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Impact of green fiscal policy on the collaborative reduction of pollution and carbon emissions: Evidence from energy saving and emission reduction policy in China
No full textResearch background: Since China is facing the dual challenges of environmental pollution and climate change, how to effectively deal with the collaborative reduction of pollution and carbon emissions (CRPCE) has become an important problem. Energy saving and emission reduction fiscal policy (ESER), as a green fiscal policy, plays an important role in solving China\u27s environmental problems.
Purpose of the article: The aim of this study is to analyze the direct impacts, mechanisms and spatial spillover effects of the ESER policy on the CRPCE through theoretical and empirical analyses, thereby providing practical and feasible fiscal-related policy proposals for developing countries like China to achieve low-carbon development.
Methods: Difference-in-differences method (DID), spatial DID.
Findings & value added: Based on panel data from 274 Chinese cities, this study analyzes the impact of ESER policy on the CRPCE. The findings demonstrate that the ESER policy effectively enhances the CRPCE. The mechanism analysis demonstrates that the impact of the ESER policy is realized by promoting green technology innovation, improving energy efficiency, and increasing industrial structure upgrading. The heterogeneity analysis demonstrates that the ESER policy can be more effective in enhancing the CRPCE when it is implemented in northern, resource-based, and high fiscal self-sufficiency cities. The spatial analysis results suggest that ESER policy attenuates the CRPCE of neighboring cities. In addition, the co-implementation of the ESER policy and the innovation policy is more effective in enhancing the CRPCE, but cities are required to implement the innovation policy first. This study broadens the research perspective on the synergistic effects of green fiscal policy in reducing pollutant and carbon emissions, and offers a useful guide for other developing countries on green fiscal policy
Selected road safety aspects in special vehicles
No full textThe article presents analyses in the field of safety of utility and military vehicles, which are crucial for human life and health. It discusses the issues of active safety, aimed at accident prevention, and passive safety, minimizing the effects of incidents. It presents technical solutions used to ensure the safety of the crew and other road users, such as: driving stability control systems, blind spot monitoring systems, airbags, body reinforcement. It emphasizes the importance of continuous technology development to improve vehicle safety. It draws attention to the need to protect not only vehicle passengers, but also pedestrians. The article shows that despite advances in safety, there is still room for improvement and a need to implement new solutions
Processing characteristics correction of measuring systems by means a differintegral of variable order
No full textThe paper presents new methods for correcting the processing characteristics of measurement systems based on a modified Grünwald-Letnikov fractional calculus definition. The presented methods are based on the determination of the fractional order as an estimation factor. Two methods are presented: a fractional order array and a fractional order function. Both methods can be used in DSP systems as methods to correct the processing characteristics of systems with measuring transducers and measurement systems in general
An evaluation of the portable anechoic chamber for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) studies
No full textElectromagnetic compatibility (EMC) issues are an increasingly significant problem nowadays. Several electronic devices generate harmful radio frequency (RF) interference, which can cause operational errors in other electronic devices and systems. To manage these electromagnetic interference issues, it is important to have reliable electromagnetic interference measurements. These measurements require a specialized measurement system, usually performed in an anechoic chamber or a similar setting. In this work, we design a low-cost and portable anechoic chamber for small-scale electronic devices. The performance of the anechoic chamber is confirmed through several measurements, demonstrating a minimum attenuation of 15 dB. Additionally, the chamber\u27s performance is verified with a real EMC measurement. A certain LED light driver is selected for the first test of the anechoic chamber. The driver produces a wide-band (50 MHz) and strong interference signal at a center frequency of 125 MHz
Rynek usług leasingowych w Polsce w latach 2017-2022
No full textW niniejszym artykule omówiono dodatkowe, zewnętrzne źródło finansowania działalności i rozwoju sektora przedsiębiorstw w Polsce, jakie stanowi leasing. Praca koncentruje się na rynku usług leasingowych w Polsce w latach 2017-2022. Przedstawione dane ilustrują dynamiczne zmiany w finansowaniu pojazdów, maszyn i nieruchomości. W kontekście leasingu pojazdów lekkich, analizie poddano wpływ zmieniających się trendów mobilności oraz rosnących oczekiwań dotyczących zrównoważonego transportu. Podkreślono konsekwencje zmian prawnych z 2018 roku na rynek leasingu pojazdów ciężkich oraz znaczenie leasingu w finansowaniu maszyn i urządzeń, ukazując czynniki wpływające na sektor maszynowy. Analizując rynek leasingu nieruchomości, zwrócono uwagę na wahania wartości w różnych kategoriach nieruchomości i ich zależność od czynników ekonomicznych. Artykuł przedstawia istotną kwestię elastyczności sektorów leasingowych, ukazując ich zdolność płynnej adaptacji do dynamicznie zmieniających się warunków rynkowych w Polsce
Post global financial crisis multiplex financial network structure longevity: Does it predict re-globalization? Empirical investigation for 234 countries
No full textResearch background: International capital flows show decreasing trend after each financial crisis as countries become unwilling to invest in risky counterparties. Recent discussions over structural changes within the global financial network suggest that its structure may be still undergoing some changes. Uncovered weaknesses of over-connectedness with unstable un-ally countries during global financial crisis were further highlighted by recent Covid-19 pandemic. However, previous research suggest that important structural changes happened after global financial crisis. Thus, such situation raises a question whether post global financial crisis multiplex network structure is long-term and is it exhibiting re-globalization pattern as suggested by re-globalization megatrend.
