SAP Dentistry (Journal)
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Oral cancer and nutrition in adolescents
No full textOral cancer has been identified as a growing health problem worldwide, in Cuba, and on the Isle of Youth. In recent decades, there has been a progressive increase in cases among adolescents. The objective of this study was to analyze the role of nutrition as a risk or protective factor in the development of oral cancer in adolescents, as well as sociocultural, economic, and epidemiological variables specific to the national context. During the research process, the following methods were used: document analysis, systems approach, historical-logical analysis, analytical-synthetic analysis, and inductive-deductive reasoning. A total of 19 international, national, and regional bibliographies were reviewed. Citrus and red fruits, oily fish, green tea, green leafy vegetables, and foods containing vitamins A, E, and K have protective effects against oral carcinogenesis. Red meat, processed meat, refined sugars, and fried foods have promoting or risk factors for oral carcinogenesis. Nutrition is a key factor in the development of oral cancer, especially in vulnerable populations such as adolescents. However, this is a malleable stage where adolescents are receptive to change; therefore, it is the ideal time to implement educational strategies to provide them with information that allows them to consciously adopt healthier lifestyles
Nutrition and periodontal diseases in preschool children
No full textPeriodontal diseases affect not only adults but also preschool children, and are influenced by factors such as oral hygiene and nutritional habits. A literature review was conducted to analyze the relationship between nutrition and periodontal diseases in preschool children, the main dietary risk factors, the pathophysiological mechanisms involved, and intervention strategies. The research process employed documentary analysis, a systems approach, historical-logical analysis, analytical-synthetic analysis, and inductive-deductive reasoning. A total of 25 international, national, and regional publications were reviewed. Malnutrition, especially acute malnutrition, increases the risk of severe gingival inflammation, bacterial plaque, and bleeding gums, while a balanced diet rich in vitamins C, D, A, B complex, and minerals such as calcium, iron, and zinc strengthens periodontal health. Excessive consumption of refined sugars and saturated fats promotes bacterial biofilm formation and chronic inflammation. Essential nutrient deficiencies weaken oral tissues and increase susceptibility to infections. Nutrition plays a crucial role in the periodontal health of preschool children. Poor nutrition significantly influences the development of early periodontal disease in preschool children, primarily through inflammatory mechanisms and immune system alterations. A balanced diet, rich in essential micronutrients and low in processed sugars, is key to preventing gingivitis and other periodontal conditions in preschool children
Biochemistry of periodontal diseases
No full textPeriodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory conditions of multifactorial origin, primarily caused by bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and exacerbated by risk factors such as poor oral hygiene, smoking, diabetes, obesity, and stress. Their historical evolution shows progress from ancient conceptions to the current scientific approach, highlighting the role of biochemistry in understanding their etiology. The objective of this literature review was to analyze the pathological mechanisms of periodontal diseases from a biochemical perspective to understand their etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. During the research process, the following methods were used: document analysis, systems approach, historical-logical analysis, analytical-synthetic analysis, and inductive-deductive reasoning. A total of 10 international, national, and regional bibliographies were reviewed. The immune response triggered by bacterial plaque generates inflammatory mediators (cytokines, prostaglandins) that cause tissue destruction and bone loss. Furthermore, there is a bidirectional relationship between periodontal disease and systemic diseases (cardiovascular disease, diabetes), reinforcing its relevance to public health. Treatments vary according to severity, ranging from scaling and root planing to regenerative surgery. Prevention, through proper oral hygiene, regular dental visits, and a healthy lifestyle, is key. Periodontal disease poses a significant public health challenge, and its study from a biochemical perspective offers crucial opportunities for addressing it. A holistic approach, integrating biology, biochemistry, and social care, will improve the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of these diseases, benefiting both oral and general health
Impact of 3D Navigation on the Accuracy of Dental Implant Positioning in Full-Jaw Rehabilitation
No full textIntroduction: Accurate implant placement is essential for successful full-jaw rehabilitation. Three-dimensional (3D) navigation systems improve the precision of implant positioning compared with traditional freehand methods. However, the evidence regarding the relative accuracy of different navigation modalities remains inconsistent. This systematic review aimed to analyze the impact of various three-dimensional navigational technologies, including static, dynamic, augmented reality-based, and robotic systems, on implant placement accuracy in full-arch rehabilitation Methods: Major databases like PubMed, Scopus, etc., were searched according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines.17 Eligible studies analyzed the accuracy of implant positioning using different navigation techniques. Coronal, apical, and angular deviations were extracted, and heterogeneity was calculated using the I² statistic.Results: Seventeen studies were included in the review. The mean coronal deviation for navigation-assisted placement ranged from 0.6 to 1.8 mm, compared with 2.0 to 2.5 mm for freehand techniques. Apical deviations averaged 0.8 mm for navigation and 1.4 mm for freehand placement, while angular deviations decreased from 6.8° (freehand) to 4.0° (navigation). Navigation systems produced a significant reduction reduced coronal deviation compared with freehand placement (p < 0.001). Robotic systems demonstrated the highest accuracy, followed by static and dynamic navigation. Heterogeneity ranged from low to moderate (I² = 28–57%).Conclusions: 3D navigation systems provide superior accuracy in implant positioning compared with freehand methods. These findings support the adoption of 3D navigation as a standard approach for achieving predictable and precise outcomes in full-jaw rehabilitation
Toothbrushes made and adapted for patients with special needs
