Czasopisma Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roślin
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Obecny stan wiedzy na temat regulacji powstawania oraz funkcjonowania strefy odcinania kwiatów Lupinus luteus
Get PDFThe activity of abscission zone (AZ) determines the separation of organs from plant body. In L. luteus floral AZ develops at the base of the pedicel. Changes observed at the cellular level are correlated with fluctuations in BLADE-ON-PETIOLE (LlBOP) expression. The mRNA content of this gene is regulated by phytohormonal stimulators of flower separation — ethylene (ET) and abscisic acid (ABA) — suggesting that LlBOP is involved not only in the AZ differentiation, but also further stages of its functioning. Abscisic acid causing an accumulation of transcripts of genes, encoding ethylene biosynthesis enzymes (synthase and oxidase of 1-aminocyclopropano-1carboxylic acid, ACC), and at the same time increasing the level of ethylene precursor, indirectly regulates the time of flower separation in L. luteus.Aktywność strefy odcinania (AZ, ang. abscission zone) warunkuje separację organów od rośliny macierzystej. U Lupinus luteus AZ kwiatów powstaje u podstawy szypułek tych organów. Zmiany na poziomie komórkowym są skorelowane ze zmieniająca się ekspresją BLADE-ON-PETIOLE (LlBOP). Poziom mRNA tego genu regulowany jest także przez hormonalne stymulatory odcinania kwiatów — etylen (ET) i kwas abscysynowy (ABA) — co wskazuje, że LlBOP jest zaangażowany nie tylko w powstawanie AZ, ale także w późniejsze etapy jej funkcjonowania. Kwas abscysynowy wpływając na akumulację transkryptów genów kodujących enzymy biosyntezy etylenu ET (syntazę i oksydazę kwasu 1-aminocyklopropano-1-karboksylowego (ACC) i jednocześnie powodując wzrost poziomu prekursora tego fitohormonu w AZ, pośrednio reguluje czas odcinania kwiatów L. luteus
EVALUATION OF POTATO CULTIVARS AND BREEDING LINES FOR RESISTANCE TO GLOBODERA ROSTOCHIENSIS AND GLOBODERA PALLIDA
Get PDFNematodes are among the most important agents affecting potato crops. Heavy infestations by Globodera rosto-chiensis and G. pallida can cause significant yield losses and limit the choice of potato cultivars that can be grown effectively (Oerke, 2006). Breeding of new potato cultivar resistant to G. rostochiensis and G. pallida is a long-term process. It is preceded by screening of potato breeding lines for resistance in repeated biotests, which seems to be the most effective and safest method of protection. Evaluation of nematode resistance is an important element of charac-terization of breeding lines and new cultivars. Resistance to Globodera spp. is evaluated in biological tests. The use of DNA markers for detecting nematode resistance genes may be an alternative approach to phenotypic evaluation of resistance degree of potato plants (Jena and Mackill, 2008). The goal of this report is focused on a description of resistance assessment procedure of breeding lines and varieties of potato to PCN and on comparison of biological and molecular methods of resistance evaluation. Presented information is addressed to both breeders and Polish inspec-tion services
SELECTION OF POTATO PARENTAL LINES WITH COMPLEX RESISTANCES TO POTATO PATHOGENS AND PESTS
Get PDFThe efficiency of breeding new potato cultivars may be increased by pre-breeding that is by developing parental lines, which have new traits, not present in the genetic pool available for breeders or have new combinations of genes, or have improved level of economically important traits. The use of parental lines in commercial breeding programs is expected to ensure the biological progress in the newly created cultivars of potato. At the beginning, the development of parental lines in Młochów Research Center of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – Nation-al Research Institute (IHAR-PIB) was focused on resistance to viruses and later on resistance to late blight and other pathogens. The procedures of selecting resistant parental lines are described. These procedures were initially based on purely phenotypic tests for resistance, which lately were supplemented with marker assisted selection (MAS) apply-ing molecular markers linked with some resistance genes
