realiti Maya (VR) mungkin dapat menghasilkan simulasi secara maya bagi menambah keberkesanan latih tubi evakuasi. Walau bagaimanapun, ketepatan representasi pelbagai senario evakuasi dan analisis tekanan semasa kecemasan menggunakan teknik-teknik di atas adalah masih boleh dipertikaikan terutama kerana kualiti kedalamannya. Oleh itu, kajian ini mencadangkan aplikasi Realiti Terimbuh Mendalam (IAR) di mana tumpuan adalah pada kombinasi AR dan VR dibuat dengan secara evakuasi pantas dan selamat semasa kecemasan pada bangunan kejadian. Sistem maya penunjuk arah keluar dinamik turut dicipta dalam “Aplikasi Evakuasi Pintar” yang dicadangkan ini. Kajian ini menilai keberkesanan sistem maya penunjuk arah keluar secara dinamik dan juga sistem “Evakuasi Pintar” dengan menganalisa proses evakuasi kecemasan pada tempat kejadian. Dengan mengadakan pelbagai jenis senario dan meniru bencana sebenar, kajian ini menganalisa masa yang diambil dan tahap tekanan penghuni bangunan semasa proses evakuasi berlaku pada tapak pilihan. “Evakuasi Pintar” ini mencapai 33.82% keberkesanan pada prestasi berbanding evakuasi biasa. Ia membuktikan proses evakuasi ini lebih pantas dan selamat

    DETECTION OF TRAFFIC DENSITY WITH IMAGE PROCESSING USING PIN HOLE ALGORITHM

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    The intelligent traffic monitors are devloped and became more interst in recent years. A detection system in the monitoring traffic system is proposed using different algorithms. Pin Hole Algorithm used to detect the car that passes  the road (the studied area). A fixed camera mounted at predetermined point used with known height (of the camera), the intensity of the light, and the visibility of the camera. The classification process is important to know the traffic congestion status. The traffic congestion status will be sent to the server address already provided.  In the congestion detection test results were obtained with an accuracy value of 85% using the 64x64 grid division and obtaining good detection results for susceptible light intensity values between 5430 and 41379 LUX with an accuracy value of between 60% and 90%. ABSTRAK: Sejak beberapa tahun ini, sistem pengawasan trafik pintar telah dibina dan terus berkembang luas. Sistem pengesanan dalam sistem trafik pengawasan telah dicadangkan menggunakan pelbagai algoritma. Algoritma lubang pin digunakan bagi mengesan kereta yang melalui jalan (kawasan kajian). Kamera dipasang tetap pada titik tertentu iaitu dengan menyelaras ketinggian kamera, keamatan cahaya, dan kebolehlihatan kamera. Proses klasifikasi sangat penting bagi menentukan status kesesakan trafik. Status kesesakan trafik akan dihantar ke alamat pelayan yang telah disediakan. Nilai ketepatan ujian pengesanan kesesakan yang diperoleh adalah 85% iaitu menggunakan pembahagi grid 64x64 dan dapatan kajian menunjukkan pengesanan yang baik bagi nilai keamatan cahaya antara 5430 dan 41379 LUX dengan nilai ketepatan antara 60% dan 90%

    Characteristics of Leachate Upon Hydrothermal Treatment Processing: Case Study of Ampang District Municipal Solid Waste Leachate

