Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration (BMRE)
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SPATIAL CLUSTER AND OUTLIER IDENTIFICATION OF GEOCHEMICAL ASSOCIATION OF ELEMENTS: A CASE STUDY IN JUIRUI COPPER MINING AREA
No full textSpatial clusters and spatial outliers play an important role in the study of the spatial distribution patterns of geochemical data. They characterize the fundamental properties of mineralization processes, the spatial distribution of mineral deposits, and ore element concentrations in mineral districts. In this study, a new method for the study of spatial distribution patterns of multivariate data is proposed based on a combination of robust Mahalanobis distance and local Moran’s Ii. In order to construct the spatial matrix, the Moran’s I spatial correlogram was first used to determine the range. The robust Mahalanobis distances were then computed for an association of elements. Finally, local Moran’s Ii statistics was used to measure the degree of spatial association and discover the spatial distribution patterns of associations of Cu, Au, Mo, Ag, Pb, Zn, As, and Sb elements including spatial clusters and spatial outliers. Spatial patterns were analyzed at six different spatial scales (2km, 4 km, 6 km, 8 km, 10 km and 12 km) for both the raw data and Box-Cox transformed data. The results show that identified spatial cluster and spatial outlier areas using local Moran’s Ii and the robust Mahalanobis accord the objective reality and have a good conformity with known deposits in the study area
NEOGENE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE İZMİR -OUTER- BAY ISLANDS
No full textThe volcaniclastics, derived from calcalkaline acidic-intermediate volcanism in the region during late Early Miocene, and lacustrine deposits of Middle Miocene and alkaline volcanics are exposed on Uzun Island, Hekim Island, Çiçek Islands and Karantina Island in the Outer Gulf of Izmir. Kocadağ volcaniclastics derived from Kocadağ volcanism, by extruding mainly calcalkaline andesitic-dacitic products during late Early Miocene, represents the exposed oldest rock unit. The volcaniclastic succession extending in the north of Uzun Island is composed of pyroclastics in ignimbrite and blocky ash flow facies, and epiclastics in volcanic mass flow (lahar) facies. Foça tuff, represented by rhyolitic ignimbrites, originated from an area around Foça Peninsula and moving to an area around Uzun Island, emplaced onto the Kocadağ volcaniclastics in two main explosive stages. The Değirmentepe member alluvial deposits composed of coarse volcanic detritus were deposited during a inactive period between the explosion stages. A K/Ar age of 16.0 Ma was obtained from a rhyolite dome, which shows lateral relationship with the correlant ignimbrites in Foça Peninsula, and so it is considered that Foça tuff emplaced onto the region at the end of late Early Miocene. Lacustrine-dominated Middle Miocene succession, which overlies the Foça tuff unconformably, differentiated as the Urla group. Urla group consists of alluvial Beşiktepe formation, the Pırnallı Island volcaniclastics, which is composed of sublacustrine volcanic density-flow deposits and felsic ignimbrites, Hekim Island basalt comprising basic volcanics and lacustrine Urla limestone, respectively from bottom to top. Beşiktepe formation only exposed on Uzun Island, overlies the Foça tuff with an unconformity indicating a basin margin deposition during the Middle Miocene. Pırnallı Island volcaniclastic succession, which its lower boundary does not exposed within the area on Hekim Island and Çiçek Islands, is mainly composed of epiclastics deposited by the dynamics of sublacustrine gravity flow and includes trachytic ignimbrite layers in various welding degrees. The main lithologic components of Pırnallı Island volcaniclastics derived from alkaline trachytic volcanism, which was active during the Middle Miocene in Menteş Peninsula
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND USES OF KARACAÖREN AREA (NEVŞEHİR) DIATOMITE
No full textIn this study, physicochemical properties and uses of diatomites which are formed due to Central Anatolia volcanism and outcropping in Karacaören (Ürgüp country, Nevşehir) area were investigated. Two stratigraphic sections were measured in the investigated area, one of these sections was measured in the Quaternary lake units (K1), and the other section was measured in the lacustrine sediments of late Miocene-Pliocene Ürgüp Formation’s Bayramhacılı Member (K2). The specify to physicochemical properties and uses of study area’s diatomite, loss on ignition (1050 ° C), XRD, amount of acid and water-insoluble matter, thermal conductivity (in the range of 101; 150 ° C and ± 10 ° C), XRF, pH, total porosity, specific gravity, specific surface area, pore volume, pore size, whiteness, particle size and SEM analysis were carried out at the General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration Laboratories on the samples collected from the area. The evaluation of the analyses results showed that, the subject diatomites have commercial value and it can be used directly in percolator, as a filler and structuring agents and in the manufacture of silicate. In addition, it can be used as mild abrasive and cleaner, in the manifacture of isolution material after processin
PROPOSALS FOR THE STANDARD PRESENTATION OF ELEMENTS OF NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE WITHIN THE SCOPE OF GEOPARK PROJECTS