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF PROTEINS FROM POTATO LEAVES
Get PDFPotato leaves are a very convenient material to compare the differences in potato proteomes. Prote-ins isolation depends on the type of analysis. The method of isolation of proteins from potato leaves, 2D electrophoresis and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were descri-bed in detail
Możliwość wykorzystania wierzby (Salix sp.) do rekultywacji bezglebowych gruntów wapna poflotacyjnego pokrywającego powierzchnię po eksploatacji siarki metodą podziemnego wytopu
Get PDFIn years 2012–2015 we studied the possibility of using selected species and hybrids of willow for biological reclamation of soilless lands of post-flotation lime covering the post-exploitation area of “Jeziórko” Sulfur Mine enriched with sewage sludge. Covering of sulfur bore-hole post-exploitation area with post-flotation lime and fertilization with sewage sludge created the conditions for willow vegetation and soil formation. Tested species and hybrids of willow showed differences in survival (rooting rate of plantings) and plant height, indicating the possibility for the use of some forms to biological reclamation of the area. In terms of survival and vigor of growth, osier willow IBL-8 and almond willow proved to be most suitable for planting on the land. Introduction to the reclamation of willows along with the brought sewage sludge influenced the rapid growth of organic carbon (TOC) in the lime soil, as well as assimilable phosphorus, but potassium and magnesium increase was smaller. We found too high content of calcium, slight exceeding of potassium content and too low magnesium in the plant material (shoots) collected from the willow plants. The contents of all of heavy metals in the experimental soil did not exceed acceptable levels, while the content of Fe, Mn, Cd and Zn in the shoots of willow exceeded the acceptable limit values.W latach 2012–2015 badano możliwość wykorzystania wybranych gatunków i mieszańców wierzby do rekultywacji biologicznej bezglebowych gruntów wapna poflotacyjnego pokrywającego tereny poeksploatacyjne Kopalni Siarki „Jeziórko” i użyźnione osadami ścieków komunalnych. Pokrycie terenów po otworowej eksploatacji siarki wapnem poflotacyjnym i użyźnienie osadem ścieków komunalnych stworzyło warunki do wegetacji roślin wierzby i rozwoju gleby. Testowane gatunki i mieszańce wierzby wykazały różnice w przeżywalności (udatności nasadzeń) oraz wysokości roślin, wskazując na możliwość ich wykorzystania do rekultywacji biologicznej tych terenów. Pod względem przeżywalności i bujności wzrostu najbardziej przydatnymi do nasadzeń na tym gruncie okazały się wierzba wiciowa, wierzba IBL-8 i wierzba trójpręcikowa. Wprowadzenie osadów ściekowych wraz z porastającymi wierzbami wpłynęło na intensywny wzrost zawartości węgla organicznego (Corg) w gruncie wapna jak również przyswajalnego fosforu, a wzrost potasu i magnezu był mniejszy. Stwierdzono zbyt wysoką zawartość wapnia, niewielkie przekroczenie zawartości potasu, zbyt niską magnezu w materiale roślinnym (pędy) pobranym z roślin wierzby. Zawartość wszystkich badanych metali ciężkich w gruncie doświadczalnym nie przekroczyła dopuszczalnych stężeń natomiast zawartość Fe, Mn, Cd i Zn w pędach wierzby przekroczyła dopuszczalne wartości progowe
ASSESSMENT OF PHYTOTOXIC POTENTIAL OF POTATO GENOTYPES
Get PDFIn the laboratory studies on allelopathy, phytotoxicity is defined as a negative impact of plant’s extracts or natural compounds derived from plants, on germination and/or growth of the tested (acceptor) plant. Glycoal-kaloids are the main biologically active compounds of the potato and are involved in potato phytotoxicity (the correlation coefficient of the length of the test plant with the concentration of total glycoalkaloids present in the leaf extracts of forty potato genotypes was r = -0.41). The assessment of phytotoxic abilities of the potato is a two-step procedure which consists of determining glycoalkaloids in potato leaf extracts and analyzing the root and hypocotyl lengths of the test plant growing in potato leaf extracts
EVALUATION OF RESISTANCE TO POTATO VIRUS Y OF CULTIVARS IN PRE-REGISTRATION (STATUTORY) TRIALS