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    Municipal solid waste (MSW) leachate is a hazardous liquid produced from decomposition of solid waste with high amount of organic matter and ammonia-nitrogen with obnoxious smell. This study aimed to investigate the behavior of MSW leachate when subjected to hydrothermal treatment using an autoclave set up at below water critical points (temperatures of 100 °C, 150 °C, and 200 °C at 0.1 MPa, 0.4 MPa and 1.6 MPa, respectively) with 15 min and 60 min holding time. Physicochemical characterization of the setup at 200 °C and 1.6 MPa at 60 min holding time indicates a feasible parameter when materials that caused the dark color and obnoxious smell were almost completely removed. Over 99% of chemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen was eliminated when treated with hydrothermal treatment and yielded a condensed liquid product that complied with permissible limits set by the National Water Quality Standard Malaysia and the World Health Organization for wastewater discharges for irrigation purposes. Chromatographic analysis indicated that most of the organic compounds present in the raw leachate was removed. This processing is believed to be an environmentally friendly method that can treat MSW leachate rapidly, and it has the potential to be used as an effective alternative to existing leachate treatment technologies. ABSTRAK Larut lesap daripada sisa pepejal perbandaran merupakan cecair merbahaya yang berlaku semasa penguraian sisa pepejal dengan jumlah bahan organik dan ammonia-nitrogen yang tinggi dengan bau menjengkelkan. Kajian ini bertujuan bagi mengkaji sifat larut lesap ini apabila melalui rawatan hidroterma menggunakan autoklaf yang ditetapkan di bawah titik kritikal air (suhu 100 °C, 150 °C, dan 200 °C pada 0.1 MPa, 0.4 MPa dan 1.6 MPa masing-masing) dengan tempoh masa 15 minit dan 60 minit. Sifat fizikal kimia yang dirawat pada suhu 200 °C, 1.6 MPa selama 60 minit menunjukkan satu parameter yang boleh dilaksanakan apabila warna gelap dan bau yang menjengkelkan hampir dikurangkan sepenuhnya. Lebih 99% ammonia nitrogen disingkirkan apabila dirawat dengan rawatan hidrotherma dan menghasilkan air bersih yang mematuhi had yang dibenarkan oleh Piawaian Kualiti Air Kebangsaan Malaysia (NWQSM) dan Pertubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia (WHO) bagi pelupusan air sisa pepejal bagi tujuan pengairan. Analisis kromatografi menunjukkan bahawa sebahagian besar sebatian organik yang terdapat dalam larut resap telah disingkirkan. Pemprosesan ini diyakini merupakan kaedah mesra alam yang dapat merawat dengan cepat, dan berpotensi digunakan sebagai alternatif efektif untuk teknologi rawatan larut lesap sedia ada

    MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF E-GLASS FIBER REINFORCED POLYESTER/ MWCNTS NANOCOMPOSITES

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    Mechanical properties of polyester/glass fiber reinforced by multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were studied. MWCNTs nano particles are mixed within resin in various weight fractions of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 % using sonication. E-Glass fiber (chopped strand mat) is used in various weight fractions within the composite like 80/20 wt%, 70/30 wt%, 50/50 wt% to fabricate polyester/CSM/MWCNTs composites. The effect of the addition of MWCNTs nanoparticles on the mechanical characteristics such as hardness and tensile strength were investigated. The effect of various E-glass fiber chopped strand mat (CSM) wt.% reinforcement is also investigated. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to show the nanocomposites morphological properties such as reinforcement orientation and the bonding between matrix and fiber. It was found that the addition of 0.4 wt% MWCNTs improves the mechanical properties of composites, especially the 50 wt% polyester / 50 wt% CSM composite. The tensile strength improved by 39.8%, and the hardness improved by 38%. ABSTRAK: Ciri-ciri mekanikal bagi poliester / gelas fiber diperkukuh dengan dinding berbilang karbon nanotiub (MWCNTs) dikaji. Partikel nano MWCNT telah dicampur ke dalam resin pelbagai berat pada pecahan 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 dan 0.6 % menggunakan sonikasi. Gentian Kaca-E (potongan lembaran) telah digunakan dalam pelbagai pecahan berat dalam komposit 80/20 wt%, 70/30 wt%, 50/50 wt% bagi menghasilkan komposit poliester/CSM/MWCNT. Kesan penambahan nanopartikel MWCNT pada ciri-ciri mekanikal seperti kekerasan dan kekuatan tensil diuji. Kesan pelbagai gentian Kaca-E (potongan lembaran) (CSM) wt.% bersama agen pengukuh turut dikaji. Pengimbas Mikroskop Elektron (SEM) digunakan bagi menilai ciri-ciri morfologi komposit nano seperti orientasi pengukuh dan ikatan antara matrik dan gentian. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan dengan penambahan sebanyak 0.4 wt% MWCNT dapat memperbaiki ciri-ciri mekanikal komposit terutama komposit campuran (50 wt% polyester / 50 wt% CSM). Ketahanan tensil meningkat sebanyak 39.8%, dan kekerasan telah bertambah sebanyak 38%

