Journals Portal Naif Arab University for Security Sciences
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Postmortem Toxicology Data of Autopsied Cases in the Northern Border Province, Saudi Arabia: A Six-Year Retrospective Study
No full textAutopsy remains the most reliable tool to study mortality causes.This project was conducted to study toxicological findings in relation to gender, age, manners and causes of death among autopsied cases from 2013-2018 in the Northern Border province of Saudi Arabia. All police, hospitals, toxicology laboratory and autopsy reports related to the autopsied cases within the period of the study were revised. Among 908 autopsied cases during the study period, 144 autopsies (15.8%) showed positive toxicological findings (136 males (94.4%) and 8 females (5.4%)). Positive toxicological findings were significantly more common in cases aged 20-40 years (p<0.0001) without a significant gender difference (p=0.116). The commonest toxicological finding was alcohol 55 cases (6.5%) followed by cannabis in 27 cases (2.9%), while 19 cases (2.1%) showed carboxylhemoglobin ≥10%. Most deaths with positive toxicologicalscreens (98 cases (68.1%)) were reported to be accidental. Six cases were recorded as carbon monoxide poisoning (COP), 3 cases were recorded as alcohol toxicity, and 2 cases were registered as hypertensive induced brain haemorrhages. Brain haemorrhages and aspiration pneumonia were reported among deaths related to alcohol,while intraventricular brain haemorrhage was the cause of death in amphetamine deaths. Cherry red hypostasis and pulmonary edema were found among COP deaths. In conclusion, positive toxicology data were found in a considerable percent of autopsied cases, and they can contribute directly or indirectly to identifying the cause of death. Hence,toxicological screening is mandatory in all suspected deaths and screening should not be neglected in cases with absent suggestive autopsy findings
Brain Fingerprinting as an Evidence of Criminal Guilt
No full textيعتبر الإثبات الجنائي والكشف عن الحقيقة في الجرائم الجنائية من أهم المسائل التي تحظى باهتمام رجال البحث والتحقيق الجنائي، والمجني عليهم، والقضاء؛ لأن تحقيق هذه الغاية يستوجب إقامة الدليل الكافي على ارتكاب الجريمة وإسنادها إلى فاعلها، فالحق بدون إقامة الدليل عليه هو والعدم سواء، وكذلك نظرًا للتطور الحادث في طرق ارتكاب تلك الجرائم، وبخاصة الجرائم الإرهابية؛ ما أدى إلى الحاجة الملحة إلى استخدام الوسائل العلمية الحديثة في الإثبات المبنية على حجج علمية مدروسة، منها الوسيلة الحديثة موضوع الدراسة (تقنية بصمة المخ). التي تعرف بأنها: طريقة لقراءة الإشارات الكهربائية التي تصدر من العقل البشري استجابة لرؤية بعض الصور، أو المعلومات المتعلقة بجريمة ما أو أي حادث آخر، حيث يصدر المخ موجات وإشارات عن الجريمة الموجودة في الذاكرة يتم تسجيلها وتحليلها عند استرجاع هذه المعلومات عن طريق الحاسب الآلي، وقد تم الرمز إلى هذه الإشارات بـ(p300).Criminal proof and crime detection are the most important issues that receive the attention of criminal investigation officials, aggrieved parties, and the judiciary. It requires a strong evidence of crime perpetration to be attributed to the criminal. No truth can be established without an evidence. The perpetration of crimes, especially terrorist crimes, has witnessed great development. Accordingly, there is a severe need for using advanced scientific techniques to establish guilt. These techniques should be based on carefully studied scientific evidences. Brain Fingerprinting, the subject of this study, is one such advanced technique. It is defined as: “A method for interpreting the electric signals made by a human brain when seeing some pictures of information related to a crime or event”. The brain sends waves and signals related to the crime contained in the human memory. These waves and signals are recorded and analyzed when restoring such information through a computer. They are given the code (p300)
The Requirement of Interest in Administrative Lawsuits in the Light of the Board of Grievances’ Jurisprudence: An Applied Comparative Study
No full textيتولى القضاء الإداري حل النزاعات التي قد تنشأ بين الأفراد وجهة الإدارة، ولا سبيل للأفراد من اقتضاء حقوقهم منها إلا عبر مخاصمتها بالدعوى الإدارية التي مناطها المصلحة، ويشترط استمرارها منذ رفع الدعوى إلى حين البت فيها، وهذا هو المعمول به في النظام السعودي وما عليه الوضع في مصر والأردن بخلاف فرنسا مهد القانون الإداري، وهو ما قد يكون سبيلًا إلى ضياع الحقوق؛ ولذا يعتقد الباحث أنه تلزم إعادة النظر في مسألة استمرار المصلحة مع استمرار الدعوى الإدارية وتعديل الاجتهاد السابق، وهو مبدأ قضائي سبق أن أرسته هيئة التدقيق (المحكمة الإدارية العليا حاليًّا) في المملكة العربية السعودية.
