Portail HAL du Collège de France
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Voies de l’ethnolinguistique et de l’anthropologie linguistique américaniste en France : des textes à la performance, de la grammaire aux rituels
No full textInternational audienceThis chapter presents how the research in linguistic anthropology of Indigenous peoples of the Americas developed in France over the course of the 20th century. It follows a chronological approach, from the initial collection of linguistic documentation conducted by Rivet, through the structuralist period and the rise of Amerindian linguistics and ethnolinguistics in the 1970s, to the establishment, from the 1990s onward, of a more pragmatic approach focused on the study of ritual performances. This historical overview is complemented by a more detailed examination of several themes and notions that have been the subject of a number of recent works: evidentiality and epistemic aspects, agency, voice, memory, and writing practices.Ce chapitre présente les principales voies par lesquelles l’anthropologie linguistique des populations amérindiennes s’est développée en France au cours du 20e siècle. Elles sont abordées chronologiquement depuis les premièrescollectes de documentation linguistique menée par Rivet jusqu’à la constitution à partir des années 1990 d’un champ de recherche d’approche plus pragmatique, autour de l’étude des performances rituelles, en passant par le moment structuraliste puis le développement de la linguistique et de l’ethnolinguistique amérindienne dans les années 1970. Cette présentation historique est complétée par un examen plus détaillé de quelques-uns des thèmes et notions ayant fait l’objet d’un certain nombre de travaux récents : les aspects épistémiques, l’agentivité, la voix, la mémoire et les écritures
L’Epistola ad Kolybam di Isacco Argiro. Un’edizione critica
No full textInternational audienceThe article contains a critical edition, with an annotated translation, of Isaak Argyros’ Epistola ad Kolybam, a short text of geometric metrology characterised by a complex textual tradition. The edition is preceded by an outline of the context in which the work was written. Two appendixes contain the metrological excerpts that follow the Epistola ad Kolybam in one of the two branches of the manuscript tradition and the diagrams associated with the work in representative witnesses of these two branches.L’articolo presenta un’edizione critica dell’Epistola ad Kolybam di Isacco Argiro, un breve scritto di metrologia geometrica dalla tradizione manoscritta complessa. L’edizione è accompagnata da un’introduzione che delinea il contesto in cui l’opera fu scritta e da una traduzione annotata. Due appendici contengono gli estratti metrologici che sono accodati all’Epistola ad Kolybam in uno dei due rami della tradizione e i diagrammi associati all’opera in un testimone rappresentativo di ognuno dei due rami
Rewriting mathematical and astronomical treatises
No full textInternational audienceThis chapter provides a detailed typology of the different manners of rewriting scientific treatises, distinguishing several methods: 1) Blind rewriting, where ancient Greek works, or portions of them, were not, or believed not to be, transmitted by the manuscript tradition; 2) Radical rewriting, which transformed a text’s “technical content” and sometimes, its form, while preserving the original structure and purpose; 3) Recensions, which introduced various modifications in the text of a received work; 4) Meta-recensions, which denote manuscripts purposely comprising only recensions; 5) Translations and adaptations; 6) Commentaries, which were written according to inflationary strategies with an overwhelming verbosity where the original work was read in fragments, extensively paraphrased, but almost fully quoted word for word; 7) Patchworks or collections of extracts drawn from diverse sources; 8) Authorial rewritings; and 9) Appropriations and radical appropriations (or ‘plagiarism’)
Bön Bibliography
No full texthttps://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195393521/obo-9780195393521-0291.xml?rskey=jfYKsD&result=2&q=Achard#firstMatc
Shaping an Ideal Dwelling for Modern Japan: Individual Taste in the Establishment of the Tea House as a Model during the Taishō Period
No full textInternational audienceDuring the Taishō period (1912-1926), housing became a significant topic in architecture with the profound changes due to the rise of modern lifestyles, techniques, materials and values. These developments fuelled reflections on an “ideal dwelling”. Two distinct trends can be observed: between 1913 and 1918, some architects presented an improved Japanese house as this ideal, while between 1919 and 1922, theoreticians defined an ideal dwelling based on the Western architecture. In both cases, the question of taste played a central role. While advocates of Western architecture emphasised the expression of individual taste, proponents of Japanese architecture saw themselves as inheritors of pre-modern taste, which they defined through arts originating in the medieval period. Among them, the way of tea and its architecture - the tea house - became a model for modern Japanese houses. Nevertheless, their reflections continued to address the role of individual and personal preferences.This study examines the significance of individual taste in the discourse of architects who established a Japanese ideal dwelling based on the tea house. The analysis focuses on writings published during the Taishō period and early Shōwa years (1926-1939), particularly by Yasuoka Katsuya (1877-1942), Fujii Kōji (1888-1938) and Horiguchi Sutemi (1895-1984). While the first two architects conceptualised an ideal dwelling based on the tea house, Horiguchi undertook an in-depth examination on the concept of taste and the tea architecture while contributing to housing debates.During this period, the tea house evolved from a concrete model defined by specific architectural features into an abstract model freed from precise architectural forms. In their reflections on an ideal dwelling, architects encouraged the development of individual taste while defining its expression. Then, from the 1920's, the tea house reference became increasingly abstract and theoretical, establishing principles that can be applied in various types of dwellings, thus creating an expression framework for the individual preferences. This study underscores how the expression of the individual's taste is allowed in the use of the tea architecture and its taste as a model for a Japanese ideal dwelling, thanks to the conceptualisation of the principles of the tea house
