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P2X7 Receptor: Warburg effect revisited
No full textAbility to adapt to conditions of limited nutrient supply is a key feature of all cells. This may require a complex re-organization of metabolic pathways to balance energy generation and production of biosynthetic intermediates. Several fast-growing cells overexpress the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) for extracellular ATP. A peculiar feature of this receptor is that it allows growth in the absence of serum. We show here that transfection of P2X7R allows proliferation of HEK293 (HEK293-P2X7) cells not only in the absence of serum but also in low (4 mM) glucose and strongly increases lactate output compared to mock-transfected cells (HEK293-mock). In HEK293-P2X7 lactate output is further stimulated upon addition of exogenous ATP or of the mitochondrial uncoupler FCCP. In another tumour cell line constitutively expressing the P2X7R, the human neuroblastoma cell line ACN, lactate output is also dependent on P2X7R function. P2X7R-expressing cells up-regulate a) the glucose transporter Glut-1, b) the glycolytic enzymes glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH), c) pyruvate kinase M2 (PK-M2) and d) pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDHK1), e) increase phosphorylated Akt/PKB (ph- Akt/PKB) and f) the level of intracellular glycogen stores. In HEK293-P2X7 cells glucose deprivation strongly increases lactate production, expression of glycolytic enzymes and ph-Akt/PKB level. These data show that the P2X7R has an intrinsic ability to reprogram cell metabolism to meet the needs imposed by adverse environmental conditions.Ability to adapt to conditions of limited nutrient supply is a key feature of all cells. This may require a complex re-organization of metabolic pathways to balance energy generation and production of biosynthetic intermediates. Several fast-growing cells overexpress the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) for extracellular ATP. A peculiar feature of this receptor is that it allows growth in the absence of serum. We show here that transfection of P2X7R allows proliferation of HEK293 (HEK293-P2X7) cells not only in the absence of serum but also in low (4 mM) glucose and strongly increases lactate output compared to mock-transfected cells (HEK293-mock). In HEK293-P2X7 lactate output is further stimulated upon addition of exogenous ATP or of the mitochondrial uncoupler FCCP. In another tumour cell line constitutively expressing the P2X7R, the human neuroblastoma cell line ACN, lactate output is also dependent on P2X7R function. P2X7R-expressing cells up-regulate a) the glucose transporter Glut-1, b) the glycolytic enzymes glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH), c) pyruvate kinase M2 (PK-M2) and d) pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDHK1), e) increase phosphorylated Akt/PKB (ph- Akt/PKB) and f) the level of intracellular glycogen stores. In HEK293-P2X7 cells glucose deprivation strongly increases lactate production, expression of glycolytic enzymes and ph-Akt/PKB level. These data show that the P2X7R has an intrinsic ability to reprogram cell metabolism to meet the needs imposed by adverse environmental conditions
PAROLE CATTIVE E AZIONI CRIMINOSE. LA SOTTILE LINEA DI CONFINE TRA LIBERTÁ DI ESPRESSIONE E RESPONSABILITÁ PENALE
No full textOpinion crimes are receptive manifestations of critical thought, which consist in merely communicative actions and offend feelings or collective and high-level moral values. The nature of these crimes causes several problems of compatibility with the Constitution and in particularly with article 21, which recognizes to everyone the fundamental freedom of thought. In the same time, opinion crimes violate the main principles of criminal law: because of the abstractness of the values that they hurt, these crimes are not really offensive and their provisions risk to be indefinite; moreover, the mere manifestation of thought is often punished with very strict sanctions, which create a big disproportion between offence and penalty. Focusing on propaganda, apology and instigation, which are a subgroup of opinion crimes, and studying the controversial theme of negationism in a comparative law prospective, this thesis questions itself about the opportunity of conserving this kind of offences in our legal system and tries to find that narrow border line that divides freedom of thought from criminal liability. By the way, our analysis will try to distinguish between words that consist in simple verbal articulations communicative of an idea and words that have an additional factual essence, which can influence someone’s will and can product concrete effects in the surrounding world. After some reflections about the social, political and ethical implications of these offences, our research comes to the conclusion by which the abrogation of opinion crimes is the only way to follow to guarantee the complete respect of the fundamental principles that permeate constitutional and criminal law. On the contrary, the persistence of these provisions in our legal system would prohibit the interchange of opinions, which is the real essence of democracy, and would impose a dominant idea, putting down all the others. The only exception is made for instigation, which is not a real opinion crime because of its peculiar nature. In fact, this specific offence marks the transformation