No full textThe aim of this work is to develop suggestions for designated standards for the display of natural and cultural assets in the design of a Geopark. During a continuing dynamic period detailed work continues to be carried out by experts on the natural and cultural assets found within Geosites that are part of Geoparks according to National laws and guidelines and international agreements. This article proposes standard identity cards, to be used during the period of preparation of a Geopark Project within an area that encompasses a known number of natural and cultural assets. This enables a shared organisation and language to be used within the organisation process relating to the consolidation of data, set-up of visitor centres and route planning activity organisation. The identity cards in question should be prepared in such a way that they give short, interesting summary information about the characteristics of these natural and cultural assets that fits well with, and can be used in conjunction with, other information, brochures and map materials. There is also the potential to prepare graduated identity cards according to the interests of different age groups and levels of understanding. The cards, easy to carry and containing safety information, will therefore be useable by every visitor of whatever age or level of interest (professional, amateur), and will also therefore be useable as educational materials. This work will also open up debate about the new classification and assessment system it proposes in the light of legal definitions and terms and other measures practiced across the world. To develop a classification system is the product of long and hard work and the discussions necessary for the progress of the system may last for years. Indeed some classification systems in use for years come to the point of being inadequate in the light of scientific developments and need to be re-designed. This is the path of scientific thought. There is no doubt that conceptual discussion of these developments that are new both in Turkey and in the wider world will continue in the future. Although consciousness of safeguarding as well as legal policies for cultural assets have progressed to a certain point, unfortunately the same is not true for natural assets. This article presents a contribution to all works in this field both through proposals for standard identity cards for natural and cultural assets and for a classification system for geosites
CRICETODONTINI FROM THE EARLY MIOCENE OF ANATOLIA
No full textCricetodon and Deperetomys from the early Miocene localities Söke, Dededağ (Aydın), Kınık, Harta (Manisa) Western Anatolia and Yapıntı (İçel) Southern Anatolia are studied. Seven species, four of which are new, are described: Cricetodon trallesensis n. sp., Cricetodon fikreti n. sp., Cricetodon magnesiensis n. sp., Cricetodon yapintiensis n. sp., Cricetodon versteegi, Cricetodon kasapligili and Cricetodon cf. kasapligili, Deperetomys cf. intermedius. In order to establish phylogenetic relations of the Cricetodon species, a cladistic analysis are performed
TRACE FOSSILS FROM DEEP SEA SEDIMENTS OF THE LATE EOCENE CEYLAN FORMATION, GELİBOLU PENINSULA (SW THRACE, TURKEY)
No full textIn this study, trace fossils of the Ceylan Formation (Late Eocene) in the area NW of Fındıklı village and on the coast of the Ece Bay the Gelibolu Peninsula are identified for the first time. They occur in gray siltstones and mudstones intercalated with thin-bedded, parallel and ripple laminated sandstones, which were deposited on a basin plain in proximilt of a slopes in the Thrace Basin. The Late Eocene Ceylan Formation includes pre-depositionl (Belorhaphe zickzack, Desmograpton isp., Helicolithus ramosus, Helminthorhaphe flexuosa, Paleodictyon majus, Paleodictyon minimum, Paleodictyon strozzii, Saerichnites isp., Urohelminthoida appendiculata) and post-depositional (Phycosiphon incertum, Spongeliomorpha oraviense, Trichichnus isp., Planolites isp., Ophiomorpha isp., Ophiomorpha annulata, Scolicia isp., Scolicia prisca, and Thalassinoides isp.) trace fossils. This trace fossil assemblage is typical of the Nereites ichnofacies (Paleodictyon ichnosubfacies), which characterize deep-sea, thin bedded turbididitic sediments oxygenated sea floor
MINERALOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE KOCADAL (TORUL, GÜMÜŞHANE, EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION, TURKEY) ZN-PB-AG, AU AND CU MINERALIZATIONS
No full textThe Kocadal base and precious metal mineralizations are located in the southwest of Gümüşhane province of the eastern Pontide orogenic belt. In the vicinity of the Kocadal mineralization, Gümüşhane granite, lithologies of the Hamurkesen, Berdiga, and Mescitli formations, dacite porphyry and andesite porphyry are present with abundant alluvium. Based on geological, mineralogical, and geochemical features, three mineralization styles have been recognized at the Kocadal area: (i) Mineralizations around Batarya tepe include (ia) Zn mineralization within the conglomerates and sandstones of the Hamurkesen formation and (ib) Zn-Pb-Ag-(Au) mineralization associated with dacite prophyry, (ii) Au mineralization, which occurs to the southwestern of Batarya tepe, and (iii) Cu mineralizations related to quartz veins and veinlets at Gözelerin Dere. Mineralized gravels within the conglomerates contains mainly sphalerite and pyrite, whereas hydrothermal mineralizations associated with porphyritic dacite comprise pyrite and sphalerite, with minor galena, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, marcasite, fahlerz, pyrargyrite, and proustite. Alteration patterns of hydrothermal mineralization in the field, from older to younger, are classified as: (i) tremolite-actinolite±garnet, (ii) quartz-sericite-chlorite, and (iii) carbonate-quartz. Mineralized gravels within the conglomerates contains mainly sphalerite and pyrite, whereas pyrite, chalcopyrite, and galena are common in quartz veins at Gözelerin Dere. Geostatistical studies based on the results of geochemical analysis of core samples reveal the presence of the distinct element associations for the different styles of mineralizations
