Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration (BMRE)
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OSTRACOD FAUNA AND ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES OF TERTIARY (PALEOGENE- NEOGENE) DEPOSITS IN YEDİKULE- İSTANBUL REGION
No full textThis study consists of micro paleontological assessments of samples taken from drills carried out around Yedikule area for the micro zonation study made by the Istanbul Municipality in European side of Istanbul province. The investigation was performed on core samples in three drill wells excavated within Yedikule settlement area. Very well preserved ostracod fauna and micro mollusks at some levels were obtained from claystone, clayey limestone, limestone, fossilliferous sandstone, blackish-green and organic clays and marl layers. With these three drill core samples in which the microfauna occurs, the age of the succession was determined as Tertiary (Late Miocene-Early Oligocene) with microfauna
DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LOWER EOCENE BITUMINOUS ROCKS, IN THE KÜRNÜÇ/GÖYNÜK-BOLU AREA
No full textIn this study, dark gray and dark brown colored, organic-carbon rich bituminous rocks (bituminous marl and bituminous shale) exposing around the Kürnüç area (Göynük, Bolu) are investigated by means of organic geochemical characteristics. In this respect, rock lithologies, depositional environments, rock source potential, kerogen and organic maturity types and hydrocarbon generation potentials of bituminous rocks were determined. For this reason, pyrolysis (Rock Eval–VI) analysis, gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) analyses were carried out. In addition, spore color index (SCI) was determined with organic petrographic method and stable carbon analysis (δ13C) of the samples were also conducted. Lithology of the studied samples is of clastic source and the depositional environment is a lagoon with a partial connection to the sea. In bituminous rocks with excellent source rock potential TOC values are in the range of 2.52-8.38 wt % (average 6.08 wt %). With the exception of two samples (Type II) kerogen type of all samples is Type I. According to pyrolysis, GC and GC-MS organic maturity results, all the samples are in immature stage. Organic geochemical data indicate that bituminous rocks have an excellent oil generation potential and there is no organic contamination
DELINEATION OF THE CR MINERALIZATION BASED ON THE STREAM SEDIMENT DATA UTILIZING FRACTAL MODELING AND FACTOR ANALYSIS IN THE KHOY 1:100,000 SHEET, NW IRAN
No full textFractal methods are regarded as a highly efficient method for more accurate separation of boundaries between mineralized zone in shallow and deep studies. In this research, concentration-number (C-N) and concentration-area (C-A) fractal methods were used in order to identify promising areas of the elements like Cr, Co and Ni in the Khoy 1:100,000 geological mapping sheet, NW Iran. The factor analysis was performed on the elements, and factors, which were related to the elements, were isolated and studied by both fractal methods. The current geological locations of the extreme anomalies were investigated and the results showed a very close relationship and overlapping. The results of the presented models show that the most elements under study are located in the central and southwestern parts of the sheet. From the point of view of the lithology, these areas correspond to the serpentinite ultramafic units of harzburgite and dunite, and as a result, there is a high probability of Cr mineralization. The achieved results are confirmed by factor analysis. This means that a factor accumulation of these elements is exactly the same as those of each element
INVESTIGATION OF THE SEISMIC VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION AND CRUSTAL STRUCTURE OF TURKEY BY MEANS OF GRAVITY DATA