of words in actions and represents a good compromise between the need to guarantee freedom of thought and the necessity to protect other fundamental rights.Opinion crimes are receptive manifestations of critical thought, which consist in merely communicative actions and offend feelings or collective and high-level moral values. The nature of these crimes causes several problems of compatibility with the Constitution and in particularly with article 21, which recognizes to everyone the fundamental freedom of thought. In the same time, opinion crimes violate the main principles of criminal law: because of the abstractness of the values that they hurt, these crimes are not really offensive and their provisions risk to be indefinite; moreover, the mere manifestation of thought is often punished with very strict sanctions, which create a big disproportion between offence and penalty. Focusing on propaganda, apology and instigation, which are a subgroup of opinion crimes, and studying the controversial theme of negationism in a comparative law prospective, this thesis questions itself about the opportunity of conserving this kind of offences in our legal system and tries to find that narrow border line that divides freedom of thought from criminal liability. By the way, our analysis will try to distinguish between words that consist in simple verbal articulations communicative of an idea and words that have an additional factual essence, which can influence someone’s will and can product concrete effects in the surrounding world. After some reflections about the social, political and ethical implications of these offences, our research comes to the conclusion by which the abrogation of opinion crimes is the only way to follow to guarantee the complete respect of the fundamental principles that permeate constitutional and criminal law. On the contrary, the persistence of these provisions in our legal system would prohibit the interchange of opinions, which is the real essence of democracy, and would impose a dominant idea, putting down all the others. The only exception is made for instigation, which is not a real opinion crime because of its peculiar nature. In fact, this specific offence marks the transformation of words in actions and represents a good compromise between the need to guarantee freedom of thought and the necessity to protect other fundamental rights
Averardo Serristori (1497-1569). Ambassadeur et intermédiaire culturel de Côme Ier de Médicis
No full textThis article analyses the role of the Florentine ambassador Averardo Serristori (1497-1569) as a cultural broker. This role has various facets: collaboration in the practice of gift-giving set up by Florence; participation in the formation of the collections of the Florentine princes; help given to Tuscan artists present in Rome. Serristori’s correspondence with Princes Cosimo I and Francesco I de’ Medici shows that he was not a mere executor. On several occasions, he plays an advisory role thanks to his position, his experience and his network of contacts. Serristori thus proved to be an essential intermediary in the relations between Florence and the two supranational powers of the time, the Empire and Papal Rome.Questo articolo analizza il ruolo dell\u27ambasciatore fiorentino Averardo Serristori (1497-1569) come mediatore culturale. Tale ruolo presenta varie sfaccettature: la collaborazione alla pratica del dono istituita da Firenze; la partecipazione alla formazione delle collezioni dei principi fiorentini; l\u27aiuto fornito agli artisti toscani presenti a Roma. La corrispondenza di Serristori con i principi Cosimo I e Francesco I de\u27 Medici dimostra che egli non era un semplice esecutore. In diverse occasioni, svolse un ruolo di consulenza grazie alla sua posizione, alla sua esperienza e alla sua rete di contatti. Serristori si rivelò quindi un intermediario essenziale nei rapporti tra Firenze e le due potenze sovranazionali dell\u27epoca, l\u27Impero e la Roma papale
MAX SCHELER E LE FORME DELLA SIMPATIA
No full textThis study aims to show how Scheler’s phenomenology represents a unique contribution in his times, given the social value of sympathy and its role in understanding the other through an investigation concerning the “laws of meaning of emotional life”. Published in three subsequent editions (1913, 1923, 1926), Wesenund Formen der Sympathie is a “pioneering” work in describing the phenomenology of emotional experiences, and shows, among others, the fundamental objective of developing a “phenomenology of the psychic”, intended to restore cognitive and ethical dignity to the emotional experience
La radice irrazionale dell’Io: La teoria della coscienza di Maimon nel dibattito tra Reinhold e Schulze
No full textThe article aims to present S. Maimon’s theory of consciousness in the light of the context from which it arises: the debate on consciousness between K. L. Reinhold and E. Schulze on the basis of I. Kant’s critical work. As I will show, Maimon considers that the perspective from which transcendental philosophy approaches the problem of consciousness is wrong; the mistake of his contemporaries does not consist in the specific definition of consciousness they offer, but in the same pretension to provide one. Furthermore, an attempt is made to show how this “sceptical” position concerning consciousness is compatible with the systematic project of a transcendental philosophy pursued by Maimon through the method of fiction.