D’une ethnographie in situ chez les pasteurs de Mongolie-Intérieure à une ethnographie à distance sur WeChat : pratiques et enjeux d’un terrain chinois multi-situé
No full textInternational audienceLa fermeture prolongée des frontières chinoises a mis provisoirement fin à la pratique du terrain, jusqu’alors fondement de la démarche anthropologique, et engendré de nombreux questionnements quant à la possibilité d’enquêter en Chine sans s’y trouver. Dès lors, comment et par quels moyens appréhender le passage d’une ethnographie in situ à une ethnographie à distance ? À partir de deux exemples d’ethnographies menées partiellement en ligne auprès de populations minoritaires de Mongolie-Intérieure au moyen de l’application de messagerie Weixin, cette contribution examine la manière dont cet outil numérique confronte l’anthropologue et les informateurs à une nouvelle « épreuve ethnographique » (Bensa & Fassin, 2008). Il s’agit plus précisément de s’interroger non seulement sur la façon inédite de travailler avec de nouveaux supports numériques mais aussi sur les remises en question d’ordre méthodologiques et éthiques qu’implique ce nouveau terrain digital. On réfléchit enfin aux différents repositionnements de l’enquêteur et de l’enquêté afin de repenser le travail de réflexivité et de décentrement
Bridging the gap between physics and biology of hearing: timing and amplification
No full textIn mammals, the exquisite sensitivity and frequency selectivity of sound analysis rests on properly timed cycle-by-cycle feedback that compensates for friction and tunes the mechanical resonances of the auditory sensory organ. This feedback must operate at the highest audible frequencies, more than 100 kHz in some species, a feat given that it relies upon voltage-driven conformation changes of a protein called prestin, which forms an array along the lateral membrane of outer hair cell endowing them with electromotility. In the first place, the voltage that actuates prestin results from mechanotransduction of sound induced vibrations by a mechanosensitive protein complex hosted in hair cell microvilli called stereocilia, whose nanometric deflections must ensure ion channel activation within microseconds. Many molecular assembles and configurations allowing mechanosensitive detection to be pushed to such physical scales in terms of displacement and time, a unique requirement of hearing among mechanosensory systems, are still under active investigations
GW250114: Testing Hawking’s Area Law and the Kerr Nature of Black Holes
No full textInternational audienceThe gravitational-wave signal GW250114 was observed by the two LIGO detectors with a network matched-filter signal-to-noise ratio of 80. The signal was emitted by the coalescence of two black holes with near-equal masses m_{1}=33.6_{-0.8}^{+1.2}M_{⊙} and m_{2}=32.2_{-1.3}^{+0.8}M_{⊙}, and small spins χ_{1,2}≤0.26 (90% credibility) and negligible eccentricity e≤0.03. Postmerger data excluding the peak region are consistent with the dominant quadrupolar (ℓ=|m|=2) mode of a Kerr black hole and its first overtone. We constrain the modes' frequencies to ±30% of the Kerr spectrum, providing a test of the remnant's Kerr nature. We also examine Hawking's area law, also known as the second law of black hole mechanics, which states that the total area of the black hole event horizons cannot decrease with time. A range of analyses that exclude up to five of the strongest merger cycles confirm that the remnant area is larger than the sum of the initial areas to high credibility
“Sois sage, ô ma Douleur”. Exhortation et conscience de soi du sujet poétique baudelairien
No full textInternational audienceCet article propose d’étudier les formes et les enjeux de l’exhortation de soi dans Les Fleurs du mal. Le recueil contient de nombreuses apostrophes à soi-même, dont le référent énonciatif est tantôt une partie du corps du sujetpoétique, tantôt une dimension de son intériorité. L’analyse de ces différents types d’exhortation permet de les interpréter comme une revendication de la nécessité de la conscience de soi, fondement ambivalent et indispensable de la création poétique baudelairienne
Bridging Educational Theories of Cognitive Load to Visualization Design and Evaluation
No full textInternational audienceWe explore the validity and applicability of educational and cognitive science theoretical frameworks for designing and evaluating data visualizations. Specifically, we are interested in using well-known frameworks from other domains to learn about how the subjective readability of a visualization relates to the perceived cognitive load required to acquire knowledge from it.To that end, we conducted an online randomized study in which each participant performed learning tasks on two different data visualizations. One was presented in three successive parts, following the segmenting principle from the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning, and the other was presented as a single image. Although most learners preferred the segmented style, this treatment did not significantly affect the overall mental effort they reported. Subjective measures of extraneous cognitive load, however, significantly and negatively correlated with visualizations' perceived readability measures.In other words, if a learner found a visualization more readable, they felt it required less mental effort to parse relevant information from it for learning. In addition to a qualitative analysis of learners' preferences, we also contribute an interdisciplinary perspective on cognitive processing of visualizations and a discussion of implications for designing and evaluating data visualizations beyond educational contexts