No full textIntroduction: People with special needs often have a high number of caries and periodontal diseases, related to difficulties in ensuring oral health care, access to dental treatment, and sometimes to the socioeconomic context. Objective: to argue the importance of making adapted toothbrushes for patients with special needs. Methods: a narrative bibliographic review was carried out through Google Scholar, of scientific articles published in the last ten years, in different digital databases such as: SciELO, Medline, Pubmed, digital libraries, in English and Spanish, using the following descriptors: "disability", "special needs", "oral hygiene", "mechanical and electric toothbrush", "bamboo toothbrush" "partial and/or total assistance". Development: the effectiveness of tooth brushing depends on the type of toothbrush, its use, the method and time of brushing, the use of mouthwash and/or dental floss. Although there are different methods for preventing plaque formation, the use of toothbrushes has proven to be the most effective way. This group includes patients with moderate or severe physical or mental disabilities and with significant motor limitations in the upper limbs. Many of them remain in wheelchairs or are bedridden for a large part of the time, need help to carry out any oral hygiene procedure and in this sense, with rare exceptions, cannot assume any type of responsibility in the process. Conclusions: the dentist must perceive the problem of the particular individual and formulate an individual plan, as well as inform the parents and the patient how to carry out such a program. Most patients with disabilities will require the supervision of parents or substitutes to carry it ou
Establishment of reference levels in dental diagnostics
No full textThe initial process for establishing Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs) should focus on several key aspects: promoting a culture of safety, training personnel, assigning clear responsibilities, implementing tools and methods for dose assessment, and ensuring adequate regulation and funding by the competent regulatory authority. Although the risk associated with dental radiological examinations is relatively low compared to natural risks, any additional risk, however minimal, is unacceptable if it does not benefit the patient. According to the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), dose limits and dose constraints are not recommended for individual patients, as they could compromise diagnostic efficacy, causing more harm than benefit. Therefore, it is crucial that dental radiology services implement radiological protection measures by establishing DRLs, in order to maximize the diagnostic benefits while minimizing the risk to the patient. A methodology for establishing DRLs in dental clinical practice is proposed, including justification of appropriate radiological examination, optimization of radiological protection, and correct use of DRL values
Diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease: some perspectives in care. A Review
No full textWhile the incidence of diabetes mellitus varies between populations and countries type 2 is becoming an increasing burden for health care professionals.First recorded in 1928, people living with diabetes mellitus (DM) are at a 3-4 times higher risk of developing periodontal disease (PD) than non-diabetics; for those who smoke this risk is up to 10 times. However, many doctors are not aware of this.DM and PD are bidirectionally linked, the one affecting the other and vice versa, although the mechanism is not fully understood and may be linked to chronic infection. PD has an adverse effect on glycaemic control. That improves when periodontitis is successfully controlled.Doctors should consider PD when their patients have persistently high glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, and dentists should consider diabetes or pre-diabetes when they have patients with unstable or progessive periodontitis.Wherever possible, for optimum health outcomes doctors and dentists and their teams need to share results and work together. A traffic light system of red, amber and green for both medical and dental risks is proposed, and a pro forma designed, so that diabetics themselves can share their own results with their professional advisors.Dentists need to find ways to teach their medical colleagues about the basics of PD, update their medical records, and understand more about medical risks. More research is required
Theoretical-strategic conceptions of the values formation process in stomatology students
No full textIntroduction: in this research, by analogy to the definitions of knowledge and skill invariants, the concept of value invariants is defined, it is based on the fact that responsibility, solidarity, industriousness and dignity constitute the value invariants.
Development: a pedagogical strategy for the formation of values in students of the Dentistry career is presented, which consists of five stages and actions in each of them, which is conceived in two dimensions; The first is the teaching, in which, on the basis of the logic and components of the educational teaching process, a hierarchical treatment of values is suggested, on the basis of which is the systematization of the value invariants and, on this, the proposes to address the rest of the values of the social assignment; The second dimension is the extra-teaching dimension, in which the modes of action of the values to be formed in the social activity of the students can be valued in greater richness.
Conclusions: the fact is revealed and argued that responsibility, solidarity and industriousness make up a dialectical triad, which on the axiological level becomes the driving source of the value formation process, while dignity constitutes the cell of said process
Characterization of temporomandibular disorders in climacteric women
No full textIntroduction: Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) affect the function of the stomatognathic system, especially in climacteric women, who present a high susceptibility due to hormonal and psychological factors. This study sought to characterize TMD in climacteric women, identifying signs, symptoms and levels of dysfunction.Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out between September 2022 and January 2023 in office 6 of the Policlínico Docente Universitario Hermanos Ruiz Aboy, in Cuba. A total of 100 women aged 40 to 59 years were included. The participants were evaluated using the Helkimo test, including clinical and psychosocial variables such as muscle pain, joint noises, limitation of mandibular movements and pain perception.Results: 72% of the women presented some degree of TMD, with a higher prevalence in the 45-49 years age range. Joint and muscle pain, together with joint noises, were the most frequent signs. Fifty-six percent of the participants perceived the pain as moderate, while only 6% considered it severe. Most sought professional help, evidencing the need for attention for these disorders.Conclusions: TMDs were highly prevalent in climacteric women, especially in those between 40 and 49 years of age. Pain and functional limitations stood out as the main symptoms. This study reinforces the importance of preventive and educational strategies to improve the quality of life of affected wome
Holistic pediatric dentistry, a comprehensive approach based on natural and traditional medicine
No full textThe procedures of Traditional Natural Medicine have in common the aim of preventing and treating illnesses. This type of medicine is a mixture of all those healing arts that have formed part of the cultural heritage of each nation. Its use dates back to the earliest times when man sought remedies for his ailments in the flora of his habitat. With the aim of describing the main techniques of Natural and Traditional Medicine of interest in paediatric dentistry, a bibliographical consultation of 14 documents in libraries and digital portals was carried out, making use of the most up-to-date information related to the subject. It was concluded that Natural and Traditional Medicine has an important therapeutic application in children from the stomatological point of view, which indicates that the culture of its use in this science should continue to be perfected