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The developing morphology of the hominin ilium: preliminary morphometric results
No full textInternational audienceThe human ilium plays an essential role in weight bearing, locomotion, and providing support for the body. The study of its ontogenesis offers valuable insights into both skeletal development and the evolutionary history of the human pelvis. Moreover, the comprehension of its developmental process, which is influenced by both genetic and epigenetic factors, is crucial for understanding the adult form and function. Among species, the ilium of Homo sapiens and Neanderthals show significant differences in their adult morphologies as well, reflecting plesiomorphic, autapomorphic, and functional modifications. The ontogenetic trajectories of these two species are thought to differ, with Neanderthal infants appearing to have reached skeletal maturity faster than humans. Here, we analyze the external morphology of the ilium using Geometric Morphometrics (GM) to analyze its developmental pattern and to assess the differences between recent Homo sapiens (RH) and Homo neanderthalensis (HN). Statistical analyses were performed in R. The sample is composed of 28 ilia from the modern collection of the University of Bologna [1], divided into three age classes (0-1 year; 1-5 years; 5-11 years). The fossil sample comprised the well-preserved juvenile ilia of Mezmayskaia 1 (MZ1) [2] and Le Moustier 2 (LM2) [3], and the restored ilium of Amud 7 [4]. Shape space Principal Component Analysis (PCA) shows that the first three PCs explain 55.9% of the total variance. Most of the variance is explained by PC1 (28.2%), which is strongly correlated with size (r=76%, p=<0.001), hence representing an allometric model of ontogenetic morphological modifications of the modern human ilium. PC2 and PC3 explain 16.4% and 10.7%, respectively, of the variance. ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests reveal significant differences along PC1 (p=0.001) and PC3 (p=0.01), with significant differences between the Neanderthal and Sapiens individuals in each age class only along PC3 scores. No significant differences are present between contiguous age classes. Negative values along PC1 describe individuals whose ilia show a weakly developed anterior and posterior superior iliac spine, greater sciatic notch, and iliac crest curvature, i.e., younger individuals. PC1 positive values depict ilia with a more defined anterior and posterior superior iliac spine, greater sciatic notch, and a well-developed iliac crest curvature, i.e., older individuals. The acetabulum is more concave and defined in older individuals. PC2 scores describe ilia whose superior-inferior length is greater than the antero-posterior length (positive scores), while this difference is reduced in younger individuals (more negative values). PC3 scores describe differences linked to the development of the iliac crest curvature. Along PC1, the fossil individuals fall in the middle of the variability of modern humans, towards more positive values. When PC2 and PC3 are considered, the fossils plot outside modern human variation, with MZ1 distant from the modern human cluster. Morphological differences between modern humans and Neanderthal individuals are mainly related to the curvature of the iliac crest, and a slightly different orientation in the acetabular area, i.e., more postero-lateral oriented in HN. The more posterolateral orientation of the acetabulum has been described by several studies [5] in individuals of different ages. This particular morphology has been described also in adult Neanderthal individuals and has been interpreted as linked to differences in locomotor biomechanics [5].These preliminary results add knowledge to the growing corpus of literature on the development of the hominin pelvis. Future analyses will focus on increasing the fossil and comparison sample and including the other coxal bones.We would like to thank prof. Bruno Maureille and the Musée national de Préhistoire for Le Moustier 2, which is part of its collections. This work is funded by the European Union under the Horizon Europe research and innovation program – Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, HORIZON-TMA-MSCA-PF-GF n.101108385-RISEN granted to C.F. References: [1] Belcastro, M.G., Bonfiglioli, B., Pedrosi, M.E., Zuppello, M., Tanganelli, V., Mariotti, V., 2017. The History and Composition of the Identified Human Skeletal Collection of the Certosa Cemetery (Bologna, Italy, 19th–20th Century). International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 27, 912–925. [2] Weaver, T.D., Coqueugniot, H., Golovanova, L.V., Doronichev, V.B., Maureille, B., Hublin, J.-J., 2016. Neonatal postcrania from Mezmaiskaya, Russia, and Le Moustier, France, and the development of Neandertal body form. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113, 6472–6477. [3] Maureille, B., 2002. A lost Neanderthal neonate found. Nature. 419, 33–34. [4] Rak, Y., Kimbel, W.H., Hovers, E., 1994. A Neandertal infant from Amud Cave, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution. 26, 313–324. [5] Gicqueau, A., Schuh, A., Henrion, J., Viola, B., Partiot, C., Guillon, M., Golovanova, L., Doronichev, V., Gunz, P., Hublin, J.-J., Maureille, B., 2023. Anatomically modern human in the Châtelperronian hominin collection from the Grotte du Renne (Arcy-sur-Cure, Northeast France). Scientific Reports. 13, 12682
