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Changes in mobility and person-to-person contacts over time in Philadelphia-Reading-Camden, PA-NJ-DE-MD.
No full textChanges in mobility and person-to-person contacts over time in Philadelphia-Reading-Camden, PA-NJ-DE-MD.</p
Changes in mobility and person-to-person contacts over time in New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA.
No full textChanges in mobility and person-to-person contacts over time in New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA.</p
Collective physical distancing and new infections.
No full textCollective physical distancing and new infections.</p
Schematic of statistical procedure for assigning county-level weights.
No full textSchematic of statistical procedure for assigning county-level weights.</p
Correlating physical distancing measures across datasets.
No full textCorrelating physical distancing measures across datasets.</p
Partisan Sub-Group effects are not robust.
No full textPoints indicate estimated treatment effects for sub-group framing effects by partisanship. The y-axis displays the estimated sub-group treatment effects estimated using LASSOplus that allows for all possible covariate interactions. The x-axis displays the estimated sub-group effects using OLS and not allowing for covariate interactions, equivalent to a difference-in-means test. The solid black line displays the 45 degree line, with points falling on this indicating identical estimates for the different methods of estimating sub-group effects. As many studies have multiple treatments and outcomes the number of points displayed is greater than the number of studies re-analyzed (for further details, see Methods).</p
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No full textAmbitious climate policy requires acceptance by millions of people whose daily lives would be affected in costly ways. In turn, this requires an understanding of how to get the mass public on board and prevent a political backlash against costly climate policies. Many scholars regard ‘framing’, specially tailored messages emphasizing specific subsets of political arguments to certain population subgroups, as an effective communication strategy for changing climate beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. In contrast, other scholars argue that people hold relatively stable opinions and doubt that framing can alter public opinion on salient issues like climate change. We contribute to this debate in two ways: First, we conduct a systematic mapping of 121 experimental studies on climate and environmental policy framing, published in 46 peer-reviewed journals and present results of a survey with authors of these studies. Second, we illustrate the use of novel computational methods to check for the robustness of subgroup effects and identify omitted interaction bias. We find that most experiments report significant main and subgroup effects but rarely use advanced methods to account for potential omitted interaction bias. Moreover, only a few studies make their data publicly available to easily replicate them. Our survey of framing researchers suggests that when scholars successfully publish non-significant effects, these were typically bundled together with other, significant effects to increase publication chances. Finally, using a Bayesian computational sparse regression technique, we offer an illustrative re-analysis of 10 studies focusing on subgroup framing differences by partisanship (a key driver of climate change attitudes) and show that these effects are often not robust when accounting for omitted interaction bias.</div
Chemoinformatic Catalyst Selection Methods for the Optimization of Copper–Bis(oxazoline)-Mediated, Asymmetric, Vinylogous Mukaiyama Aldol Reactions
No full textA catalyst
selection method for the optimization of an asymmetric,
vinylogous Mukaiyama aldol reaction is described. A large library
of commercially available and synthetically accessible copper–bis(oxazoline)
catalysts was constructed in silico. Conformer-dependent,
grid-based descriptors were calculated for each catalyst, defining
a chemical feature space suitable for machine learning. Selection
of a diverse subset of catalyst space produced an initial training
set of 26 new bis(oxazoline) ligands that were synthesized and tested
for stereoselectivity in the copper-catalyzed, vinylogous Mukaiyama
aldol reaction for five substrate combinations. One ligand in the
training set provided 88% average enantiomeric excess, exceeding the
performance of catalysts identified through an initial optimization
campaign. Supervised and unsupervised catalyst selection methods,
including quantitative structure–selectivity relationship modeling,
nearest neighbors analysis, and a focused analogue clustering strategy,
were employed to identify an additional 12 new bis(oxazoline) ligands.
The selected ligands outperformed the initial training set hit in
four out of five product classes and in some cases demonstrated enantiocontrol
exceeding 95% ee. The effectiveness of the unsupervised training set
selection process is discussed, and the expediency of the nearest
neighbor and focused analogue approaches are contrasted with the supervised
quantitative structure–selectivity relationship modeling approach
Presentation_1_Histological, chemical and gene expression differences between western redcedar seedlings resistant and susceptible to cedar leaf blight.pdf
No full textIntroductionWestern redcedar (Thuja plicata) is an important species in the Cupressaceae both at economic and cultural levels in the Pacific Northwest of North America. In adult trees, the species produces one of the most weathering-resistant heartwoods among conifers, making it one of the preferred species for outdoor applications. However, young T. plicata plants are susceptible to infection with cedar leaf blight (Didymascella thujina), an important foliar pathogen that can be devastating in nurseries and small-spaced plantations. Despite that, variability in the resistance against D. thujina in T. plicata has been documented, and such variability can be used to breed T. plicata for resistance against the pathogen.ObjectiveThis investigation aimed to discern the phenotypic and gene expression differences between resistant and susceptible T. plicata seedlings to shed light on the potential constitutive resistance mechanisms against cedar leaf blight in western redcedar.
MethodsThe study consisted of two parts. First, the histological differences between four resistant and four susceptible families that were never infected with the pathogen were investigated. And second, the differences between one resistant and one susceptible family that were infected and not infected with the pathogen were analyzed at the chemical (C, N, mineral nutrients, lignin, fiber, starch, and terpenes) and gene expression (RNA-Seq) levels.ResultsThe histological part showed that T. plicata seedlings resistant to D. thujina had constitutively thicker cuticles and lower stomatal densities than susceptible plants. The chemical analyses revealed that, regardless of their infection status, resistant plants had higher foliar concentrations of sabinene and α-thujene, and higher levels of expression of transcripts that code for leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases and for bark storage proteins.ConclusionThe data collected in this study shows that constitutive differences at the phenotypic (histological and chemical) and gene expression level exist between T. plicata seedlings susceptible and resistant to D. thujina. Such differences have potential use for marker-assisted selection and breeding for resistance against cedar leaf blight in western redcedar in the future.</p
The power of framing
No full textHow we talk about and present certain tasks will shape how students perceive them – and in turn, how well they’ll take to them, observes Colin Foster.</p