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Золотой браслет с расширенными концами с Самбийского полуострова: происхождение и датировка
No full textInternational audienceIn 2021, east of the village of Cherepanovo in the Kaliningrad region, a local resident discovered a gold brace-let with flared ends. The bracelet is made of a round rod with a diameter in the middle part of approx. 0,6 cm andends with a diameter of approx. 1,3 cm. Weight — 151,38 g. The original dimensions of the bracelet are approx.8,2 × 7,4 cm. This item belongs to the category of so-called royal bracelets of the Late Roman and Early MedievalPeriod. These bracelets, well known among the Germans, were an accessory to a man’s costume, although there areexceptions. They were a symbol of royal/princely dignity, which is well illustrated by the bracelet from the tomb ofthe Frankish king Childeric, buried in 482 in Tournai (modern Belgium). The origin of these bracelets is associatedwith the Middle East. The earliest bracelets of this type are attested in the territory of modern Pakistan, Afghanistanand Uzbekistan in the 1st cen. AD. These bracelets apparently came to Europe with one of the waves of migration ofCentral Asian nomads as a prestigious piece of attire. Having appeared with the eastern nomads, in Roman timesgold bracelets with widened ends spread in the Pontic region in Roman times and among the Sarmatians in the ste-ppes of Eastern Europe. In Late Roman Period, gold bracelets with widened ends appeared among the Germans andbecame part of the prestigious princely attire. Subsequently, gold bracelets with widened ends are well known forprivileged graves of the Great Migration Period. There are two points of view regarding the dating and origin of thegold bracelet from Sambia: 1 — the bracelet belongs to the Great Migration Period; 2 — the bracelet dates back to theLate Roman Period and is comparable to the “princely” jewelry of Central Europe. The bracelet from Cherepanovoitself does not provide information that would allow us to judge its date and possible origin. Therefore, it is necessaryto take into account indirect circumstances, which, as it seems, rather indicate a Scandinavian origin of the braceletand its dating to the Great Migration Period. The geographical distribution of gold bracelets with widened ends isindicative — about half of all European finds come from the Circum-Baltic region, with the majority coming fromthe Baltic Sea islands — Gotland, Öland, Funen. These bracelets could only be made from Roman gold coins, therewere no other sources of gold here. At the same time, the main influx of solidi into the Baltic falls on the second halfof the 5th cen. It is logical to assume that the majority of rather massive gold bracelets with widened ends in Scandi-navia and in the Circum-Baltic region as a whole, which do not have an absolute chronological reference, belong tothe era of the arrival of the largest amount of gold in the form of solidi. Probably, this conclusion can be extended tothe Sambian find
Disposition des médecins généralistes à déléguer des tâches : les incitations financières peuvent-elles compenser l'aversion au risque ?
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Industries with more motivated workers are more likely to be productive.Motivations is argued to have an impact on risk-taking behaviours. In the healthcare sector, there are at least three agents interacting in the production of health: an Insurer (NHI), professionals and patients. The NHI may want to modify the behaviour of the professionals towards patients by nudging them into delegating tasks to another professional. In the context of decreasing medical density and unequal distribution of General practitioners (GPs), France, as other many countries, has decided to promote vertical integration between healthcare professionals combined with tasks delegation. Yet, the latter can be particularly costly when fee-for-service (FFS) is the dominant payment scheme and raises question concerning the quality of healthcare services provided to patients. The propensity of GPs to delegate tasks depends on their risk-aversion