No full textIn this study, the apparent gravity density data was measured for Turkey using apparent density filter, and the seismic velocity distribution map was generated from this data cluster. By interpreting these two measured data clusters, three dimensional structure of the Conrad discontinuity was investigated. The apparent gravity filter is a kind of filter which is used in the apparent gravity measurements for different depth levels different than gravity data. In this study, considering previously measured distribution of the continental crustal thickness of the Anatolia, the density maps for different depth levels were formed and interpreted. The lowest and highest densities in different levels of Turkey are 2.23 gr/cm3 , and 3 gr/cm3 , respectively; and the mean density is 2.698 gr/cm3 . The lowest and highest seismic velocities for different thicknesses were measured as 3.20 km/sec and 6.83 km/sec, respectively. However; the mean seismic velocity of Turkey for depths increasing up to 10 km until MOHO discontinuity was estimated as 5.66 km/sec The density and seismic velocity in the first 20 km of the continental crust have reached its highest values as 2.74 gr/cm3 and 5.86 km/sec, respectively. This zone is also the Conrad discontinuity between the lower and upper crusts, and its average depth is 16 km in Turkey. The Conrad discontinuity boundary, which developed between SIAL-SIMA, not to be observed in the East Anatolian High Plateau made us consider that SIMA had disappeared as a result of the geological evolution, and the available crust could only be SIAL in origin
UPPER CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY GEOLOGY/STRATIGRAPHY OF PERTEK AND ITS VICINITY (TUNCELİ, TURKEY)
No full textThe basement units of the studied region are Paleozoic-Mesozoic Keban metamorphic and Upper Cretaceous Elazığ magmatics. As a result of tectonic events caused by final collision in Middle Maastrichtian, all these basement units were juxtaposed, uplifted, eroded and acted as source areas for the Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene basins. Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene units were sampled systematically in order to determine their ages and lithologies. These marine units were identified as Harami, Seske and Kırkgeçit formations based on new age data and their stratigraphic positions. Other units of the study area are Upper Oligocene-Lower Miocene Alibonca formation and Pliyosen Karabakır formation. Harami formation, late Maastrictian-Thanetian in age, comprises grainstone with sandstone intercalation at the base and white colored marble-like limestone at the upper part. Seske formation late Cuisian - early middle Lutetian aged consists of pebblestone, including pebbles from Elazığ magmatics and Harami formation. The upper part of the unit comprises carbonate cemented sandstone with plenty of nummulites and ophiolitic fragments. Kırkgeçit formation, early Bartonian-early Chattian in age, comprises sandstone-siltstone-limestone intercalation. Alibonca formation, Late Oligocene-Early Miocene in age, consists of pebblestone at the lowest part, reefal limestone in the middle and clayey limestone with limestone interlayers in the upper part of the sequence. Karabakır formation is consists of pebblestone-mudstone and locally pyroclastic rocks and lava intercalations. Volcanites comprise basalt with sedimentary interbeds and pyroclastics. It has lateral and vertical transitions with the sedimantary lithologies of Karabakır formation. There are no data to date the formation; however, based on its stratigraphical position and its lateral equivalents, it is assumed to be Pliocene. In the studied area, macrotectonic events were experienced during the Maastrictian, Early Eocene, Middle Eocene (middle-upper Lutetian), Middle Oligocene, Middle?-Upper Miocene and Latest Pliocene. During the last deformation phase, the Anatolian plate began moving westward which is bounded in the E.SE by the East Anatolin Fault. In the study area Pertek fault started to move as a rigth-lateral strike-slip fault
DIAGENETIC HISTORY OF THE ROCK UNITS OF BOZKIR UNIT CONTROLLED BY THE TRIASSIC RIFTING, BOZKIR-KONYA
