Journals Poznań University of Economics and Business
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The rise of generative AI and possible effects on the economy
Get PDFThe aim of the paper is to analyse the likely implications of Generative AI (GAI) on various aspects of business and the economy. Amid the rapid growth and maturing of Generative AI technologies such as Large Language Models (like ChatGPT by OpenAI) a rapid growth of both immediate and potential applications can be seen. The implications for the economy and industries of this technological shift will be discussed. The foreseeable scenarios for the level and types of adoption that GAI might achieve - from useful analytical tool, invaluable assistant to the white-collar workers of the world to being trusted with a wide array of business and life-critical decision making. Both disruptive and premium service opportunities are foreseen. For instance general purpose models may provide quality service – such as copywriting – to overserved customers leaving human writers as the premium option. In this context, overserved customers would be those who would be satisfied with a non-human, potentially less creative content. On the other hand highly specialized models – specifically trained in a given domain and with access to proprietary knowledge can possibly provide a premium service over that provided by human experts. It is expected that some jobs will be replaced by new AI applications. However new workplaces will emerge. Not only the obvious expert-level data scientist roles but also low grade, “model supervisors” – people training the models, assessing the quality of responses given and handling escalations. Lastly new cybercrime risks emerging from the rise of GAI are discussed
Concurrence dans la distribution au détail de combustibles liquides: Exploration de la dimension spatiale
No full textThis work aims to study the level of spatial competition among the existing gas stations in the retail distribution market of liquid fuels, based on the comparative analysis of their geospatial positioning and their influence and price variations in the national market. In the case of Chile, the industry is characterized by a high concentration in the number of suppliers and vertical integration with the wholesale distribution, transportation and storage segments, which makes the competitive analysis important. In addition, there is a great differentiation of products in terms of geographical location, which makes spatial analysis essential. Thus, we first analyzed the impact of the number of nearby stations, the same network, and a rival or independent network. The results are configured according to two approaches. The first one concludes that the numerical results are consistent in the price dynamics and territorial positioning of the stations, as it appears that independent stations have a negative effect on the price level within a 20-minute radius, with an average network-action of 0.19%. Likewise, there is a greater impact on the distribution of 93-octane gasoline and diesel than on 97-octane gasoline, as the diesel and 93-octane segments are the most competitive in the industry, and in the context where independent stations participate the most. In the second model, the results show the dominant role of the Copec company : this network has the greatest negative influence on the price level of its rivals. As in the first model, the results vary by fuel type, with the role of the 97-octane gasoline networks being the most important. Results are heterogeneous at the regional level, higher in densely populated geographic areas compared to southern areas and far from major urban centers.(original abstract)This work aims to study the level of spatial competition among the existing gas stations in the retail distribution market of liquid fuels, based on the comparative analysis of their geospatial positioning and their influence and price variations in the national market. In the case of Chile, the industry is characterized by a high concentration in the number of suppliers and vertical integration with the wholesale distribution, transportation and storage segments, which makes the competitive analysis important. In addition, there is a great differentiation of products in terms of geographical location, which makes spatial analysis essential. Thus, we first analyzed the impact of the number of nearby stations, the same network, and a rival or independent network. The results are configured according to two approaches. The first one concludes that the numerical results are consistent in the price dynamics and territorial positioning of the stations, as it appears that independent stations have a negative effect on the price level within a 20-minute radius, with an average network-action of 0.19%. Likewise, there is a greater impact on the distribution of 93-octane gasoline and diesel than on 97-octane gasoline, as the diesel and 93-octane segments are the most competitive in the industry, and in the context where independent stations participate the most. In the second model, the results show the dominant role of the Copec company : this network has the greatest negative influence on the price level of its rivals. As in the first model, the results vary by fuel type, with the role of the 97-octane gasoline networks being the most important. Results are heterogeneous at the regional level, higher in