towards patients’ health. In this paper, we study whether financial incentives can alter the negative effect of risk-aversion on GPs’ willingness to delegate tasks. To our knowledge, the literature dealing with the determinants of tasks delegation from GPs to paramedics in the usual context of private practices is relatively scarce, especially in the French case. We contribute tothis literature by studying the impact of GPs’ risk aversion and its interaction with cost sharing due to delegation supported by GPs on their likelihood to delegate tasks to nurses.Methods: Using data from the second French national representative panel of self employed GPs, set up in 2010-2012 by the Ministry of Health (the French DREES), with 2,000 GPs at inclusion, this paper tests whether reducing costs supported by GPs when cooperating with nurses might help increase their preference for tasks shifting. We implement a quasi-experimental design wherein GPs are randomly selected to form three groups of equal size. Each of them was exposed to a different funding scheme when declaring their willingness to delegate tasks to nurses: Fully Funded (FF) by the social security administration, self-funded by GPs’ revenues (Self-Funded, SF) and half-funded by both the social security administration and GPs revenues (Half-Funded, HF). We estimate the effect of financial incentives, risk aversion and their interaction on GPs’ willingness to delegate tasks to nurses using a probit model controlling for age, gender, rural/urban area, GP density. Results: We find that, first, GPs are more likely to favour tasks delegation when they share a lower proportion of the cost of working with nurses. Second, GPs who are more risk averse in patients’ health are less likely to delegate tasks to nurses. Third, the interaction between financial incentives and risk-aversion (for patient health) does not significantly impact GPs’ likelihood to delegate tasks to nurses. Conclusion: This study shows that financial incentives cannot bypass the negative impact of GPs’ risk-aversion on their propensity to tasks shifting. Enhancing tasks delegation should not only rely on financial incentives, which could reveal to be not efficient.Contexte : Les secteurs d’activité où les travailleurs sont les plus motivés sont les plus susceptibles d’être productifs. On estime que les motivations ont un impact sur les comportements à risque. Dans le secteur de la santé, au moins trois agents interagissent dans la production dela santé : un assureur (l’assurance maladie), les professionnels et les patients. L’assurancemaladie peut vouloir modifier le comportement des professionnels envers les patients en les incitant à déléguer des tâches à un autre professionnel. Dans un contexte de diminution de ladensité médicale et d’inégale répartition des médecins généralistes (MG), la France, comme de nombreux autres pays, a décidé de promouvoir l’intégration verticale entre professionnelsde santé combinée à la délégation de tâches. Or, cette dernière peut être particulièrementcoûteuse lorsque le paiement à l’acte (FFS) est le système de paiement dominant et soulèvedes questions concernant la qualité des services de santé fournis aux patients. La propension des MG à déléguer des tâches dépend de leur aversion au risque envers la santé des patients.Dans cet article, nous étudions si les incitations financières peuvent modifier l’effet négatifde l’aversion au risque sur la volonté des MG à déléguer des tâches. À notre connaissance,la littérature traitant des déterminants de la délégation de tâches des MG aux paramédicaux dans le contexte habituel des cabinets libéraux est relativement rare, en particulier dans le casfrançais. Nous contribuons à cette littérature en étudiant l’impact de l’aversion au risque des MG et son interaction avec le partage des coûts dû à la délégation soutenue par les MG sur leur probabilité de déléguer des tâches aux infirmières. Méthodes : À partir des données du deuxième panel national représentatif de médecins généralistes libéraux français, mis en place en 2010-2012 par le ministère de la Santé (la DREES),avec 2 000 MG à l’inclusion, cet article teste