    A STUDY ON CHANNEL AND DELAY-BASED SCHEDULING ALGORITHMS FOR LIVE VIDEO STREAMING IN THE FIFTH GENERATION LONG TERM EVOLUTION-ADVANCED

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    This paper investigates the performance of a number of channel and delay-based scheduling algorithms for an efficient QoS (Quality of Service) provision with more live video streaming users over the Fifth Generation Long-Term Evolution-Advanced (5G LTE-A) network. These algorithms were developed for use in legacy wireless networks and minor changes were made to enable these algorithms to perform packet scheduling in the downlink 5G LTE-A. The efficacies of the EXP and M-LWDF algorithms in maximizing the number of live video streaming users at the desired transmission reliability, minimizing the average network delay and maximizing network throughput, are shown via simulations. As the M-LWDF has a simpler mathematical equation as compared to the EXP, it is more favoured for implementation in the complex downlink 5G LTE-A. ABSTRAK: Kertas ini menyiasat prestasi sebilangan saluran dan algoritma penjadualan berdasarkan kelewatan untuk penyediaan QoS (Kualiti Perkhidmatan) yang cekap dengan banyak pengguna video secara langsung melalui rangkaian Generasi Kelima Long-Term Evolution Advanced (5G LTE-A). Algoritma-algoritma yang disiasat di dalam kertas ini dicadangkan untuk digunakan dalam generasi rangkaian tanpa wayar yang lama dan sedikit perubahan dibuat untuk membolehkan algoritma ini menyokong penjadualan paket dalam downlink 5G LTE-A. Keberkesanan EXP dan M-LWDF algoritma dalam memaksimumkan jumlah pengguna pada kebolehpercayaan transmisi yang diinginkan dari streaming video secara langsung, meminimumkan kelewatan rangkaian, dan memaksimumkan truput rangkaian ditunjukkan melalui simulasi. Namun, dengan M-LWDF mempunyai formula matematik yang mudah dibandingkan dengan EXP, ia lebih sesuai untuk digunakan dalam downlink 5G LTE-A yang lebih kompleks

    The Development of Water Pollution Detector Using Conductivity And Turbidity Principles

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    Water pollution has caused negative impacts on human health as humans depend solely on water for drinking, cooking, and cleaning. Even more worrying is that the number of polluted rivers seems to increase as time progresses. Due to no real-time monitoring device being implemented, the authorities are unaware of any given river's real-time conditions. Therefore, this research aims to control the water pollution issue by designing and developing a low-cost device that can detect water pollutants and notifies the authorities if abnormalities occur. In this work, various water pollution sources in Malaysia have been identified: biochemical oxygen demand, ammoniacal nitrogen, and suspended solids. The general performance of the proposed device is also evaluated and analyzed. Water quality data is collected by the sensors and is sent to an IoT platform called ThingSpeak through a Wi-Fi module to be visualized and displayed. When the pollution is detected, the website will alert local authorities for their prompt actions. From the experiment conducted, the developed conductivity sensor managed to give readings with 6.84% and 6.35% error compared to the sensor in a benchmark paper and the ready-made sensor, respectively. Besides, the turbidity sensor also managed to give accurate readings according to various types of solution. The success of this research would help to reduce river pollution and provide positive outcomes to the environment. ABSTRAK: Pencemaran air telah menyebabkan kesan negatif terhadap kesihatan manusia kerana kebergantungan mereka terhadap air untuk minum, memasak dan mencuci. Lebih membimbangkan adalah, jumlah sungai tercemar yang semakin meningkat seiring tahun-tahun yang berlalu. Oleh kerana tiada alat pemantauan masa nyata yang dilaksanakan, pihak berkuasa tidak menyedari keadaan semasa air sungai. Oleh itu, projek ini bertujuan bagi mengawal masalah pencemaran air dengan merancang dan menghasilkan alat kos rendah yang dapat mengesan pencemaran air dan memberitahu pihak berkuasa sekiranya berlaku bacaan yang tidak normal. Melalui kajian ini, pelbagai sumber pencemaran air di Malaysia telah dikenal pasti: permintaan oksigen biokimia, nitrogen amonia dan pepejal terampai. Prestasi umum alat ini juga dinilai dan dianalisis. Kualiti data air dikumpulkan oleh pengimbas dan maklumat dihantar ke platform IoT yang disebut ThingSpeak melalui modul Wi-Fi bagi tujuan tinjauan dan paparan. Apabila pencemaran dikesan, laman web tersebut akan memberi amaran kepada pihak berkuasa tempatan untuk tindakan segera. Melalui eksperimen yang dijalankan, pengimbas kekonduksian yang dihasilkan berjaya memberikan bacaan dengan ralat 6.84% dan 6.35% berbanding pengimbas yang terdapat di kertas penanda aras dan pengimbas siap pakai. Selain itu, pengimbas kekeruhan yang digunakan mampu memberikan bacaan yang tepat mengikut pelbagai jenis larutan. Projek ini diharap dapat membantu mengurangkan pencemaran sungai dan memberikan impak positif kepada alam sekitar