densely populated geographic areas compared to southern areas and far from major urban centers.Ce travail vise à étudier le niveau de concurrence spatiale entre les stations-services existant sur le marché de distribution au détail des combustibles liquides, à partir de l\u27analyse comparée de leur positionnement géospatial et de leur influence et variations de prix sur le marché national. Dans le cas du Chili, l\u27industrie se caractérise par sa forte concentration en nombre de fournisseurs et intégration verticale avec les segments de distribution de gros, transport et stockage, d\u27où l\u27importance de l\u27analyse en matière de concurrence. De plus, il existe une grande différenciation des produits en termes de localisation géographique, ce qui rend l\u27analyse spatiale essentielle. Ainsi, nous avons analysé en premier lieu l\u27impact du nombre de stations proches, du même réseau, et d\u27un réseau rival ou indépendants. Les résultats sont configurés selon deux approches. La première conclut que los résultats numériques sont consistants dans la dynamique des prix et le positionnement territorial des stations, car il apparait que les stations indépendantes ont un effet négatif sur le niveau de prix dans un rayon de 20 minutes, avec un réseau-action moyen de 0,19%. De même, on note un impact supérieur sur la distribution d\u27essence de 93 octanes et le Diesel que de l\u27essence de 97 octanes, car les segments de Diesel et 93 octanes sont les plus compétitifs de l\u27industrie, et dans le contexte où les stations indépendantes participent le plus. Dans la deuxième, les résultats montrent le rôle dominant de l\u27entreprise Copec : ce réseau est celui de plus grande influence négative sur le niveau des prix de ses rivales. Comme dans le premier modèle, les résultats varient par type de combustible, le rôle des réseaux d\u27essence de 97 octanes étant le plus important. Les résultats sont hétérogènes au niveau régional, plus élevés dans les zones géographiques densément peuplées par rapport aux zones australes et éloignées des principaux centres urbains
Convergence économique au sein de l’espace ouest-africain: L’intégration économique régionale à l’épreuve des faits
No full textIn this article we first propose a discussion in the light of recent works on the economic convergence or not of West African countries which have been in the process of regionalization of trade since 1975. We then examine the determinants of convergence based on the spatial econometric analysis of all these States over the period 1990-2021. The results obtained show that the economies are globally and highly divergent ; the absolute and conditional convergences not being realized. But three convergence clubs have been identified, with Senegal standing apart. The investment rate, public expenditure, inflation rate, purchasing power parity, trade openness rate, school enrolment rate and population growth rate, as structural control variables, played an important role in assessing the speed and level of divergence of West African economies. This has highlighted the differences in per capita income, the delay in the integration mechanisms and the effects of the shocks to which these economies are subject.(original abstract)In this article we first propose a discussion in the light of recent works on the economic convergence or not of West African countries which have been in the process of regionalization of trade since 1975. We then examine the determinants of convergence based on the spatial econometric analysis of all these States over the period 1990–2021. The results obtained show that the economies are globally and highly divergent ; the absolute and conditional convergences not being realized. But three convergence clubs have been identified, with Senegal standing apart. The investment rate, public expenditure, inflation rate, purchasing power parity, trade openness rate, school enrolment rate and population growth rate, as structural control variables, played an important role in assessing the speed and level of divergence of West African economies. This has highlighted the differences in per capita income, the delay in the integration mechanisms and the effects of the shocks to which these economies are subject.Dans cet article nous proposons d\u27abord une discussion à la lumière des travaux récents sur la convergence économique ou non des pays ouest-africains qui sont dans le processus de régionalisation des échanges depuis 1975. Nous examinons, ensuite, les déterminants de la convergence en prenant appui sur une analyse économétrique spatiale de tous ces États sur la période 1990-2021. Les résultats obtenus font ressortir que les économies sont globalement et fortement divergentes ; les convergences absolue et conditionnelle n\u27étant pas réalisées. Mais trois clubs de convergence ont été décelés, avec le Sénégal qui fait bande à part. Le taux d\u27investissement, les dépenses publiques, le taux d\u27inflation, la parité du pouvoir d\u27achat, le taux d\u27ouverture commerciale, le taux de scolarisation et le taux de croissance démographique, variables structurelles de contrôle, ont joué un rôle important dans l\u27appréciation de la vitesse et du niveau de divergence des économies ouest-africaines. Ceci a mis en évidence les écarts des revenus par tête, le retard dans les mécanismes intégrateurs et les effets des chocs auxquels ces économies sont soumises