si la réduction des coûts supportés par les MG lorsde la coopération avec les infirmières pourrait contribuer à accroître leur préférence pour la délégation de tâches. Nous mettons en oeuvre un dispositif quasi-expérimental dans lequel les MG sont sélectionnés aléatoirement pour former trois groupes de taille égale. Chacun d’entre eux a été exposé à un système de financement différent lors de la déclaration de sa volontéde déléguer des tâches aux infirmières : entièrement financé (FF) par l’administration de lasécurité sociale, autofinancé par les revenus des médecins généralistes (SF) et à moitié financé par l’administration de la sécurité sociale et les revenus des médecins généralistes (HF). Nous estimons l’effet des incitations financières, de l’aversion au risque et de leur interaction sur lavolonté des médecins généralistes de déléguer des tâches aux infirmières en utilisant un modèle probit contrôlant l’âge, le sexe, la zone rurale/urbaine, la densité de médecins généralistes. Résultats : Nous constatons que, premièrement, les médecins généralistes sont plus susceptibles de favoriser la délégation de tâches lorsqu’ils partagent une proportion plus faible du coût de travail avec les infirmières. Deuxièmement, les médecins généralistes qui sont plusréticents au risque pour la santé des patients sont moins susceptibles de déléguer des tâches aux infirmières. Troisièmement, l’interaction entre les incitations financières et l’aversion au risque (pour la santé des patients) n’a pas d’impact significatif sur la probabilité des médecins généralistes de déléguer des tâches aux infirmières.Conclusion : Cette étude montre que les incitations financières ne peuvent pas contournerl’impact négatif de l’aversion au risque des médecins généralistes sur leur propension à déléguer des tâches. L’amélioration de la délégation de tâches ne devrait pas s’appuyer uniquement sur des incitations financières, qui pourraient s’avérer inefficaces
Un esprit tutélaire majeur du panthéon Shang : le culte de Yi Yin entre 1250 et 1045 avant notre ère
No full textInternational audienceThe thirteenth and twelfth centuries BCE oracle-bone inscriptions reveal that Yi Yin, later depicted by the literate tradition as the minister of Cheng Tang, was one of the main tutelary spirits venerated by the Shang. In this article, we provide a portrait of Yi Yin during the final phase of the dynasty, on the basis of 245 oracle-bone inscriptions which mention him. After identifying the fifteen or so different names that Yi Yin was then likely to bear, the major stages in the evolution of his cult are retraced, from the time of King Wu Ding to the reigns of Wu Yi and Wen Ding, i.e., between the mid-thirteenth and the late twelfth centuries BCE. Finally, we consider the various hypotheses which may shed light on the prominent place granted to Yi Yin, and show that his inclusion in the pantheon was certainly intended to enhance the prestige of the royal lineage.Les inscriptions oraculaires des treizième et douzième siècles avant notre ère révèlent que Yi Yin, que la tradition lettrée dépeignit ultérieurement comme le ministre de Cheng Tang, fut l’un des principaux esprits tutélaires vénérés par les Shang. Nous dressons ici le portrait de la figure de Yi Yin durant la phase finale de la dynastie, à partir d’un ensemble constitué de 245 pièces oraculaires qui le mentionnent. Après avoir identifié la quinzaine d’appellations que Yi Yin pouvait alors porter, nous retraçons les étapes majeures de l’évolution de son culte, du temps du roi Wu Ding jusqu’aux règnes de Wu Yi et Wen Ding, soit entre le milieu du treizième siècle et la fin du douzième siècle avant notre ère. Enfin, nous discutons les diverses hypothèses susceptibles d’éclairer la place éminente accordée à Yi Yin, puis montrons que son intégration au sein du panthéon visait certainement à renforcer le prestige de la lignée royale.作為傳世文獻中記載的成湯重臣之一，伊尹是公元前十三至十二世紀間負責守護商王朝的重要神祖，因其地位與貢獻而深受當時商人的崇敬。本文基於 245 片甲骨卜辭，描繪並分析了伊尹在商朝末期的形象。我們首先梳理了伊尹大約十五種不同的稱號，並追踪商人對其祭拜活動的演變過程，涵蓋從武丁到文丁三個不同時期。最後，本文還討論了伊尹在商朝宗教制度中的身份問題，並藉由祂進入神祇體系的過程指出伊尹的崇高地位旨在提升王族的威望與權勢
L'émergie est-elle vraiment une théorie de la valeur ?
