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»Dajte otrokom mleka, ne alkohola!«: Protialkoholno gibanje in mladina na Slovenskem do druge svetovne vojne
No full textThe guidelines of the movement against alcoholism – “the human plague” –, with a special emphasis on youth, were laid both theoretically and practically only at the beginning of the 20th century. Educators of youth believed that the new age in the sense of a productive life could only be built by healthy people and by no means by addicts to the world of deviations and immorality – drinkers of alcoholic drinks and drunkards – which is why they declared war on alcohol. After the end of the First World War, the authorities helped the educators with a set of ordinances and circulars. The authorities wanted teachers and catechists to actively engage in the fight against alcoholism among the young. They wanted to influence children and youth both in school (with classes on alcoholism and its disastrous consequences) and outside it (by organizing societies of schoolchildren and high school students – abstainers). Research in the decade before the Second World War showed that, in order to be successful in this temperance work, it was necessary not only to trace and explore the influence of alcohol on the mental and bodily health, but also in order to reduce or eradicate the problem, to change the economic and social system completely. Research also showed that it was schools, organizations for the protection of the young, various societies, as well as the state, the provinces and municipalities that had to be active in organizing protection for the young against alcoholism. Researchers thus put forward the example of parents, which, however, was too often a negative one.Smernice gibanja proti alkoholizmu – »človeški kugi« – s posebnim ozirom na mladino so bile na Slovenskem v teoriji in praksi začrtane šele v začetku 20. stoletja. Vzgojitelji mladine so verjeli, da t. i. novo dobo v smislu produktivnega življenja lahko gradijo le zdravi ljudje in nikakor ne odvisniki od sveta deviacij in nemorale – pivci alkoholnih pijač ali pijanci –, zato so napovedali boj alkoholu. Po končani prvi svetovni vojni so vzgojiteljem z ukazi in okrožnicami na pomoč priskočili tudi organi oblasti, ki so se zavzemali za aktivno sodelovanje učiteljev in katehetov v boju proti alkoholizmu med mladimi. Na otroke in mladino so želeli vplivati v šoli (s poukom o alkoholizmu in njegovih grozovitih posledicah) in tudi izven nje (z organiziranjem društev šolarjev in dijakov abstinentov). Raziskave v desetletju pred drugo svetovno vojno pa so pokazale, da pri »treznostnem« delu ni treba le zasledovati in raziskovati vpliv alkohola na duševno in telesno zdravje, temveč je za odpravo oziroma zmanjšanje obravnavanega problema potrebna korenita sprememba gospodarskega in socialnega sistema. Raziskave so nadalje pokazale, da so v organizaciji zaščite mladine pred alkoholizmom dolžni delovati tako šole, mladinske zaščitne ustanove ter razna društva kot tudi država, banovina in občine. Pri tem so v ospredje postavljali zgled staršev, ki je bil, žal, vse prevečkrat negativen
"Stojimo po vsej verjetnosti pred najstrahotnejšo totalno vojno": Doktrine druge svetovne vojne v pogledih slovenske politike 1939-1941
No full textSlovene politicians addressed the question of military doctrine soon after the start of the new global conflict. Both the Liberal and the Catholic camps believed that the war was total in character; at the same time, they pointed out another key feature of the new military conflict – the Blitzkrieg principle. Both camps, and the Socialist wing of the Marxist camp in particular, stressed the importance of modern military means in the new war. They particularly pointed out the role of the air force, paratroopers, motorized units, naval mines and submarines. Meteorological conditions were likewise considered an important factor in the successful execution of military operations, as well as the dangerous effects of propaganda, psychological warfare and the role of radio in it. The Liberals also advocated the doctrine of all-round support of the civil population towards the armed forces (the army is the nation), while the Socialists warned about warfare whose purpose was to deliberately exhaust the enemy’s economic power and decimate the soldiery in a military conflict. In the years 1939-1941, the Communists addressed the