Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration (BMRE)
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Highly siderophile element and osmium isotope systematics of basaltic volcanics: a different approach to petrological processes
No full textThe highly siderophile element (HSE) or platinum group element (PGE) and Os isotope systematics of basaltic volcanics have recently received a significant attention because of their potential to constrain the petrological processes on magma generation and evolution. The HSE and Os isotope data, which are generally observed at very low concentrations in basalts and obtained by modern enrichment and analytical techniques, are frequently used in petrological studies. The HSE contents and ratios from whole-rock analysis of basalts, and combined evaluation with the theoretical knowledge and modelling of HSE behaviour during the partial melting of mantle and the differentiation of basaltic magma would provide opportunity for geochemical modelling on mantle melting. Besides, HSE contents and Pd-PGE/Ir-PGE ratios are important indicators for the nature of mantle sulfides, the sulfur saturation conditions of the mantle source, sulfide segregation,fractional crystallization, crustal assimilation and partial melting degrees in the origin and evolution of mantle-derived magmas. Therefore, in addition to the traditional whole-rock geochemical data obtained from Cenozoic aged basalts observed widely in Turkey, HSE and Os isotope systematics of these basalts can contribute to define the geochemical features of the mantle source, and to model petrological processes which are effective in the magma evolution. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.90100
Modeling of the complex hydrocarbon traps by the shot domain acoustic finite difference method and data-processing
No full textNumerical modeling studies have a widespread application in exploration seismology in order to understand the seismic reflection responses of hydrocarbon traps formed in relation to tectonic structure, lithological changes and unconformities in complex geological environments and to develop effective data processing strategies. In this study, the seismic modeling of two important hydrocarbon trap models (Granite Wash and Normal Fault Trap) was performed by the Finite Difference Method (FDM), which provides the solution of the acoustic wave equation. Seismic data models were carried out in the pre-stack shot environment, and the obtained shot data were passed through appropriate data-processing stages to obtain stack and migration (zero offset) sections. By converting the obtained migration sections to depth, the spatial location and dimensions of hydrocarbon traps on the section were determined and it has been observed that they are compatible by comparing with the initial geological models. Thus, the seismic responses of hydrocarbon trap structures were learned, the importance of data processing was understood, and zero offset crosssections were obtained by processing of the generated synthetic shot records. Accordingly, it was observed that it is appropriate to make more and frequent shots in the investigation of granite wash type traps which are thin and short-width, whereas it is useful to make relatively less frequent shots in order to reduce the scattering intensity caused by the discontinuities of the fault type structures. Consequently, it is thought that before the field study for the hydrocarbon exploration, the modeling of the pre-stack shot instead of the post-stack modeling (zero offset) will contribute to the development of the data processing stages and the testing of the seismic section interpretation. In the future, such synthetic models and data processing will be developed for different complex trap structures and real data
Extraction of rubidium from Malatya - Kuluncak area complex ore
No full textIn this study, studies were carried out to take rubidium (Rb), which is in a complex form of Na +K feldspar, pyroxene, and alumina silicate into solution in an environmentally sensitive manner with high recovery. Malatya - Kuluncak complex ore was used in this study. In the first stage of the study, the roasting method was tried to obtain rubidium chloride (RbCl) or rubidium sulphate (Rb2SO4) structures, which are the water-soluble forms of rubidium in the sodium-potassium feldspar structure. Roasting was carried out using different additives and calcium chloride was identified as the most suitable additive material for this ore structure. In studies investigating the effect of roasting temperature and time, the evaporation amount of RbCl was calculated. After deciding on the additives, the additive amount, solid/liquid ratio in the leaching stage, and leach time were optimized. The optimum conditions were determined as a leaching time of 120 minutes at 1/3 solid/ liquid ratio after roasting for 60 minutes at the roasting temperature of 900 °C at 70% calcium chloride (CaCl2) addition. the solution efficiency of rubidium was calculated as 96%. Taking Rb into solution from primary sources was first achieved with this study in Türkiye