No full textlthough Odum is often viewed as a foundational figure in ecological economics, he is also widely regarded as the epitome of absolute energy reductionism and a strong proponent of an energetic theory of value. In this article, we challenge this view by discussing emergy analysis. We aim to complexify the epistemological and political reception of Odum's work to delve deeper into the philosophical issues raised by the articulation of ecology and economics. We argue that emergy is not as reductionist as commonly perceived. Emergy is neither constructed nor used as an energetic theory of value. Moreover, it permits operationalizing the notion of ecologically unequal exchange, indicating that Odum's approach cannot be reduced merely to an engineering perspective focused on optimal environmental contro
Imperial Territorial Data Before the Age of Print: ‘Illustrated Guidelines’ as Local Repositories for Knowing the Chinese Empire
No full textInternational audienc
Exploring induction heating catalysis with nano-indium on silica: From room-temperature to thermal synthesis of 1,3-dioxolane as a new sustainable fertilizer enhancer
No full textInternational audiencePolyol acetalization by heterogeneous catalysis presents a promising route for producing high-value derivatives that can serve as potential adjuvants for sustainable fertilizer management. However, the environmentally friendly and selective conversion of polyols obtained as wastes in other processes (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol) in stable products with high-yield remains a significant challenge. In this study, we present, for the first time, an indium nanoparticle system deposited on SiO₂ (In/SiO₂ ) as a highly efficient catalyst for the synthesis of 1,3-dioxolanes. We are also reporting here for the first time In/SiO 2 engineered into the Induction Heating Catalysis system. This innovative approach eliminates the need for strong acids or organic co-solvents. The In/SiO₂ catalyst demonstrated sufficient activity even at room temperature. We investigate the effects of In nanoparticle (NPs) concentration and carrier porosity on catalytic activity, characterizing the catalyst using EDXRF, XPS, XRD, BET, TPM, and TEM techniques. The reaction mechanism, elucidated through TOF-SIMS analysis, reveals a dual synergistic activation between indium and silica, facilitating the acetalization. The kinetic analysis identified a second-order kinetic model as the best fit, with the reaction occurring in the kinetic region.The catalyst with In NPs deposited on granulated silica limits leaching and enables the production of high-purity products. We also explored the PervapTM 4100HF polymer membrane to remove water from post-reaction mixtures, favorably altering the reaction equilibrium. Additionally, cyclic ketals were tested as fertilizer adjuvants to improve maize yields, showing the potential to reduce fertilizer usage by up to 50% without compromising crop productivity.</p
On inertial forces (indirect terms) in problems with a central body
No full textInternational audienceGravitational systems in astrophysics often comprise a body – the primary – that far outweights the others, and which is taken as the centre of the reference frame. A fictitious acceleration, also known as the indirect term, must therefore be added to all other bodies in the system to compensate for the absence of motion of the primary. In this Research Note, we first stress that there is not one indirect term but as many indirect terms as there are bodies in the system that exert a gravitational pull on the primary. For instance, in the case of a protoplanetary disc with two planets, there are three indirect terms: one arising from the whole disc, and one per planet. We also highlight that the direct and indirect gravitational accelerations should be treated in a balanced way: the indirect term from one body should be applied to the other bodies in the system that feel its direct gravitational acceleration, and only to them. We point to situations where one of those terms is usually neglected however, which may lead to spurious results. These ideas are developed here for star-disc-planets interactions, for which we propose a recipe for the force to be applied onto a migrating planet, but they can easily be generalized to other astrophysical systems
Revue d'Etudes Tibétaines, no. 78, Juin 2025
No full textProduction du no. 78 de la Revue d'Etudes Tibétaine
L’exotisme et son double. Contrat de lecture et ironie dans Éloge de l’ombre et L’Empire des signes
No full textInternational audienceOn pourrait définir a minima l'exotisme comme une propension à hypostasier et à déshistoriciser. Enfermé dans ses traditions supposément « ancestrales » et son absolue étrangeté, l'Autre échappe au cours du temps comme au flux des échanges ou aux hybridations. Les deux célèbres essais de Tanizaki Jun.ichirō -Éloge de l'ombre (In.ei raisan, 1933 1 ) -et de Roland Barthes -L'Empire des signes (1970) -constituent un exemple frappant de ce type de discours culturaliste, et sont fréquemment mentionnés par tous ceux qui aiment à réifier l'esthétique et la métaphysique japonaises en les réduisant à quelques notions clés (l'ombre, le signe vide, l'asymétrie, etc.). Mais les dérives auxquelles ils invitent ne sont pas les seuls points communs qui rapprochent ces deux essais. Barthes et Tanizaki ont tous deux réussi à trouver un juste équilibre entre expression théorique et poétique, décelant des résonances inattendues dans des objets anodins, voire triviaux, avançant semblablement par induction, attention aux détails, touches fragmentaires et successives
