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Evaluation of Cancer Prevalence and Cytotoxic Medication Prescribing in Central Region of Nepal
Get PDFIn this study, our objective was to evaluate the cancer prevalence and inpatient prescribing pattern of cytotoxic medicines in one of the major tertiary care hospitals for cancer treatment in the central region of Nepal. A retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted. A modified data collection form was used to collect information on patient demographics and prescribed drugs. Females were found to be more susceptible to cancer than males. 58 different types of cancer were observed, with reproductive, respiratory, and digestive cancers being prevalent. A total of 427 cytotoxic drugs were prescribed. The alkylating agent group of cytotoxics was the most frequently prescribed one (45.67%). The average number of drugs prescribed per prescription, cytotoxic drugs per prescription, antibiotics per prescription, and other drugs per prescription were 10.77, 1.78, 0.37, and 8.99 respectively. The cytotoxic drugs were prescribed by brand names according to hospital policy. The drugs prescribed from the World Health Organization (WHO) model list of essential drugs and the essential drug list of Nepal were 67.40% and 73.72% respectively. The percentage of encounters with antibiotics and injections prescribed were 31.25% and 100% respectively
Structural and optical investigation of CdSe quantum dots
Get PDFCdSe semiconducting Quantum dots were prepared by a chemical method at a room temperature. X-ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscope measurements conformed a hexagonal cubic crystalline phase of Cdse semiconducting Quantum dots of about 15 nm average size with nearly spherical shape. The absorption and photoluminescence spectra of the CdSe quantum dots were strongly shown blue shifted due to size quantization. The present study describes a simultaneous and highly reproducible large scale synthesis of highly luminescent CdSe Quantum dots.
Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 8, No. II, December, 2012, 83-8
Particle Size Distribution and Mineral Analysis of Sediments in Nepalese Hydropower Plant: A Case Study of Jhimruk Hydropower Plant
Get PDFHydro energy is considered as one of the most economically feasible renewable energy for Nepal. In spite of huge hydropower potential in Nepal, only about 2 % of economically feasible hydropower has been extracted at present. Huge sediment transport has not only caused problem in operation and maintenance of Hydro-Power Plant (HPP), but also reduced hydraulic efficiency of the system. Sediment erosion is one of the most challenging circumstances for hydro energy development in Nepal. Particle size and mineral content of the sediment are the two important sediment parameters to define erosion potential of sediment. In this paper, Particle Size Distribution (PSD) analysis and mineral analysis of sediment samples from two different locations of Jhimruk HPP was carried out to report PSD, mineral content and their variation at different sampling locations. Sieve analysis method was used for PSD analysis which revealed that sediment size range of 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm is critical in terms of sediment erosion. And particle count method was used for mineral analysis which indicated quartz to be the predominant mineral in river sediment. It was also found that mineral content varies as the sediment flows from headwork to downstream
Enzymatic Combustion by Ligninolytic Enzymes of Lignicolous Fungi
Get PDFLignicolous fungi are wood degrading organisms, which were able to decompose all wood polymers; lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose etc. by producing ligninolytic, cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes respectively. The complex plant polymer like lignin was biodegraded by a unique “enzymatic combustion,” i.e. a nonspecific enzyme-catalyzed burning. Enzymatic combustion, involves oxidative extracellular enzymes. The selective lignicolous fungi that decompose preferentially wood lignin by lignin peroxidase, Manganese peroxidase, and laccases in wood polysaccharides leaving cellulose were Lenzites sterioides1, 2, L. betulina, L. exima, Phellinus gillvus, P. nilgheriensis, P. robustus, Flavodon flavum, Ganoderma lucidum, Shizophyllum Commune. The soft rot fungi mainly cause degradation of cellulose by producing cellulolytic enzyme were Phoma multirostrata, Theliviopsis stste of Ceratocystis paradoxa, Fusarium palidoroseum, Alternaria Alternata, Chaetomium globosum, Curvularia lunata, Rhizopus stolonifer, Trichoderma Viride. In order to determine the lignin degrading capability of different lignicolus fungi from Ratanmahal Wildlife Sanctuary, the fungi were screened for production of extracellular wood-degrading enzymes on solid media by providing appropriate substrates. The results obtained revealed that 10 fungi were white rot producing microbes with both ligninolytic and cellulolytic ability. Lignocellulolytic behaviour of lignicolus fungi makes them better equipped to degrade different wood in forest area. The white rot fungi showing highest ligninolytic activity was Lenzites exima and lowest cellulolytic activity was recorded in case of L. betulina. The soft rot fungi Phoma multirostrata, Fusarium palidoroseum, Alternaria Alternata, Chaetomium globosum were producing ligninolytic enzyme was reported for the first time
Sand Shape Analysis with Erosion on Hydraulic Turbine Material: A Case Study of Roshi Khola Nepal