L\u27articolo presenta la teoria della coscienza di S. Maimon a partire dal contesto da cui sorge, ovvero il dibattito sulla coscienza intrapreso da K. L. Reinhold e E. Schulze sulla base dell\u27opera critica di I. Kant. Come si vedrà, Maimon ritiene che la prospettiva da cui la filosofia trascendentale affronta il problema della coscienza sia sbagliata; l\u27errore commesso dai suoi contemporanei non consiste nella specifica definizione della coscienza da essi offerta, ma nella stessa pretesa di poterla fornire. Infine, si cerca di mostrare come questa posizione “scettica” rispetto alla coscienza sia compatibile con il progetto sistematico di una filosofia trascendentale, promosso da Maimon attraverso il metodo delle finzioni
Hegel’s analysis of purpose and resolution in the Science of Logic
No full textOur purpose is to highlight some essential aspects of Hegel’s analysis of what is commonly referred to as “action”. Or to be more precise, our purpose is to examine his analysis of some essential components of what might be termed “the thought of action” – and by this, I mean the “thought of action” that is entailed in action itself, and without which there can be no action at all. The essential components we are talking about are those Hegel deals with in the last chapter of the second section of the third book of his Wissenschaft der Logik.Our purpose is to highlight some essential aspects of Hegel’s analysis of what is commonly referred to as “action”. Or to be more precise, our purpose is to examine his analysis of some essential components of what might be termed “the thought of action” – and by this, I mean the “thought of action” that is entailed in action itself, and without which there can be no action at all. The essential components we are talking about are those Hegel deals with in the last chapter of the second section of the third book of his Wissenschaft der Logik
Un costrutto teorico per guidare il docente nell’attività di riflessione a posteriori sulla propria pratica: analisi di un’esperienza di tirocinio
Get PDFIn this paper we highlight the consequences, within the context of a teacher training course, of a research work carried out in a senior secondary school, aimed at promoting innovative teaching/learning sequences in the subject of algebra. We will focus particularly on one of the main results of the research used to create a theoretical construct to analyse the role of the teacher as a tool for a posteriori reflection on the activities carried out by the trainee teachers who took part in the SSIS course.
In questo lavoro cercheremo di evidenziare le ricadute, nell’ambito della formazione insegnanti, di una ricerca che abbiamo condotto con l’obiettivo di promuovere, nella scuola secondaria superiore, percorsi didattici innovativi di approccio all’insegnamento dell’algebra. In particolare, metteremo in luce l’uso che abbiamo fatto di uno dei principali risultati della nostra ricerca, un costrutto teorico elaborato per l’analisi del ruolo dell’insegnante, come strumento per modellizzare e guidare la riflessione a posteriori condotta da tirocinanti iscritti ai corsi SSIS sulle attività da loro condotte nelle classi durante il periodo di tirocinio.
Presentazione
No full textSi tratta di una breve introduzione ai lavori del convegno, i cui interventi fanno parte di questo econdo modulo del presente numero degli AnnaliSi tratta di una breve introduzione ai lavori del convegno, i cui interventi fanno parte di questo econdo modulo del presente numero degli Annal
Dal mito di Atlantide all’homo faber fortunae suae: l’educazione tra occasioni perdute e istanze emancipative
No full textIl contributo esamina la visione dell’uomo disegnata da due “metafore” ricorrenti, rispettivamente nell’antichità e nella cultura umanistico-rinascimentale: il mito di Atlantide, raccontato da Platone, e ricollegabile ad una produzione pseudo-utopica nel mondo antico; l’idea dell’uomo autore del proprio destino, sviluppata in maniera costante e continua nell’Umanesimo. L’analisi è condotta sullo sfondo del quadro concettuale e metodologico della rivoluzione scientifica: in quale rapporto sta la nuova prospettiva scientifica con la possibilità di emancipare anche il sapere sull’educazione alla dimensione scientifica?Il contributo esamina la visione dell’uomo disegnata da due “metafore” ricorrenti, rispettivamente nell’antichità e nella cultura umanistico-rinascimentale: il mito di Atlantide, raccontato da Platone, e ricollegabile ad una produzione pseudo-utopica nel mondo antico; l’idea dell’uomo autore del proprio destino, sviluppata in maniera costante e continua nell’Umanesimo. L’analisi è condotta sullo sfondo del quadro concettuale e metodologico della rivoluzione scientifica: in quale rapporto sta la nuova prospettiva scientifica con la possibilità di emancipare anche il sapere sull’educazione alla dimensione scientifica