THE ILICA BRANCH OF THE SOUTHEASTERN ESKİŞEHİR FAULT ZONE: AN ACTIVE RIGHTLATERAL STRIKE-SLIP STRUCTURE IN CENTRAL ANATOLIA, TURKEY
No full textThe Eskişehir Fault Zone is one of the prominent neotectonic structures of Turkey. It separates the west Anatolian extensional province and the strike-slip induced northwest central Anatolian contractional area in the Anatolian Block. Its southeastern part is generally divided into three branches, namely the Ilıca, Yeniceoba, and Cihanbeyli from north to south, respectively. The right lateral strike-slip Ilıca branch (IB) is an approximately 100-km-long fault and it is composed of several segments in a northwest-southeast direction. The slickensides, subsidiary fractures, cataclastic zone, fracture-controlled drainage pattern, right lateral stream deflections, deformation in the Quaternary unit observing in the seismic reflection sections, and seismicity of the region all indicate that the IB is an active right lateral strike-slip fault. The IB has also a regional tectonic importance as a boundary fault between the contractional and the extensional regions in central Anatolia considering that it is the southern limit of the contraction-related structures in the west-southwest of Ankara
TECTONIC DEFORMATIONS IN THE QUATERNARY DEPOSITS OF THE LAKE VAN (EDREMİT BAY), EASTERN ANATOLIA, TURKEY
No full textThe 23 October 2011 Van Earthquake (Mw: 7.2) was generated by the Van Fault Zone (VFZ) with reverse fault characteristics. The earthquake on the fault caused surface deformation with 10 cm displacement observed in engineering structures. On land the VFZ has general E-W strike and 28 km length. The western end of the fault is within Lake Van. This study aimed to determine the tectonic structures and evolution in the Quaternary of Edremit Bay using detailed mapping of the VFZ with land and underwater research methods, investigation of its continuation into Lake Van and common assessment of land and underwater data. Continental data showed the presence of E-W fold axes affecting Quaternary units in the hanging-wall and footwall of the VFZ. Offshore studies using shallow seismic profiling (GeoAcoustics) and multibeam bathymetric data acquisition determined that the underwater section of the VFZ had similar characteristics to those on land. Quaternary successions on the lake floor observed on seismic sections clearly showed folds in both blocks of the fault with axes parallel to the strike of the fault. The underwater ridge that is an extension of Çarpanak Cape coincides with the ridge structure on the hanging-wall block of the fault on land. Surface deformation related to the 23 October 2011 earthquake developed in a broad zone of the hanging wall of the VFZ. The research findings show the deformation along the VFZ in the Quaternary is in accordance with the deformations developing during the last earthquake
INVESTIGATION OF THE WATER RESOURCES IN KÖPRÜÖREN BASIN (KÜTAHYA) WITH ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES
No full textIn this study, the isotopic properties of the water resources located in Köprüören Basin are determined. δ18O and δD contents of the samples respectively ranged from -10.84‰ to -7.09‰ and from -73.6‰ to -53.3‰ in dry season and ranged from -10.81‰ to -4.71‰ and -73.3‰ to -41.5‰ in wet season. Majority of the samples plotted along Global Meteoric Water Line although some of them show deviations from this line. The reason for the deviations are attributed to evaporative enrichment, modifying the original δ18O and δD signatures of the samples. δ18O content of the thermal samples are not modified as a result of water-rock interaction due to low wellhead and reservoir temperatures. Tritium concentrations for all samples range from ~0 to 6 TU in wet season and from ~0 to 8 TU in dry season. Accordingly, some of the groundwater samples are recharged from modern precipitation, their groundwater residence times are short and they have shallow circulation. Besides, samples with tritium concentrations close to detection limits (thermal water samples and two of the groundwater samples) were recharged before tritium from nuclear weapon tests and have relatively higher residence times. These samples were also analysed for δ13C and 14C to get information about the residence times. δ13C and percent modern carbon contents of five samples range from -5‰ to -14.6‰ and from 8.2 to 78 pmc, respectively. The corrected 14C ages for these samples are up to 11500 years before present, thereby indicating the presence of paleowaters in the basin. δ13C data indicate that 14C contents of the thermal waters were diluted as a result of water-rock interaction