Czasopisma Naukowe GSW (Gdańska Szkoła Wyższa)
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The EU’s Greenhouse Gas emission challenges
Full text linkFossil fuels have to be subsidized by renewable sources of energy, not to generate greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). The EU has a real commitment to struggling against greenhouse gas emissions. At first all over the world, implemented emission market, which values the price of emission and their mitigation effects.Fossil fuels have to be subsidized by renewable sources of energy, not to generate greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). The EU has a real commitment to struggling against greenhouse gas emissions. At first all over the world, implemented emission market, which values the price of emission and their mitigation effects
Nieskuteczność przepisów prawnych w zakresie ochrony powietrza przed zanieczyszczeniami emisyjnymi oraz inne wybrane aspekty zagadnienia ochrony powietrza
Full text linkThe study attempts to show the inefficiency of legal solutions in the area of protecting air from harmful emissions. In order to analyse the issue completely, first, selected extra-legal aspects of air protection are presented. The research starts with general issues of air protection, as a foundation for analysis leading to an answer to the paper’s research question. The study of legal solutions is the fundamental analytical goal. It encompasses fundamentals of international and European law, as well as a wide analysis of domestic norms, also taking into account documents for the planning of air protection. The thesis can be defended only after specific statistical data and information from air monitoring has been presented. For this reason, the introduction of legal regulations is accompanied by specific data the influences the quality of air in Poland as well as an analysis of the norms being exceeded for selected types of emissions based on data from the Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection.Badanie podejmuje próbę pokazania braku skuteczności przepisów prawnych w zakresie ochrony powietrza przed zanieczyszczeniami emisyjnymi. Dla pełnej analizy problemu na wstępie pokazano wybrane, pozaprawne aspekty ochrony powietrza. Badanie rozpoczyna się od zagadnień ogólnych w zakresie przedmiotowej ochrony, aby na ich tle dokonać analizy dającej odpowiedź na pytania badawcze postawione we wstępie opracowania. Badanie przepisów prawnych jest głównym celem analitycznym. Obejmuje on podstawowe założenia prawa międzynarodowego i unijnego oraz szeroką analizę norm krajowych z uwzględnieniem dokumentów planowania ochrony powietrza. Obrona tezy opracowania jest możliwa jedynie po zaprezentowaniu konkretnych danych statystycznych oraz pochodzących z monitoringu powietrza. Dlatego badanie przepisów prawa jest poprzedzone pokazaniem konkretnych danych wpływających na jakość polskiego powietrza oraz analizą przekroczeń norm w odniesieniu do wybranych rodzajów emisji na podstawie danych pochodzących z monitoringu prowadzonego przez Głównego Inspektora Ochrony Środowiska
Polityka nuklearna Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej
Full text linkChina has made in recent years much progress in the development of strategic nuclear forces and means necessary for their transfer. This is the result of the deep modernization of the Chinese military. Modernising based primarily on the transition from a quantitative model for a high-quality mechanical era of an information-age model. In connection with these changes are also developing Chinese nuclear forces, which is used primarily to ensure the so-called real possibility second shot.Chiny poczyniły w ostatnich latach duży postęp w kwestii rozwoju strategicznych sił nuklearnych i środków niezbędnych do ich przenoszenia. Jest to rezultat głębokiej modernizacji chińskiej armii. Unowocześnienie opiera się przede wszystkim na przejściu z ilościowego modelu ery mechanicznej do jakościowego modelu ery informatycznej. W związku z tymi zmianami rozwijają się także chińskie siły nuklearne, co służy przede wszystkim zapewnieniu realnej możliwości tzw. drugiego uderzenia
Thermal disintegration as a process supporting sewage sludge utilization
Full text linkHighly effective methods of biological and chemical wastewater treatment applied in Poland resulted in an increased amount of generated sewage sludge, which pose serious problem related to its utilization. The purpose of this studies was to determine the impact of the thermal disintegration process (in low temperatures < 100°C) on the biodegradation of excess sludge, and then on the methane fermentation process. It was found that the method of thermal disintegration under the aforementioned conditions allows to achieve a very high degree of the excess sludge disintegration (> 70%) already at a temperature of 45°C. At the same time, the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) increases more than 55 times, which can significantly shorten the fermentation process.Highly effective methods of biological and chemical wastewater treatment applied in Poland resulted in an increased amount of generated sewage sludge, which pose serious problem related to its utilization. The purpose of this studies was to determine the impact of the thermal disintegration process (in low temperatures < 100°C) on the biodegradation of excess sludge, and then on the methane fermentation process. It was found that the method of thermal disintegration under the aforementioned conditions allows to achieve a very high degree of the excess sludge disintegration (> 70%) already at a temperature of 45°C. At the same time, the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) increases more than 55 times, which can significantly shorten the fermentation process
Kinetics of methane fermentation of selected post-processed poultry beddings — possibilities of process intensification and limitations
Full text linkThe kinetics of methane fermentation of selected post-processed poultry beddings was analyzed. A modified nonlinear Gompertz model was applied for the calculations. The presented kinetic parameter may be useful for design or optimization calculations of agricultural-biogas installations integrated with industrial-scale poultry breeding.The kinetics of methane fermentation of selected post-processed poultry beddings was analyzed. A modified nonlinear Gompertz model was applied for the calculations. The presented kinetic parameter may be useful for design or optimization calculations of agricultural-biogas installations integrated with industrial-scale poultry breeding