Get PDFThe paper describes testing potato cultivars for resistance to potato viruses in field and greenhouse condi-tions according to the scheme of the statutory trials. Seed tubers of tested cultivar are planted in the field in two replications with 30 tubers each. On both sides of each cultivar, 15 PVY-infected tubers, i.e. the source for PVY inoculation, are planted. The evaluation includes standard cultivars of known resistance levels to PVY. The progeny tubers are collected in autumn and growing-on testing is carried out in greenhouse condi-tions to estimate the number of plants infected with PVY. The other method is to evaluate the resistance of potato cultivars in greenhouse conditions. At present, the resistance of cultivars is evaluated only with respect to PVY, the most important potato virus. Two strains are used in the evaluation, i.e. PVYN-Wi and PVYNTN. For each testing cultivar, 10 plants are mechanically inoculated with each PVY strain. The analysis of the results makes it possible to classify the cultivars into four resistance groups on a 1-9 scale: highly resistant (with the resistance score of 8), resistant (with a value of 7), mid-resistant (with a value 5-6), and susceptible (with a value of 3-4). The ”9” rating is specified after the registration of the cultivars based on molecular tests, that validate the presence of a marker linked to extreme resistance (ER) gene Rysto
Postęp w hodowli komponentów ojcowskich odmian mieszańcowych żyta o wysokiej zdolności przywracania męskiej płodności w cytoplazmie Pampa
Get PDFAbilities to restore male fertility in the Pampa cytoplasm were studied for numerous rye genotypes in the years 2013–2016. Plant material involved S2 and S3 inbred lines, male parents (restorer synthetics) and their test hybrids derived from the current breeding program in Smolice Plant Breeding Ltd. The S2 i S3 inbred lines were developed from new breeding populations including donors of restorer genes with different origins (R-pol, R-pop, R-tur). The inbred lines and the male parents were crossed to the same hard-restoration tester (CMS-Tt) under isolation bags, between isolation walls and in foil tunnels. The level of male fertility of tested hybrids was assessed in two growing conditions (foil tunnel, field) by pollen shedding visual scores of plant plots and/or by anther dehiscence visual scores of single plants with a 1–9 scale. The restoration indices (RI%) were calculated according to the formula: RI = % of male fertile (%mf) plants + 1/2% of partially male fertile plants (%pmf). In the years 2013–2016, a considerable progress was achieved in the improvement of male fertility restoring ability in the Pampa cytoplasm compared to the previous period 2009–2013. Majority of the newly developed inbred lines and created male parents were highly effective in restoration of male fertility in the Pampa cytoplasm. High frequency of effective restorers (IR>70%) and full restorers was found in each group of genotypes. Several genotypes with different origins were able to restore completely pollen fertility (IR = 100%) of their test hybrids cultivated in both growing conditions — foil tunnel and field. Very effective restorers directly could be used for creation of Pampa-based rye hybrids with improved male fertility. In addition, the best of them should be also utilized as restoring gene donors in breeding programe of rye hybrids.W latach 2013–2016 przeprowadzono badania, których celem było określenie zdolności przywracania męskiej płodności w cytoplazmie Pampa różnych genotypów żyta, pochodzących z aktualnego programu hodowlanego HR Smolice Sp. z o.o. Materiał badań stanowiły linie wsobne pokolenia S2 i S3, wyprowadzone z nowych populacji hodowlanych z udziałem donorów genów przywracających płodność (R-pol, R-pop, R-tur) i komponenty ojcowskie mieszańców tzw. syntetyki restorery (Syn-R) oraz mieszańce testowe wytworzone poprzez krzyżowanie w/w genotypów z CMS-testerem trudnym do przywrócenia płodności (CMS-Tt). Zdolność przywracania płodności wszystkich grup genotypów żyta określono poprzez krzyżowanie ich z tym samym męskosterylnym testerem trudnym do przywrócenia płodności (CMS-Tt) i ocenę męskiej płodności mieszańców testowych w dwóch warunkach