Uludağ extensional metamorphic core complex: preliminary field observations
No full textIn the northern margin of Uludağ Massif in northwest Anatolia, the Bursa Detachment having topto- the north, northeast normal sense of shear separates the lower plate high-grade metamorphic rocks of Series-A (Uludağ Group) from the upper plate low-grade metamorphic rocks of Series-B (Karakaya Complex). The deeper section of Uludağ Massif is represented by the Oligocene metagranites at the southern parts of the massif that is exposed due to the youngest high-angle Soğukpınar normal fault. The massif is a typical extensional metamorphic core complex similar to the counterparts in the west and northwest Anatolia such as the Menderes, Kazdağ, and Çataldağ core complexes due to close timing of exhumation and a similar sense of shearing. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.102903
Formation and tectonic evolution of structural slices in eastern Kargı Massif (Çorum, Türkiye)
No full textThe closure of Tethys Ocean has led to shaping the Central Pontides together with different types of rocks. In the east of Kargı (Gökçedoğan), which is located in the Central Pontides, allochthonous rocks of Late Palaeozoic-Early Cenozoic age and autochthonous units exist together, and allochthonous rocks present various tectono-stratigraphical sequences. Distinctive tectonic slices developed in the area as a consequence of the thrusting of the Permian carbonates from the north towards the south over the Middle Jurassic accretionary Complex (Kunduz Metamorphites) that form the basement of the area, and also because of the thrusting of the units of the Kirazbaşı Complex (ophiolitic melange) and Mesozoic carbonate rocks over this basement from the south towards the north because of the closure of Tethys Ocean. This paper presents whole-rock geochemical data, which suggest that the metabasites and the ophiolitic basalts are tholeiitic. The Jurassic metabasites from the Kunduz Unit and basalts from ophiolitic melange are characterized by the mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) and within plate tholeiites. This paper highlights the occurrence of the tectonic slices in the area is closely related to the tectonic evolution of the Tethys Ocean. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.106760
Comparison of the results of the suppression of surface related multiple reflections by predictive deconvolution in pre- and post-stack in 2D marine seismic reflection data: a case study from the Sea of Marmara
No full textThis study aims to suppress the multiple reflections from the multi-channel seismic reflection data, which collected on the profile M97-29 at the Sea of Marmara with the MTA Sismik-1 Vessel in 1997 by the General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), both at the pre- and post-stack stages separately, by using predictive deconvolution and to compare both results. The stack section obtained by applying predictive deconvolution to the pre-stack shot gathers, is compared with the stack section obtained by applying predictive deconvolution to the post-stack section, which has no predictive deconvolution application before stack. The multiple reflections are mostly suppressed in both sections, but the amplitudes of the primary reflections are much more noticeable and have much higher amplitudes on the stack section obtained by applying predictive deconvolution to the pre-stack shot gathers. Considering the data used in this study, which obtainedfrom a shallow seabed section of the Sea of Marmara including slopped structures, it has beenobserved that the result obtained by applying the predictive deconvolution process to the pre-stack shot gathers are more successful than the other. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.90982
Investigation of thermal transformation of composite material obtained from granite and recrystallized limestone natural stone wastes.