No full textThe Bozkır Unit representing the northern edge of the Taurus Belt. It comprises from bottom to top, three distinct structural entities: the Upper Triassic pre-rift (Korualan Group), the Upper Triassic-Upper Cretaceous syn-rift (Huğlu Group) and the Jurassic-Cretaceous Boyalı Tepe Group as to their structural settings. The Korualan Group is represented by the alternations of carbonate (limestone, dolomitic limestone, dolomite) with radiolarite and chert intercalations and clastic rocks (sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, shale). The Huğlu Group is made up of volcanic (basalt, andesite) and pyroclastic (tuffaceous sandstone) rocks including radyolarite, limestone and clastic rock (sandstone, siltstone, shale) intercalations. The Boyalı Tepe Group is completely made of carbonate rocks. The carbonate-silisiclastic-volcanogenic rocks of the Bozkır Unit contain carbonate (calcite, dolomite), quartz, feldspar (plagioclase, anortoclase), phyllosilicate (illite, chlorite, mixed-layered illite-chlorite / I-C, chlorite-vermiculite / C-V, chlorite-smectite / C-S, rarely smectite), augite, hematite, analcime and heulandite in order of abundance. On the basis of illite Kübler Index data; Korualan Group and Huğlu Group reflect low grade diagenetic, high grade diagenetic and high grade diagenetic-anchizonal characteristics, respectively. The illite/micas of the pre-rift units and units related to the rifting have muscovitic, and phengitic and seladonitic compositions, respectively. The distributions of chondrite-normalized trace and rare earth element (REE) contents in the illites present similar trends for Korulan ve Huğlu groups, but the quantities of these elements slightly increase in the Huğlu Group. d18O–dD isotopic compositions of water forming the illite minerals are different than that of sea water and found to be between Eastern Mediterranean Meteoric Water (EMMW) and magmatic water compositions. It also shows that temperature of the water forming the illite minerals varies from low to high values. The findings from the rocks of Bozkır Unit suggest that pre- and syn-rift units have different mineralogical-petrographical and geochemical properties. The younger units within the rift due to extension and crustal thinning related to rifting must have exposed in higher diagenetic conditions by more burial and heat with respect to older units at the edges
AN APPROACH TO THE ORIGIN OF THE EARLY CAMBRIAN KARAÇAT IRON DEPOSIT (MANSURLU BASIN, ADANA) AND IRON DEPOSITS OUTCROPS AT ITS EASTERN PARTS
No full textThe Neoproterozoic basement and the Early Cambrian units are widely exposed around the Karaçat Iron Deposit and its surrounding, which are located at the eastern part of Tauride-Anatolide platform. The main mineralization was detected as hematite in all deposits in the study area. The ore microscopy, SEM and EDX studies show that carbonate pseudomorphs in hematite have developed and their chemical compositions are enriched in Ca, Mg, Fe, C and O elements. The geochemical analyses of hematite and siderite minerals reveal that both ore mineral types have similar patterns of Rare Earth Element (REE). These data and field observations reveal that hematite is the replacement product after sedimentary siderite mineralization. The genesis of the hematite mineralization that is effective over large areas and widely observed on the basement and overlying units, was formed during Late Neoproterozoic- Early Cambrian volcanism in the region defined as Peri-Gondwana. They are genetically described as volcano syn-sedimentary and/or exhalative syn-sedimentary type mineralization
OSTRACOD FAUNA AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF KÖPRÜKÖY / ERZURUM (EAST ANATOLIA) REGION
No full textStudy was carried out within Horasan formation around Köprüköy located in the east of Erzurum This formation is available in the region of Erzurum-Pasinler-Horasan forming the northest where neo-tectonic sediments are surfaced in East Anatolia. The unit is composed of pebble stones, clays and marl iteration. Ostracod, gastropod and pelecypod species were observed on the levels of clay stone with soft clasts and marl taken from the area. Generally, ostracod species which are unique to Ponto- Caspian basin were described in these units within the scope of the study. These are such ostracod species as Amnicythere idonea Mandelstam, Markova, Rozyeva and Stepanajtys, Candona (Caspiocypris) erzurumensis Freels, Candona (Caspiocypris) araxica Freels, Candona (Caspiocypris) aff. alta (Zalanyi), Candona (Lineocypris) aff. granulosa Zalanyi, Bakunella cf. dorsoarcuata (Zalanyi), Bakunella cf. subtriangularis (Sveyer),Candona (Candona) lycica Freels, Candona (Candona) armenia Freels, Candona (Candona) aff. elongata (Svejer), Fossilyocypris sarızensis (Şafak, Nazik and Şenol). There are also such micro mollusc species as Gyraulus inornatus, Dreissena polymorpha available in the sequence. Among these -genera; Candona (Candona) fresh water, Candona (Caspiocypris), Candona (Lineocypris), Fossilyocypris fresh - brackish water (oligohaline), Bakunella characterizes rarely fresh water,mostly brackish water, Amnicythere characterizes brackish water, Gyraulus, Dreissena characterize fresh water conditions. Ostracod fauna, determined in this study, indicates a group clearly supporting these comments in terms of the relation of age and environment and the age of the formation is Late Miocene- Pliocene according to the fauna