    Secure Slicing and Allocation of Resources of 5G Networks In Software-Defined Networking / Network Functions Virtualization

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    In 5G communications, higher data rates and lower latency are needed due to the high traffic rate. Though resource wastage is avoided by secure slicing, sliced networks are exploited by DDoS attackers. Thus, in the present paper, traffic-aware setting up is PRESENTED for resource allocation and secure slicing over the virtualization of 5G networks enabled by software-defined network/network functions. In the proposed method (called T-S3RA), to authenticate user devices, Boolean logic is used with key derivation based on passwords. Moreover, the traffic arrangement is based on the 5G access points. To implement secure resource allocation and network slicing, deep learning models are used. Renyi entropy computation is employed to predict the DDoS attackers. Through the experimental results, the effectiveness of the presented approach is proved. ABSTRAK: Melalui komunikasi 5G, kadar data yang tinggi dan latensi yang rendah amat diperlukan kerana kadar trafik yang tinggi. Walaupun pembaziran sumber dapat dielakkan melalui pemotongan selamat, rangkaian yang dipotong sering dieksploitasi oleh penyerang DDoS. Oleh itu, kajian ini menyediakan persekitaran sedar-trafik bagi peruntukan sumber dan pemotongan selamat ke atas rangkaian 5G secara maya melalui fungsi rangkaian takrif-perisian. Melaui pendekatan yang dicadangkan (iaitu T-S3RA), peranti pengguna disahkan terlebih dahulu menggunakan logik Boolean dengan perolehan kunci berdasarkan kata laluan. Di samping itu, susunan trafik adalah berdasarkan titik akses 5G. Bagi melaksanakan peruntukan sumber yang selamat dan pemotongan rangkaian, model pembelajaran mendalam telah digunakan. Pengiraan Entropi Renyi dibuat bagi meramal penyerang DDoS. Dapatan eksperimen mengesahkan keberkesanan pendekatan yang dicadangkan

    VEHICLE AIR CONDITIONER (VAC) CONTROL SYSTEM BASED ON PASSENGER COMFORT: A PROOF OF CONCEPT

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    The air conditioning system (AC) in passenger cars requires precise control to provide a comfortable and healthy driving. In an AC system with limited manual control, the driver has to repeatedly change the setting to improve comfort. This problem may be overcome by implementing an automatic control system to maintain cabin temperature and humidity to meet passenger's thermal comfort. Therefore, this paper presents the development of a laboratory-scale prototype air conditioning control system to regulate temperature, humidity and air circulation in the cabin. The experimental results show that the control system is able to control air temperature in the range of 21 °C to 23 °C and cabin air humidity between 40% to 60% in various simulated environmental conditions which indicate acceptance for comfort and health standards in the vehicle. In conclusion, this method can be applied to older vehicles with reasonable modifications. ABSTRAK: Sistem penyejuk udara (AC) pada kenderaan penumpang memerlukan ketepatan kawalan bagi menyediakan keselesaan dan kesejahteraan pemanduan. Melalui sistem AC dengan kawalan manual terhad, pemandu perlu berulang kali mengubah penyesuaian latar bagi meningkatkan keselesaan. Masalah ini dapat diatasi dengan menerapkan sistem kawalan automatik bagi menjaga suhu dan kelembapan kabin agar memenuhi keselesaan suhu penumpang. Oleh itu, kajian ini merupakan pembangunan prototaip sistem kawalan AC skala laboratari bagi mengawal suhu, kelembapan dan peredaran udara dalam kabin. Hasil eksperimen menunjukkan sistem kawalan ini mampu mengendali suhu udara pada kitaran 21 °C  hingga 23 °C dan kelembaban udara kabin antara 40% hingga 60% pada pelbagai keadaan persekitaran simulasi yang menunjukkan penerimaan standard keselesaan dan kesejahteraan kenderaan. Sebagai kesimpulan, cara ini dapat diaplikasi pada kenderaan lama dengan modifikasi bersesuaian

    EVALUATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND MATERIAL REMOVAL RATE IN ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING OF AL-ALLOY WITH 10%SIC

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    Aluminum-based metallic matrix compounds are widely used in industrial and aircraft manufacturing due to their advanced characteristics, such as toughness and high strength resistance to weight ratio, etc. Silicon carbide is an important industrial ceramic and it is the fourth hardest ceramic after diamond, boron nitride, and boron carbide. Owing to its low fracture toughness, it is difficult to machine silicon carbide using traditional machining processes. Electrical discharge machine can machine such materials irrespective of their hardness. Aluminum alloy 6061 and 10% SiC based-metal matrix composite were used as a workpiece that was produced by stir casting. In the experimental investigation, pulse current Pc (10, 20, and 30 A), pulse on (Pon) duration (100, 150, and 200 ?sec), and pulse off (Poff) duration (6, 12, and 24 ?sec) were treated as the input variables. The output responses were surface roughness (SR) and material removal rate (MRR). The best value for surface roughness (Ra) reached (1.032 µm) at Pc (10 A), Pon duration (100 ?sec) and Poff (15 ?sec). Also, the best result for the productivity of the process (MRR) reached (69.49 × 10-3 g/min) at Pc (30 A) Pon, (200 ?sec) and (6 ?sec) Poff. Therefore, the experimental outcomes were optimized for surface roughnes and material removal rate by adding 10% SiC to aluminum alloy 6061. ABSTRAK: Sebatian matrik logam berasaskan aluminium telah digunakan secara meluas dalam industri pembuatan dan pesawat kerana ciri-cirinya yang canggih, seperti ketahanan dan daya rintangan yang tinggi kepada nisbah berat, dan lain-lain. Silikon karbida adalah seramik industri yang penting dan ia merupakan seramik keempat terkuat setelah berlian, boron nitrida dan boron karbida. Disebabkan ketahanan frakturnya yang rendah, adalah sukar bagi menghasilkan mesin silikon karbida menggunakan proses pemesinan tradisional. Mesin pelepasan elektrik mampu menghasilkan mesin menggunakan bahan tersebut tanpa mengira kekerasan. Aloi aluminium 6061 dan komposit matrik logam berasaskan SiC 10% telah digunakan sebagai bahan kerja yang terhasil melalui tuangan kacauan. Melalui penyelidikan eksperimen, detik arus Pc (10, 20, dan 30 A), detik hadir (Pon) berdurasi (100, 150, dan 200 ?sec), dan detik henti (Poff) berdurasi (6, 12, dan 24 ?sec) dirawat sebagai pemboleh ubah input. Respon pengeluaran adalah kekasaran permukaan (SR) dan kadar penyingkiran bahan (MRR). Nilai terbaik bagi kekasaran permukaan (Ra) telah mencapai (1.032 µm) pada Pc (10 A), berdurasi Pon (100 ?sec) dan Poff (15 ?sec). Tambahan, hasil terbaik bagi proses produktiviti (MRR) mencapai (69.49 × 10-3 g/min) pada Pc (30 A) Pon, (200 ?sec) dan (6 ?sec) Poff. Oleh itu, hasil eksperimen dioptimumkan bagi permukaan kasar dan kadar penyingkiran bahan dengan tambahan 10% SiC ke aloi aluminium 6061

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