No full textIn this study, the usability of granite (magmatic) and recrystallized limestone (metamorphic) natural stone wastes as alternative raw materials in ceramic tile production was investigated. Based on the CaO, SiO2, and Al2O3 compounds found in waste powders, mixtures containing 65% granite and 35% recrystallized limestone (by mass) were prepared to obtain the ceramic phases of gehlenite, wollastonite and anorthite as a result of thermal transformation. The grain size of both raw materials is -149 μm (d90 = 110.957 μm). The first series samples are called natural building stone (DYT), and the second series samples, in which wood chips of 2% (by mass) -1 mm grain size are added to obtain porous material, are called natural building stone - porous (DYT-G). The samples belonging to both series was applied heat treatment at 1,160°C. Phase analysis of samples obtained after heat treatment was measured by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM-EDS) methods, and sintering properties were measured using water absorption coefficient, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, density-porosity and color measurement tests. Gehlenite and wollastonite phases were detected in the heat treated samples, but no anorthite phase was observed. According to the test results, it was determined that the flexural strength (22.64 MPa) of the DYT marked sample was in accordance with the ceramic tile standards. In the DYT-G example, despite the decreasing unit volume mass value, it was determined that the bending strength (16.50 MPa) was in the range of ceramic tile strength values. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.108118
Geological, mineralogical-petrographical and fluid inclusion characteristics of the Çatalçam (Soma-Manisa) Au-Pb-Zn-Cu mineralization
No full textThe study area is located in the southeastern Biga Peninsula. As result of field, drilling and laboratory studies, diorite porphyry intruded to Lower Miocene and older units and contained Au, Pb, Zn and Cu anomalies, has been determined. Intersected potassic, propylitic, phyllic and argillic alteration zones were developed in the pluton and host rock. Veins-veinlets developed in the pluton and host rock, contain native gold, silver, pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena. They are composed of undulated quartz in the deeper levels, and massive quartz, calcite/dolomite and barite in the middle and upper levels. According to the fluid inclusion data from sphalerite, quartz and barite,temperature of ore-bearing fluids are in three groups (argillic:150-220°C, phyllic:250-350°C, potassic:\u3e400°C). Fluid inclusions, including solid phases such as hematite, chalcopyrite and salt as well as liquid and gas phases, indicate that Çatalçam Au-Cu mineralization is intrusion-related system. Fluid inclusion data display temperature and salinity of the ore-bearing fluids in the early stage (porphyry) are high, whereas relatively lower in the late stage (epithermal). In conclusion, Çatalçam mineralization was developed in two different phases as porphyry Au-Cu and epithermal Zn-Pb-Cu-Au, which is the first porphyry gold deposit related to Miocene magmatic-hydrothermalsystem in the Biga porphyry belt. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.93009
Hydrogeological and water quality evaluation of parts of River Mamu Sub-Basin, southeastern Nigeria
No full textThe water sources in parts of the River Mamu sub-Basin, southeastern Nigeria were evaluated for domestic and agricultural purposes using hydrogeology and water quality. Thirty water samples from both surface water and groundwater were analysed for hydrochemical and biological parameters. The average depth to aquifers and their thicknesses are 109.9m and 11.8m respectively. The concentration of the major ions, TDS and EC are within the DSÖ permissible guidelines for drinking water. Heavy metals concentration ranges in mg/L for Cd2+ (0 - 0.06), Cr3+ (0 - 0.19), Hg2+(0 -1.0), As3+ (0 - 0.14) and total Fe (0 - 2.4) which in some of the samples exceed the permissible guideline values. The fecal coliform range in 100ml/L of samples (0 - 36) exceeds the guideline values in some of the samples. The water is Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4 type with the dominant ions as Ca2+ and SO4 2- for both groundwater and surface water. The dominant geochemical processes are rock-water interaction in the groundwater, which is a major contributor of dissolved ions and precipitation in the surface water. The WQI (17.84 - 301.99) connotes some samples as very poor quality for domestic purposes. Irrigation indices depict most of the water as good to excellent for agriculture. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.94109
Recovery of Cu-Ce from copper slag by using flotation and chemical methods
No full textIn our days, slags are considered secondary resources due to the metals they contain. Copper slags having economical operating grades in terms of Zn, Cu, Ce, Ni, Co, Mo, and V, have complex mineralogy due to their thermal processing based formations. Methods of recovery for copper and other precious metals from slags, have been studied, and for which, flotation plants in industrial scale are operated. In cases where physical or physico-chemical mineral processing methods are not sufficient, hydrometallurgical methods are applied. In this study, the flotation method was applied to a copper slag with 0.9% Cu grade. Copper recovery and the concentration grade were determined to be approximately 40 and 22.7% Cu, respectively. Metal extractions were examined through direct leaching tests. Using H2SO4 in the leaching, resulted in gel formation, leading to an investigation of the leach parameters using HCl. Cu and Ce extractions of around 70-80% were attained as a result of a test performed for 2 hours with the addition of 25 g/L H2O2 at a rate of 20-25% solids and 300 g/L HCl concentration. An examination of the metal relations, indicated that the dissolution behavior of Cu and Ce was quite similar to the Al dissolution (R2=0.9). https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.113929