Smart public goods: A smart bench does not necessarily make smart city in the Czech Republic
Get PDFOur paper summarises the results of a study conducted at the turn of 2021 and 2022 on the awareness of the existence of smart benches in the public space of Czech cities and municipalities. Smart benches represent one of a number of smart features that are implemented as part of the practical application of the smart city concept into the real environment of these municipalities. As our research has shown, the experience and awareness of smart public goods, specifically Smart benches, is currently at a rather low level among the public in the Czech Republic. This finding may trigger a discussion on their public justification in the context of their acquisition costs, but also, on the other hand, accentuate the need for their greater promotion
Local housing strategies in Poland as a tool to develop social and affordable housing: barriers for development
Get PDFPolish municipalities need to align with the trend of social housing development, expanding beyond public housing providers. The paper seeks to diagnose the barriers to developing well-defined housing strategies at the local level in Poland. Based on existing housing strategies of some Polish municipalities and the experience gained during work on a housing strategy for a medium-sized city in Poland, the following impediments were identified: a lack of robust demographic data, insufficient housing inventories, and a need for skilled experts and guidance for structured strategies. Given the impending EU investments in housing, local strategies gain significance, particularly in crisis-affected cities. The forthcoming financial aid for social housing amplifies the necessity for well-crafted housing strategies in Poland
Limiting meat consumption in the view of the students of the Poznań University of Economics and Business
No full textThe aim of the study was to examine the attitudes of students at the Poznań University of Economics and Business towards limiting meat consumption, in the context of global trends related to sustainable development. The two main identified areas of consideration are related to the impact of excessive meat production and consumption on human health and the state of the environment. The survey involved 296 respondents (61.8% women, 37.8% men, 0.4% other). Throughout the study, it was found out that more than half (51.4%) of the respondents limit their meat consumption. The gender of the respondents was important in this regard (63.4% of women and 31.3% of men limit their meat consumption). The most frequently cited reasons for limiting meat consumption include concerns for the environment (42.6% of respondents) and the desire to improve health and well-being (41.9% of respondents). Meat consumption decisions among 30.7% of respondents are not influenced by any arguments
Application of the vector-autoregression VAR model in the analysis of unemployment hysteresis in the context of Okun’s Law
No full textUnemployment is an important macroeconomic issue both in theoretical terms and for economic reality. On the theoretical ground, the unemployment rate, which is a measure of the share of unemployed units of the labour supply in the economy, determines the output gap at a certain adjustment parameter determined by the marginal productivity of labour. One of the causes of rising or persistent unemployment in the economy is the phenomenon of unemployment hysteresis, which occurs as a result of changes in the marginal disutility of labour, the strength of the wage bargain and other exogenous conditions arising in previous periods. The purpose of the study conducted in the following paper is to investigate the phenomenon of hysteresis in the labour market by analysing the significance of the impact of the unemployment rate in previous periods. In addition, the work aims to study Okun’s Law as an effect of production dynamics on the unemployment rate. The study of the dependence was carried out through the estimation of a macroeconometric time series model—vector-autoregression (VAR) on the example of statistical data for Poland obtained from Statistics Poland (Stat.gov.pl) and complied raports about national accounts in the quarterly sequence for the years 2015–2021
Economic openness, institutional quality and per capita income: Evidence from the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
No full textThe controversy surrounding the actual impact of institutional quality and economic openness on economic growth is among the motivating factors for this study. The study seeks to investi- gate this relationship in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) by using the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) test with annual series covering the period from 2000 to 2020. Findings indicate that in the short-run, regulatory quality and FDI outflows had an adverse impact on the economic performance of the ECOWAS bloc. Furthermore, the long-run results show that trade openness, political stability and FDI outflows had an adverse impact on the economy of the bloc, while regulatory quality positively affected the economy. Consequently, the paper recommends that member countries in the ECOWAS bloc should put in place effective regulatory framework in the short and medium term to attract FDI inflows, while building a strong and stable political environment in the long term