Purpose of the article: The main objective of the paper is to assess post global financial crisis multiplex financial network structure longevity and to identify whether it exhibits re-globalization pattern.
Methods: Multiplex financial network mapping, network topological analysis and structure longevity methods were employed to evaluate network connectedness, topological structural properties of multiplex financial network and its’ structure longevity. 5-layer multiplex financial network was mapped for different types of capital flows for each layer: net direct and portfolio investments in debt, equity and net banking assets for each year in the post global financial crisis period 2009–2020. Each network layer employed bilateral data from up to 234 countries of the world. Next step of research employed a set of network-level measures defining topological features of each network in the period of 2009–2020 in order to capture the trend of structural changes and evidence of re-globalization. The final stage analyzes multiplex financial network structure by layer and country longevity.
Findings & value added: Analysis reveals that stock (positions) multiplex financial network aggregate connectedness, i.e., density and value, increased during post- global financial crisis period until Covid-19 pandemic period, thus, suggesting that globalization in terms of stock is continuing. Topological structural properties of multiplex financial network changed as number of strongly and weakly connected countries decreased and more countries became included in network. Longevity analysis of layer and country structure within multiplex financial network reveal that banking and debt investments are increasing since 2018, while equity part is decreasing. Developed countries, i.e., the United Kingdom and Germany, decrease in multiplex financial network structure, while developing, especially from Asia region (i.e., Hong Kong SAR, China and Singapore) increase. Such empirical results support the re-globalization megatrend in terms of investment type and counterparty structure as highlighted by most recent scientific discussion showing that it started early after global financial crisis. Research also uncovers some regional trends of Asia region increasing in investment network structure, while Europe decreasing. As developing countries attract more and more investment and further develop, global cost saving and, thus, returns from global investment into these countries may be decreasing, resulting in lower gain from globalization. Our analysis may facilitate investment strategy decisions by suggesting that even though gains from globalization might be decreasing, instead of localization, countries could follow ally investment strategy to manage the risk of over-dependency from unstable counterparty while preserving globalization wealth
Synergistic evaluation of energy security and environmental sustainability in BRICS geo-political entities: An integrated index framework
No full textResearch background: The increasing demand for energy, driven by economic growth and population expansion, is a critical driver of societal progress. However, the predominant reliance on fossil fuels to meet this demand presents significant challenges, particularly in the rapidly developing BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). These countries are faced with a complex interplay of energy security and environmental sustainability issues, stemming from their substantial fossil fuel reserves and the associated environmental consequences. The challenges manifest as inequalities in access to clean energy, environmental degradation, and heightened vulnerability to the impacts of climate change. Addressing these multifaceted issues requires a comprehensive approach. Metrics-based strategies, which employ aggregated indices derived from a diverse set of energy and environmental indicators, have the potential to provide valuable insights into these complexities. However, the development of a universally applicable energy sustainability index is complicated by the heterogeneity of metrics, disparities between countries, and methodological challenges, emphasizing the need for an innovative and holistic analytical framework.
Purpose of the article: This study aims to develop a tailored Energy Security and Environmental Sustainability Index for BRICS economies to evaluate the robustness of their energy systems and the viability of their ecological practices. The index serves as an instrument to assess the progress of these nations in the Energy and Environment domain and identify areas that require targeted interventions and improvements.
Methods: The construction of the composite ESESI involves the selection of relevant parameters and the application of a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) framework in conjunction with the Weighted Product Method (WPM). To ensure objectivity in the determination of optimal and least favorable weights for each indicator, the study employs the Multiplicative Data Envelopment Analysis (MDEA) model.