question of military doctrine from the point of view of their revolutionary goals, which included organization, preparation and execution of an armed rebellion and a takeover of power that would be based on guerrilla or partisan-type fighting. This was the ground on which they conducted partisan warfare in the years 1941-1945.Slovenska politika je vprašanje vojaških doktrin začela obravnavati že kmalu po začetku novega svetovnega spopada. V katoliškem in liberalnem taboru so ocenili, da ima vojna totalni značaj, obenem pa so opozorili še na eno ključno značilnost novega vojaškega spopada – načelo bliskovite vojne. Med modernimi vojaškimi sredstvi, na katerih je slonela nova vojna, so v obeh taborih ter v socialističnem delu marksističnega tabora posebej poudarili vlogo letalstva, padalcev, motoriziranih vojaških enot, pomorskih min in podmornic. Opozorili so tudi na pomen vremenskih razmer za uspešno izvajanje vojaških operacij in na nevarne učinke propagandne oziroma psihološke vojne ter vloge radia v njej. Liberalci so zagovarjali še doktrino o vsestranski podpori civilnega prebivalstva oboroženim silam države (armada je narod), socialisti pa so opozorili na vojskovanje, katerega namen je načrtno izčrpavanje nasprotnikovih gospodarskih moči in žive vojaške sile v vojaškem spopadu. Komunisti so v letih 1939–1941 vprašanje vojaških doktrin obravnavali z vidika svojega revolucionarnega cilja, to je organiziranja, priprave in izvedbe oborožene vstaje in prevzema oblasti, ki naj bi slonel na gverilskem oziroma partizanskem načinu bojevanja. Na tej podlagi so tudi vodili vojskovanje partizanskih enot v letih 1941–1945
Enajsta šola. Še nekaj.: Dopolnilo k prispevku "Enajsta šola na Vrhniki - ustanova častitljive starosti, a slabega slovesa. Po sledeh stare kranjske zbadljivke, ki ji je Cankar rešil ime in Vrhniki opral čast" (Zgodovina za vse, let. XV (2008), št. 1, str. 75-93)
No full textDopolnilo k prispevku "Enajsta šola na Vrhniki - ustanova častitljive starosti, a slabega slovesa. Po sledeh stare kranjske zbadljivke, ki ji je Cankar rešil ime in Vrhniki opral čast"
(Zgodovina za vse, let. XV (2008), št. 1, str. 75-93
"Judovski klavci umorili krščansko deklo Estero Sollymossy": Židovski ritualni umor
No full textThe article deals with the murder of the 14-year-old maidservant Ester Sollymossy, which was allegedly perpetrated by Jews, including their rabbi, in Tisza-Eszlar in Hungary. This murder further strengthened the already wide-spread anti- Semitism among the people; the author analysed reports on the incident in the five major Slovene newspapers of the time in order to determine the level of anti-Semitism in Slovenia at the time. From the first short news items that appeared in June 1882, to the end of one of the most resonant trials of the decade in 1883, newspapers featured many short and long articles about the affair; Slovene newspapers, in particular the central Catholic daily Slovenec, did not hide their anti- Jewish orientation.Razprava obravnava umor štirinajstletne dekle Ester Sollymossy, ki naj bi ga leta 1882 zagrešili Judje z rabinom na čelu v Tisza-Eszlaru na Ogrskem. Omenjeni umor je pomagal utrditi že tako razširjeni antisemitizem med ljudstvom, avtorica pa na podlagi poročanja petih večjih tedanjih slovenskih časnikov o dogodku ugotavlja, v kakšnem obsegu je bil prisoten antisemitizem na Slovenskem. Od prvih novičk, ki so se pojavile junija 1882, pa do konca sodnega procesa leta 1883, ki je bil eden najodmevnejših v 80. letih 19. stoletja, so bili časopisi namreč polni krajših ali daljših člankov o aferi, pri tem pa slovensko časopisje, predvsem časnik Slovenec, osrednji politični časnik katoličanov, ni skrivalo svoje protižidovske naravnanosti
»Odkar dobivam Ženski svet ne poznam več malodušnosti«
No full text»Odkar dobivam Ženski svet ne poznam več malodušnosti
Prekmurska gospoda na začetku 20. stoletja
No full textThe article deals with the economic and social situation in Prekmurje at the beginning of the 20th century with a focus on Murska Sobota and its inhabitants. It singles out the social stratum that had the biggest influence on the life of the people of Prekmurje at the beginning of the 20th century. The Prekmurje elites under scrutiny include priests, merchants, craftsmen and Prekmurje Jews.Prispevek obravnava gospodarske in socialne razmere v Prekmurju na začetku 20. stoletja, s posebnim poudarkom na Murski Soboti in njenih prebivalcih. Posebej izpostavlja tisti sloj prebivalstva, ki je imel največji vpliv na življenje prekmurskega človeka na začetku 20. stoletja. V skupini prekmurskih elit obravnava tako duhovnike, trgovce, obrtnike in prekmurske Jude