Showcases of industrial symbiosis related to anaerobic digestion at the project UBIS
Full text linkIndustrial symbioses are intended to minimize greenhouse gas emissions, conserve resources and avoid waste through closed material cycles. The waste and residual materials of one actor become the resource of the other. The better use of raw materials can lead to cost and competitive advantages for the involved partners. The UBIS project investigates the realization of such industrial symbioses. Two showcases from the project region with focus on anaerobic digestion illustrate the effectiveness of industrial symbioses.Industrial symbioses are intended to minimize greenhouse gas emissions, conserve resources and avoid waste through closed material cycles. The waste and residual materials of one actor become the resource of the other. The better use of raw materials can lead to cost and competitive advantages for the involved partners. The UBIS project investigates the realization of such industrial symbioses. Two showcases from the project region with focus on anaerobic digestion illustrate the effectiveness of industrial symbioses
Selected issues of anaerobic digestion based on the studies on hydrogen- and methane yielding bioreactors
Full text linkAnaerobic digestion of organic matter results from the metabolic activity of many groups of microorganisms. Interactions between microorganisms during acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis, source of inoculum, type of feedstock and operational conditions determine metabolic pathways in bioreactors and consequently the efficiency of fermentation processes. In innovative installations it is desirable to separate acidogenesis from acetogenesis and methanogenesis to favour respectively the production of biohydrogen or biomethane under controlled conditions.Anaerobic digestion of organic matter results from the metabolic activity of many groups of microorganisms. Interactions between microorganisms during acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis, source of inoculum, type of feedstock and operational conditions determine metabolic pathways in bioreactors and consequently the efficiency of fermentation processes. In innovative installations it is desirable to separate acidogenesis from acetogenesis and methanogenesis to favour respectively the production of biohydrogen or biomethane under controlled conditions
Analysis of a possible application of a small power plant in the Organic Rankine Cycle, which apply waste heat from a combustion engine
Full text linkSome considerations on the waste heat treatment, heat and power combined generation and principles of the Organic Rankine Cycle and its application are produced. A thermodynamic screening of eight working fluids for Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) was carried out. All investigated agents were single component fluids. The considered ORC systems operated at the upper temperature in the range Tmax=146-185°C and the lower one Tmin=27-37°C. The highest pressure in the cycles equalled pmax=3500 kPa and pmin=85 kPa. The cycles were run at subcritical pressures and the saturated vapour line was of the overhanging type in all cases. Heat regeneration was not considered in this paper. The heat source for the ORC system was heated air exhausted from the cooling system of an opposed-piston engine. The temperature of this heat at the inlet to ORC was equal to Th,in=230°C. Air was also the heat sink for the ORC with the inlet temperature Tcold,in=20°C. The power output of the ORC, neglecting electric generator efficiency, was kept in the range N=10-11 kW. Calculated thermal efficiencies h held values between 0.121 and 0.164
Anaerobic digestion as an option of the end-of-life phase of bio-based products in the light of the EU regulations
Full text linkA distinguishing feature of the sustainable bioeconomy is multi-product biomass processing in the form of a closed circulation of matter and energy, in addition to a life cycle assessment that includes end-of-life options of a product and restitution of the environment. This approach is in-line with the good practice principles of sustainable development. However, the market of bio-based products grows faster than its legal regulation. Gaps in the regulations pertaining to standardisation, certification and labelling mean that bio-based products and their processing technologies may not adhere to the guidelines of sustainable development (“greenwashing”). In the European Union, the only standard addressing criteria of sustainable development with respect to bio-based products is the standard CEN-TC411 EN 16751:2016. In the context of anaerobic fermentation and its products as an option of the end-of-life phase of a bio-base product, the applicable regulations are contained in the technical report CEN-TC411 TR 16957:2016, Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC, and several intermediate regulations concerning the utilisation of water, energy efficiency, agricultural production and processing, circulation of nitrogen in the environment, storage and disposal, and others.A distinguishing feature of the sustainable bioeconomy is multi-product biomass processing in the form of a closed circulation of matter and energy, in addition to a life cycle assessment that includes end-of-life options of a product and restitution of the environment. This approach is in-line with the good practice principles of sustainable development. However, the market of bio-based products grows faster than its legal regulation. Gaps in the regulations pertaining to standardisation, certification and labelling mean that bio-based products and their processing technologies may not adhere to the guidelines of sustainable development (“greenwashing”). In the European Union, the only standard addressing criteria of sustainable development with respect to bio-based products is the standard CEN-TC411 EN 16751:2016. In the context of anaerobic fermentation and its products as an option of the end-of-life phase of a bio-base product, the applicable regulations are contained in the technical report CEN-TC411 TR 16957:2016, Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC, and several intermediate regulations concerning the utilisation of water, energy efficiency, agricultural production and processing, circulation of nitrogen in the environment, storage and disposal, and others