Get PDFHard particles as Quartz and Feldspar are present in large amount in most of the rivers across the Himalayan basins. In run-off-river hydro power plants these particles find way to turbine and cause its components to erode. Loss of turbine material due to the erosion and subsequent change in flow pattern induce several operational and maintenance problems in the power plants. Reduction in overall efficiency, vibrations and reduced life of turbine components are the major effects of sand erosion of hydraulic turbines. Sand erosion on hydraulic turbines is a complex phenomenon and depends upon several factors. One of the most influencing parameter is the characteristics of sediment particles. Quantity of sediment particles, which are harder than the turbine material, is one of the bases to indicate erosion potential of a particular site. Research findings have indicated that shape and size of the hard particles together with velocity of impact play a major role to decide the mode and rate of erosion in turbine components. It is not a common practice in Himalayan basins to conduct a detail study of sediment characteristics as a part of feasibility study for hydropower projects. Lack of scientifically verified procedures and guidelines to conduct the sediment analysis to estimate its erosion potential is one of the reasons to overlook this important part of feasibility study. These article present, Experimental studies have also been done to analyze the effects of shape and size of hard particles on turbine material. Efforts have also been given to develop standard procedures to conduct similar study to compare erosion potential between different hydropower sites. Digital image processing software and sieve analyzer have been utilized to extract shape and size of sediment particles from the erosion sensitive power plants. The experimental studies of sand erosion of different shapes and sizes of sediment particles on hydraulic turbine material have been conducted by High velocity test rig method at Kathmandu University. Twenty one different sediment shape samples and four different sand size range were studied to correlate the effects of sediment shape and size with the erosion of Hydraulic turbine material. It was observed that the shape of sediment particles have considerable effect on erosion of turbine material which is in between 0.000057 mg to 0.00031 mg and major percentage of abundance of the sand shape is 53, 20, 16 and 11 of circular, elongation, square and triangular respectively. In general Irregular shapes have more erosion potential than regular shapes. It was also observed that the particles with the irregular shape of smaller size induce higher erosion rates than that of the larger size with the different shape. These findings will help to select the proper site of a power plant in erosion prone basins and would also help to design suitable settling basins to trap sediment particles having higher erosion potentials
Coupled Coincidence Point and Coupled Fixed Point Theorems for Weak Generalized Meir-Keeler Type Contractions in Ordered Partial Metric Spaces
Get PDFIn this paper we introduce weak generalized Meir-Keeler contractions and prove some coupled fixed point theorems for two mappings F: X x X ->X and g: X ->X on a partially ordered partial metric space. Our results generalize some recent results in the literature, for example, the results of Thabet Abdeljawad et.al [1] and Ali Erduran et.al [3]. Also, we give some illustrative examples
Hazard mapping of Sindhu Khola watershed, Sindupalchowk, Nepal
Get PDFThe aim of present study is to produce landslide susceptibility map of Sindhu Khola watershed, Sindhupalchok, Kavre, Nepal, using Geographic Information System (GIS) by means of frequency ratio. The ArcView was used as primary software for the management of spatial data. Landslide locations were identified during the field visit. There are altogether seven different factors such as topographic slope, aspect, distance from drainage and so on, and their respective relations with the occurrence of landslides in the study area were analyzed. These factors were used to produce landslide susceptibility map using frequency ratio method. The frequency ratio suggests that distance near to drainage and slope angle higher than 30° are main factor contributing landslide occurrences. To assess the performance of the produced susceptibility map, the area under curve (AUC) is drawn. The AUC value of the produced landslide susceptibility map has been obtained as 79.65%. According to the results of the AUC evaluation, the produced map has exhibited a satisfactory performance
Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Human Health: Status and Trends of Malaria and Diarrhea with Respect to Temperature and Rainfall Variability in Nepal
Get PDFThe study on the status and trends of malarial and diarrheal diseases in the three ecological zones in Nepal viz. the Terai, Hills and Mountains shows mixed results in terms of occurrence of the number of incidences with observed rainfall and temperature variability. The total numbers of incidences of malarial cases in the country have significantly declined during the study period of 26 years (1982-2007). However, the occurrence of incidences of the disease increases during the last 6-7 years of the study period, particularly in the Hills and Mountains of Nepal, indicating that malarial incidences are spreading to newer locations at higher altitudes of the country that traditionally were considered malaria-free. Diarrhea, considered to be one of the leading ten diseases in Nepal, shows irregular behavior with temperature and rainfall variability based on the data consideration of 14 years (1994/95-2007/08). Although, in decreasing trend in all three geographic regions, the numbers of diarrheal incidences are highest in the Mountains, followed by the Hills and Terai. However, with observed trends of increasing temperature and irregular rainfall patterns across the country during the study period, the diarrheal incidences are predicted to rise in the future, owing to the development of more suitable conditions for the spread of the disease
Approximation of a Function of Lip ( ξ (t), p ) Class by (C, 1) (N, pₙ) Method of its Fourier Series
Get PDFIn this paper, the degree of approximation of a function belonging to Lip ( ξ (t), p ) class by product summability method (C, 1) (N, pₙ) of its Fourier series has been determine
On Banach Space Valued Orlicz Function Space l (X, U, ||.||, ξ ) and its Generalized Form l (X, U, ||.||, ξ, λ, p)
No full textThis paper attempts to introduce and study a new class l (X, U, ||.||, ξ ) and its generalized form l (X, U, ||.||, ξ, λ, p) of Normed space valued function space using Orlicz function ξ as the generalizations of the basic sequence space l. Besides the investigation of linear topological structures of the class l (X, U, ||.||, ξ ) when topologized it with suitable natural norm, our primarily interest is to explore the conditions pertaining to the containment relation between the classes l (X, U, ||.||, ξ, λ, p) in terms of different values of λ and p