Distinguer le grain de l’ivraie : critiquer et corriger les « discours vulgaires » au tournant du 18e siècle
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Lieux d'images, lieux de culte : les chapelles domestiques du Minyak
No full textFocusing on six painted shrines from Minyak - a region in the easternmost fringes of Tibet - this dissertation follows two directions. First, it introduces, contextualises and describes a unique corpus, the study of which is of primary importance due to its state of disrepair. Second, it attempts to interpret these shrines' overwhelming décor. This investigation scrutinises the con-tent of paintings, together with their formal characteristics and the way both are entangled into a constellation of images, acts, places and objects. Based on this specific case, this inquiry moves on to address the way art history usually engages with Tibetan images.Ce travail étudie six chapelles peintes du Minyak, une région des marges orientales du Tibet. La première partie présente ce corpus en décrivant les peintures murales et leur contexte de création. La plupart de ces chapelles familiales se situant dans des habitations, cette introduction esquisse les questions soulevées par la présence d'images dans l'espace domestique tibétain. La seconde partie de cette dissertation propose une interprétation du décor des chapelles. Interrogeant les questions de lisibilité et de visibilité, d'erreur, la relation entre lieu et images et la planification des décors peints, cette analyse permet également d'aborder la manière dont les images tibétaines sont traitées dans les études d'histoire de l'art
Compact and high excitation molecular clumps in the extended ultraviolet disk of M83
No full textInternational audienceContext. The extended ultraviolet (XUV) disks of nearby galaxies show ongoing massive-star formation, but their parental molecular clouds remain mostly undetected despite searches in CO(1–0) and CO(2–1). The recent detection of 23 clouds in the higher excitation transition CO(3–2) within the XUV disk of M83 thus requires an explanation.Aims. We test the hypothesis introduced to explain the non-detections and recent detection simultaneously: The clouds in XUV disks have a clump-envelope structure similar to those in Galactic star-forming clouds, having dense star-forming clumps (or concentrations of multiple clumps) at their centers, which predominantly contribute to the CO(3–2) emission and are surrounded by less dense envelopes, where CO molecules are photo-dissociated due to the low-metallicity environment there.Methods. We utilize new high-resolution ALMA CO(3–2) observations of a subset (11) of the 23 clouds in the XUV disk of M83.Results. We confirm the compactness of the CO(3–2)-emitting dense clumps (or their concentrations), finding clump diameters below the spatial resolution of 6–9 pc. This is similar to the size of the dense gas region in the Orion A molecular cloud, a local star-forming cloud with massive-star formation.Conclusions. The dense star-forming clumps are common between normal and XUV disks. This may also indicate that once the cloud structure is set, the process of star formation is governed by the cloud’s internal physics rather than by external triggers. This simple model explains the current observations of clouds with ongoing massive-star formation, although it may require some adjustment, for example including the effect of cloud evolution, to describe star formation in molecular clouds more generally
Jacques Cujas, la fabrique d’un « grand juriste »
No full textInternational audienceL'étude du droit est un savoir pratique où l'autorité personnelle a beaucoup de poids : le droit tend à construire des figures exemplaires dont les opinions « font jurisprudence ». L'autorité de certains « grands » juristes traverse même les siècles. Jacques Cujas (1522-1590) s'inscrit dans cette catégorie. Découvreur de sources du droit romain que l'on croyait perdues, lecteur avisé capable de donner une nouvelle profondeur à l'interprétation du Corpus iuris civilis de Justinien, enseignant charismatique apte à susciter des vocations : si ses mérites sont connus, on s'est encore peu interrogé sur les raisons et les voies qui ont fait de lui un « grand juriste ».C'est à cette question que répondent les études de ce volume, examinant la postérité de Cujas en France et en Europe, à travers les ouvrages de droit, mais aussi la statuaire publique et la littérature, où Cujas devient l'incarnation (parfois grotesque) de la science juridique. Cet ouvrage, issu d'un colloque organisé au Collège de France à l'occasion du cinquième centenaire de la naissance de Cujas, montre comment la science du droit sort parfois de sa sphère et devient patrimoine commun
Itō Masaaki 伊藤昌亮, Enjō shakai o kangaeru : jishuku keisatsu kara kyanseru karuchā made 炎上社会を考える – 自粛警察からキャンセルカルチャーまで (Penser la société du dénigrement : des polices d’auto-contrôle à la cancel culture)
No full textInternational audienceIn this book, published in June 2022, sociologist Itō Masaaki explores the phenomenon of online disparagement movements (or campaigns), which have marked Japanese society for the past fifteen years.Dans ce livre publié en juin 2022, le sociologue Itō Masaaki développe une réflexion sur le phénomène des mouvements (ou campagnes) de dénigrement en ligne, qui marque la société japonaise depuis une quinzaine d’années