ولما كان القضاء يقوم على الدعوى؛ إذ لا يقبل الفصل في المنازعات الإدارية أمام القضاء ما لم يسبق بدعوى توضع بين يدى القاضي الإداري للنظر فيها؛ لأنها وسيلة للحصول على الحماية القضائية بمعنى أنها وسيلة نظمها القانون لكي يتمكن الأفراد من التمسك بحقوقهم أمام القضاء الإداري وطلب الحماية القضائية. والآراء الفقهية والأنظمة القضائية المقارنة على اختلافها تشترط لقبول الدعوى الإدارية أن تقام من صاحب الشأن أو من يمثله، وأن تكون له مصلحة شخصية ومباشرة وأن تكون قائمةThe Administrative Court is responsible for resolving conflicts between individuals and administrative bodies. There is no way for individuals to receive their rights from administrative bodies except by litigation through an administrative lawsuit dependent on interest. This interest must exist from the first date of litigation to the date of settlement, according to what is applicable in Saudi, Egyptian, and Jordanian laws. The situation is different in France, the cradle of administrative law. Subsequently, some individuals may lose their rights. Therefore, the researcher believes that there should be a reconsideration of the continuation of interest along with the continuation of the administrative lawsuit and a modification of previous jurisprudence. This is a judicial principle that was previously laid down by the Audit Authority (currently the Supreme Administrative Court) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
The judiciary is based on the lawsuit. Any administrative conflict must be preceded by a lawsuit in order to be settled by the administrative judge. The lawsuit is the way to acquire judicial protection. It is a tool systemized by law to enable individuals to demand their rights and request judiciary protection before the administrative judiciary. The jurisprudential opinions and comparative judiciary regulations with their different types stipulate that any administrative lawsuit must be filed by the concerned party or his representative. Moreover, the concerned party must have a direct personal interest, and this interest must be effective
Fire Debris Analysis: A Need to Develop Databases
No full textFire debris analysis is a branch of forensic chemistrywhich deals with the examination and analysis of fire debrissamples in order to detect and identify ignitable liquidresidues in them. In addition to arson, fire debris analysis isusually performed in cases of fires of suspicious origin [1].In addition to this, petrol bombs are used in social or religiousriots, and terrorist activities. In a developing countrylike India, “bride burning” for dowry presents another aspectof such crimes and includes cases of homicidal or suicidalburning which require such examination [2]. Fire debrisanalysis is performed to determine the presence or absenceof ignitable liquids in samples, to identify the chemical compositionof ignitable liquid, the class of ignitable liquid, andto establish an association between ignitable liquid residuesand its source
Application of Adobe® Photoshop® CC 2018 for Identifying the Source of HP® Color Laser Printouts
No full textAbstractIn today’s digital world, printer forensics is one of themost important disciplines to reveal the authenticity of printeddocuments and track criminals. Digital steganographyis an advanced approach to secure color laser printing processes,but it cannot be applied to monochrome laser printers.Therefore, the identity of the machine used to print colorquestioned documents provides a valuable means for detectingforgery crimes in digital forensic labs and law enforcementagencies. Based on this, we introduced a new forensicmethod that unveils the steganography (hidden information)embedded in color laser printouts via an adopted preset inAdobe® Photoshop® CC 2018. This forensic tool can be appliedas a nondestructive and indirect tool for image processing.In the present work, printing, scanning, extraction, andmeasurements for the embedded tracking dots of candidatecolor laser printouts were conducted.Thirty-five HP® color laser printers were selected withdifferent and same models with different serial numbers andused to print a hundred color laser printouts.The defined coded dots matrix patterns that characterizedthe color laser machines of the HP® brand could clearly bedetermined.Therefore, this procedure could successfully be appliedto distinguish between various color laser printouts printedby HP® printers with a variant serial number in digital forensiclabs with a conclusive accuracy ratio attained to onehundred percent
Fingerprint White Line Counts: An Upcoming Forensic Tool for Sex Determination
No full textAbstractFingerprints are one of the common forensic tools used in personalidentification. However, the associated secondary epidermalcreases of fingerprints, fingerprint white line count (FWLC), hasreceived less attention within the forensic community. This studywas conducted with an aim to determine the potential of FWLC insex inference among adult Nigerians.A cross sectional study was carried out with 150 males and150 females with age range of 18-30 and 18-33 years, respectively.Live scanner (Digita persona, China) was used to capture the plainfingerprint for FWLC. Mann Whitney, Kruskal Wallis and logisticregression analyses were employed for determination of digitvariation (based on side and type), sexual dimorphism and predictionmodels, respectively. Likelihood ratio and posterior probabilitywere used to determine the favour odd for sex inference fromFWLC.A significant higher mean value of FWLC was observed in females(2.24 ± 2.03) compared to males (0.85 ± 1.29). Absence ofwhite line was indicative of male origin in all the digits except forleft index digit (favor odd of 0.72 for females and 0.29 for males).However, FWLC from 5 to 11 were more likely to be of femaleorigin. The best discriminator of sex was the left FWLC with apercentage accuracy of discrimination of 72%. The percentage contributionof the left FWLC in the discrimination of the sexes wasobserved to range from 23.0 to 30.20%.The FWLC was found to be a potential predictor of sex amongadult Nigerians of Hausa ethnic origin