Ženska na zdravniškem zemljevidu: Položaj in delovanje žensk v medicini s posebnim osvitom na slovensko zdravnico
No full textUntil the Late Middle Ages women worked autonomously as healers and were the only medical support for women (as midwives) and the poorer social strata. However, they completely lost this position in the Early Modern Period. It was only in the second half of the 19th century that women began to enter medical faculties. Gradually, they entered all fields of medicine, so that today there are hardly any medical subspecialties not co-created by women. The main part of the article presents the main characteristics and particularities of the position of women in Slovene medicine over the past 100 years.Do poznega srednjega veka je ženska suvereno opravljala poklic zdraviteljice in bila edina zdravniška pomoč ženskam (babice) in revnejšim slojem prebivalstva. Ta položaj na prelomu v novi vek v celoti izgubi. Šele v drugi polovici 19. stoletja vstopi v medicinske fakultete in se sčasoma vpne v vsa področja medicine, tako da danes praktično ni medicinske specialnosti, ki je ne bi sokreirala tudi ženska. V jedru razprave avtorica prikaže glavne značilnosti in posebnosti položaja žensk v slovenskem zdravništvu zadnjih 100 let
»Očjo al treno!«: Zapleti z dvojezičnostjo ob železniški progi Trst-Poreč in druga odprta narodna vprašanja v Istri na prelomu 19. v 20. stoletje
No full textThe article deals with the problem of national conflict in Istria at the turn of the 19th to the 20th century. Special attention is paid to the complications following the erection of bilingual signs along the Poreč-Trst railway. At a time of severe national tension, the implementation of visible bilingualism was highly insulting to the national sentiment of the Italian population of Trieste and Istria. It led to a resolute response by Italian representatives at the municipal, regional and national levels; its common goal was to prevent a “desecration” of Italian names and of the Italian character of the towns. These events made visible the obvious power of politics and its ability to easily manipulate the common people and, depending on the current interests, trigger or suppress protests and violent clashes.Prispevek predstavlja problematiko mednacionalnih sporov v Istri na prelomu iz 19. v 20. stoletje, posebno pozornost pa namenja zapletom ob postavitvi dvojezičnih napisov ob železniški progi Poreč-Trst. V času ostrih mednacionalnih nasprotij je uveljavitev vidne dvojezičnosti pomenila hudo žalitev nacionalnih čustev italijanskega prebivalstva Trsta in Istre, na kar so se odločno odzvali italijanski predstavniki na občinski, deželni in državni ravni, ter s skupno akcijo želeli preprečiti »oskrumbo« italijanskih imen in italijanskega značaja mest. Ob teh dogodkih je postala očitna moč politike, ki je lahko poljubno manipulirala s preprostim prebivalstvom, ter, v skladu z vsakokratnimi trenutnimi interesi, spodbudila ali zatrla proteste in nasilna obračunavanja
Vesela apokalipsa: Fin-de-siècle na Dunaju
No full textThe capital of the Habsburg Monarchy at the turn of the century was a very interesting place: the capital of the empire was also a fast growing industrial city, a place where poverty and wealth went hand in hand; it witnessed the rise of the new political mass movements and tensions between the monarchy´s nations. Above all, it was a place of a fantastic cultural development and prosperity, carried mainly by the German and liberal-oriented Jewish middle class.Prestolnica habsburške monarhije na predvečer razpada države ponuja izredno pestro sliko: cesarsko mesto je tudi hitro rastoče delavsko mesto, kraj, kjer revščina in bogastvo hodita z roko v roki, je prizorišče vzpona novih množičnih političnih gibanj in izbruhov po celi državi tlečih trenj med narodi monarhije, poleg tega pa je mesto, ki v tem času doživi skoraj nesluten kulturni razcvet, predvsem na krilih nemško in liberalno usmerjenega judovskega meščanstva
»Dajte nam dobrih gospodinj in dober bode svet!«: Gospodinjsko delo na Slovenskem v začetku 20. stoletja in njegova zapuščina
No full textGospodinjsko delo na Slovenskem v začetku 20. stoletja in njegova zapuščin