uprawy (tunele foliowe, pole). Męską płodność mieszańców testowych oceniono poprzez wizualną bonitację intensywności pylenia roślin na poletkach obserwacyjnych i/lub bonitację męskiej sterylności/płodności pojedynczych roślin. Następnie wyznaczono indeksy restoracji według wzoru: IR = % roślin płodnych (%mf) + 1/2% roślin częściowo płodnych (%pmf). Badania wykazały, że większość genotypów (linie wsobne, komponenty ojcowskie), charakteryzowała się wysoką zdolnością przywracania płodności w cytoplazmie Pampa. W ostatnich latach (2013–2016) osiągnięto znaczny postęp w hodowli efektywnych restorerów w porównaniu z poprzednim okresem 2009–2013. W każdej grupie ocenionych genotypów (linie wsobne pokolenia S2 i S3, komponenty ojcowskie) stwierdzono wysoką frekwencję restorerów o zadawalającej (IR>70%) i pełnej zdolności przywracania płodności. Wyselekcjonowano genotypy o różnym pochodzeniu, które prawie całkowicie lub całkowicie przywróciły płodność pylników roślin mieszańców testowych (IR = 100%) w obu warunkach uprawy. Niektóre pełne i stabilne restorery mogą być bezpośrednio użyte do tworzenia odmian mieszańcowych żyta o wysokiej męskiej płodności. Ponadto najlepsze z nich powinny zostać wykorzystane, jako donory genów przywracających płodność, w kolejnych etapach programu hodowli odmian mieszańcowych żyta
IDENTIFYING BARLEY GENOTYPES FOR OPTIMUM INPUT CONDITIONS IN THE WANA REGIONS
No full textBarley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an important cereal crop for its high demand for grain feed and forage/grazing for the animals as well as for human food in the WANA region under the low rainfall situations and thus creating an urgent need for developing high yielding barley genotypes. A total of 542 hulled and hulless genotypes with seven checks were evaluated at three locations with diverse agro-ecological conditions, Terbol in Lebanon and Marchouch and Allal Tazi in Moracco. The aim of this study was to understand the nature of genotype x environment interaction (GEI), quantify the genotypic variability and identify high yielding genotypes. The mixed models were fitted to evaluate heritability and predicted means to identify gentypes with specific adaptation to the locations using GGE-biplot. GEI across locations was significant for days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, spike lenght and grain yield. On a trial-wise analysis, days to maturity was most heritable (49 - 50% broad sense heritability on mean basis) while the grsain yield was the least (5 - 13 %). The genotype G427 (4812 kg/ha) at Marchouch, the check VMorales (4889 kg/ha) at Allal Tazi and G528 (6995 kg/ha) at Trebol were the highest yielding genotypes. Several hulled and hulless genotypes with higher grain yield and early flowering time in the three environments were idntifield for utilization by the national programs globally. The test locations, Marchouch and Allal Razi, were found comprising one mega environment while Terbol showed maximum discrimination of genotypes for grain yield
CHARACTERISTICS OF CRY1AB PROTEIN FROM BIOINSECTICIDES AND INSECT RESISTANT GM CROPS
Get PDFBiological insecticides are an effective method used in plant protection. One of the most widely used active substances in biological insecticides is Cry1Ab protein, which is toxic for lepidopteran insects. This protein is produced during bacterial sporulation by Bacillus thuringiensis. Other sources of Cry1Ab protein are genetically modified plants (GM) with expression of cry1Ab gene. Cry1Ab protein in both bioinsecticides and GM plants is present in the form of protoxin, which requires activation by enzymatic treatment in the gut of susceptible insects. So far, Cry1Ab mode of action is not fully understood, but there are 3 main concepts describing it. Two of them assume that a toxic protein after binding to receptors in the insect gut penetrates into the cells, causing pore formation in the gut, which leads to the death of the sensitive insect. In the third model Cry1Ab toxic action is a result of toxin-induced chemical processes initiating a cell death pathway. This work describes the structure and mode of action of Cry1Ab protein, present in biological insecticides and genetically modified plants