Findings & value added: The ESESI analysis reveals disparities in the progress made by BRICS nations in enhancing energy security, promoting renewable energy deployment, and mitigating environmental impacts. While some countries demonstrate substantial advancements, others face challenges in improving energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions. The study underscores the necessity for tailored policies and targeted infrastructural enhancements that align with the unique challenges and strengths of each nation. Harnessing the abundant renewable energy potential through advanced energy trade mechanisms and fostering cross-border investments are identified as crucial strategies for ensuring environmental sustainability and long-term energy in the BRICS region. The ESESI provides a valuable tool for policymakers and researchers to evaluate the progress of BRICS nations in achieving sustainable energy goals and to inform evidence-based decision-making processes. By offering a comprehensive and scientifically rigorous assessment framework, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on sustainable energy transitions and environmental stewardship in the context of rapidly developing economies
Digital maturity of Czech SMEs concerning the demographic characteristics of entrepreneurs and enterprises
No full textResearch background: The digital maturity of Czech SMEs is influenced by various factors, including the strategic management practices within these enterprises.
Purpose of the article: The article aims to assess attitudes toward selected aspects of digital maturity in businesses concerning their demographic characteristics and the demographic characteristics of the respondents.
Methods: To meet the aim of the article, quantitative research was carried out through a questionnaire addressed to small and medium-sized enterprises operating in the business environment of the Czech Republic. Statistical methods were verified using non-parametric tests, such as the Kruskal-Wallis test.
Findings & value added: In their daily use, differences in dependence on gender, educational attainment, and age of the entrepreneur are identified. Three of four SME owners/managers said digital skills are needed to fulfil their job responsibilities. There are differences between entrepreneurs regarding the importance of digital skills, expectations, and the presence of computer infrastructure concerning the highest education achieved. There are also partial differences in attitudes with regard to gender. The demographic characteristics of an enterprise, such as the size, duration of the enterprise, and the total value of assets, are only of secondary importance for the perception of digital maturity and SMEs\u27 use of software applications. The effect of demographic characteristics on attitudes towards digital skills and the presence of computer infrastructure in the enterprise has yet to be identified. The findings are important not only for SMEs themselves, but also for structures at the level of national policies responsible for the growth of the business environment. The empirical findings are crucial for national policymakers to better design support systems for SME owners and managers in digital maturity
Internal marketing activities in creating employee engagement in B2B marketing: The moderating role of cultural differences based on a comparative analysis of Polish and US markets
No full textResearch background: Employee engagement as a significant driver of business performance has become a hot topic in recent years. This manuscript explores the influence of internal marketing on employee engagement in B2B sectors, emphasizing the moderating role of cultural differences.
Purpose of the article: This study aims to dissect the impact of internal marketing tools on employee engagement within varying cultural contexts, particularly between Central European and North American settings.
Methods: Employing a quantitative methodology, the study gathers data from 1.000 employees across Poland and the U.S. to examine the relationship between internal marketing and employee engagement. The analysis focuses on four internal marketing drivers — employee development, rewards and motivation, management style, and internal relations, and four engagement dimensions — behavioral, affective, continuance, and normative. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is applied in the research.
Findings & value added: The results confirm that internal marketing drivers impact employee engagement, with cultural differences moderating the effects of normative and continuance engagement. The study finds no substantial differences in the impact of internal marketing on employee engagement between the two cultural contexts, suggesting the universal applicability of internal marketing strategies across these regions. The manuscript provides insights into the intersection of internal marketing and employee engagement in the B2B domain, focusing on the interplay between cultural factors. This research enriches the academic dialogue on internal marketing\u27s strategic role in enhancing employee engagement, offering a comparative perspective on its effectiveness across cultural landscapes
Economic and institutional determinants of environmental health and sustainability: Spatial and nonlinear effects for a panel of worldwide countries
No full textResearch background: This study identifies the key factors influencing environmental health across a global panel of countries, focusing on protection from environmental hazards, as informed by the existing literature, while also shedding light on novel aspects of these causal relationships.
Purpose of the article: This study aims to reveal, through a comprehensive review of the relevant literature, the underexplored phenomena of spatial diffusion and contagion of national environmental behaviors and the nonlinear dynamics between environmental performance and its determinants, acknowledging the significant diversity in the characteristics and behaviors of the countries studied.
Methods: Spatial analysis and econometric methods, including spatial panel regression alongside dynamic panel models using threshold techniques, were employed to meet the study’s objectives.
Findings & value added: This study’s major finding is that environmental performance across nations shows significant clustering influenced by economic and institutional factors. This clustering effect arises from spatial contagion and diffusion processes, as evidenced by spatial panel regression analysis. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that variations in environmental behavior can be attributed to differing levels of development and specific internal conditions within countries. Notably, a country’s gross domestic product and the proportion of industries in its economy have a substantial effect on its environmental health practices, establishing distinct impact thresholds. This research enriches academic dialogue by illustrating, through these thresholds, that in less developed countries, an increased industrial share leads to environmental degradation. Moreover, the influence of the other examined factors varied depending on the category of the country under review, highlighting the nuanced effects of economic and institutional variables on environmental outcomes