ELEMENT ENRICHMENTS IN BITUMINOUS ROCKS, HATILDAĞ FIELD, GÖYNÜK/BOLU
No full textIn this study, element enrichments in bituminous rocks (bituminous shale, bituminous claystone and bituminous marl) of the Kabalar Formation in the Hatıldağ field in Göynük town of the city of Bolu are investigated and their economic potential is discussed with regard to being a mineral deposit. Element analysis was conducted with ICP-ES (ICP emission spectrometry) and ICP-MS (ICP mass spectrometry) techniques. Organic carbon content in rocks was analyzed with Rock-Eval VI device. In pyrolysis analysis conducted on a total of 28 bituminous rocks that are collected from the Kayalık Dere measured stratigraphic section, Corg minimum and maximum are 0.40 %wt and 8.25 %wt, respectively (with average of 3,6 %wt). Major and trace elements analyzed were compared with those of Peru Continental Shelf Sediments, Namibia Continental Shelf Sediments, Gulf of California Sediments, Mediterranean Sapropels, Black Sea Sapropels, Cenomanian/Turonian (C/T) Demerara Rise Anoxic Sediments and C/T Gubbio Anoxic Sediments which are known to be deposited under anoxic conditions. In the studied samples, enrichment levels of major and trace element contents are determined with respect to average shale. Fe, Mg, Ca and K of the major elements and As, Ba, Co, Cu, Ni, Rb, Sr, V, Zn and Zr of trace elements were found to be more enriched with respect to basins compared. Higher concentrations of Ca, Mg and Ba elements in the studied samples indicate that depositional environment in Hatıldağ is more carbonaceous and suboxic
THE SECRETS OF MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSITS ON MID-OCEAN RIDGES AND KÜRE-MAĞARADORUK COPPER DEPOSIT
No full textKüre region is located in western part of the Pontide tectonic belt. The oldest rocks around Küre are Paleozoic metamorphic rocks constituting “Rhodope-Pontide” continent. Liassic-pre Liassic ophiolites and basaltic volcanics, which form Paleotethys Ocean Floor are situated on “Rhodope-Pontide” continent as Paleotethys Ocean Floor residuals. Massive sulfide deposits in Küre Region are closely associated with pre Liassic – Liassic basaltic volcanics and intercalating black shale. These deposits are considered to have formed during hydrothermal mineralization processes when basaltic volcanism had stopped and defined as “Black Smoker” today. Massive sulfide bodies in Mağaradoruk copper deposits are lens shaped. Although ore lenses take place sometimes in basalts and black shales, they are generally located on basalts and are covered by black shales. In Küre region, fold structures are intensely observed, and Mağaradoruk deposit is located on western flank of an overturned anticline. Mağaradoruk deposit is formed by several small and a big ore body and by less developed, underlying stockwork disseminated ore. The big ore body is 600 m long, 250 m wide and nearly 40 m thick. As main ore minerals; pyrite and chalcopyrite are observed. In few amounts; marcasite, magnetite, hematite, sphalerite, covelline, neo-digenite, malachite, azurite, fahlers are seen. In fewer amounts; bravoite, lineiite (karolite), limonite, and in trace amounts; chromite, rutile anatase, chalcosine, cuprite, tenorite, pyrrhotite, valleriite, bornite, galenite, native copper and native gold are observed. Main gangue minerals are; quartz, siderite-ankerite calcite, dolomite and chlorite. Mağaradoruk massive sulfide deposit within basaltic rocks resembles to Siirt Madenköy, Ergani massive sulfide deposits, to “Cyprus” type massive sulfide deposits and modern Cyprus type massive sulfide deposits in terms of mineral contents; and to Ergani Mihrapdağı, Papuke, Pakotai and Parakoa deposits in terms of cover rocks, which are Cyprus type massive sulfide deposits, in New Zealand