The Language of Forensic Experts: A Commentary on the Sally Clark Case ]1999-2002
No full textAccording to the judge, jury and the public in the UK, SallyClark murdered her two sons. The prosecution forensic expert hadsubmitted his evidence using complex medical and scientific languagethat misled the jury. The defence expert failed to challengehim. A few years later, Mrs. Clark was proven innocent, as there wasundisclosed evidence and the language of the prosecution forensicexpert misled the jury. This paper raises some issues according tothe Sally Clark case. It includes some discussions about the expert’srole in the adversarial system and also compares it with the inquisitorialsystem. It is an approach towards understanding whether theexpert should stand in the witness box or not. This paper answerswhether the decision in the Sally Clark would have taken a differentdirection, if it was dealt under the inquisitorial justice systemor other experts’ systems. Although this case has helped to re-openmany other cases, it has not encouraged the English criminal justicesystem to make any changes with the expert system (especially incomplex forensic cases). It also affected experts who now think thattestifying in court is a risk. This paper presents a new approach that,if considered, can protect the justice system from any miscarriages,the experts themselves from being blamed and the public who lookat both as killers
A Battered Child or Electrocution?
No full textThe dead body of a 13-year-old boy was transferred from the Department of Forensic Medicine in Al-Qadisiya HealthDirectorate, Al-Qadisiya province to the main medico-legal directorate in Baghdad. Bruises were scattered all over his body with bite marks on his left shoulder and superficial wounds in different regions, in addition to a bruise similar to a ligature around the neck. There was also an electrocution burn on the right forearm. The body was transferred because of the unavailability of forensic pathologists in that region and the difficulty of performing the autopsy by other doctors in order to give a proper autopsy report to the court and whether it was a case of battered child syndrome, electrocution, or homicide through injuries the perpetrator tried to conceal. It was revealed that the boy was lectrocuted, and electrocution was recorded as the cause of death
Modern scientific means and criminal protection of the right to privacy (medical experience is a model
No full textAs a result of scientific development and the latestmethods of detecting and tracking criminals, debate has beenraised over the legality of these scientific means due to theirinfringement on personal freedoms and the inviolability ofprivate life. Due to this, the Algerian legislator has amendedthe Penal Code in accordance with Law 06-03 of 20 December2006 and its text on the inviolability of private life in article303. And as a result of developments all over the world, theAlgerian constitutional founder has included a legal clauseprotecting this right in the constitutional amendment of 2016.The legislator is currently seeking the enactment of Law 18-07 on the protection of natural persons in the handling oftheir data.The right to privacy is linked to the freedom and dignityof people, and taking in to account the seriousness of medicalexperiments, DNA, and images in order to detect criminals,the extent of the violation of this right has made us addressthis subject.So the question arises: What controls the protection ofthe right to privacy when using modern scientific means toprove guilt
Biometric Feature Extraction for Iris Scans
No full textThis paper generally seeks to demonstrate understanding and use of iris scans for biometric identification. Salient features of iris are identified, their extracts analyzed critically by use of a software. The software for extraction of the features is developed on MATLAB platform. Already prepared iris scans are used due to lack of scanners and/or very high resolution cameras that would have otherwise assisted to obtain the required distinct features for comparison. The program developed would compare two iris images a time and determine if they came from same individual; what we are referring to as matching. A computer vision algorithm based on The Hough Transform is made use of in determining circles present in the image which are essentially the iris and pupil. The region of interest from which the unique features are obtained would be located between papillary and limbic boundaries. Papillary (between iris and pupil) while limbic boundary is the one demarcating the iris and sclera. The comparison entails first determining codes of the two iris images through generation of separate biometric template for them then using encoding procedure. Hamming distance calculation between the iris codes determines if they match.This paper generally seeks to demonstrate understanding and use of iris scans for biometric identification. Salientfeatures of iris are identified, their extracts analyzed critically by use of a software. The software for extraction of thefeatures is developed on MATLAB platform. Already prepared iris scans are used due to lack of scanners and/or veryhigh resolution cameras that would have otherwise assisted to obtain the required distinct features for comparison. Theprogram developed would compare two iris images a time and determine if they came from same individual; what weare referring to as matching. A computer vision algorithm based on The Hough Transform is made use of in determiningcircles present in the image which are essentially the iris and pupil. The region of interest from which the unique featuresare obtained would be located between papillary and limbic boundaries. Papillary (between iris and pupil) while limbicboundary is the one demarcating the iris and sclera. The comparison entails first determining codes of the two iris imagesthrough generation of separate biometric template for them then using encoding procedure. Hamming distance calculation between the iris codes determines if they match