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« L'enseignement du Coran et de ses lectures du XIIe au XVe siècle : le rôle du Ḥirz al-Amānī d'Abū-l-Qāsim al-Šāṭibī (m. 590/1194)».
No full textThe Qur'anic textual variants (qirā'āt) are part of the History of the Qur'ān transmission. Since the first centuries of Islam, handbooks were written to allow the preservation of these variants.From the 11th/12th century, we note the outcoming of handbooks and learning programs about qirā'āt. Since then, their transmission has been exclusively through these handbooks that must be learnt by heart. The Andalusia specialist of this discipline, Abū-l-Qāsim al-Shāṭibī (d. 590/1194), is one of the main protagonists of this movement. His didactic poem Ḥirz al-amānī achieved great success and became a bestseller among qirāʾāt teaching handbooks in the whole Islamic world. This poem serves as the essential manual for teaching qirāʾāt to this day, thereby eliminating the variants contained in other treatises that Muslim tradition today considers as non-canonical.I will attempt to demonstrate the central role of this handbook in the standardization of the qur'ānic textual variants and to understand the mechanism of transmission of this kind of literature since its writing in the 12th century to the 15th century.The study of the poem will allow us to highlight the ingenious methodology used by al-Shaṭibī to legitimize the Seven Readings in accordance with the versions that he chooses.Moreover, we will explore other reasons for the success of the handbook by studying the historical and sociological context of its composition and “mise en concurrence“ with other handbooks in circulation at this time. Finally, we will explore the functions and the uses of this manual through a codicological analysis of a corpus of Ḥirz al-amānī manuscripts. The abundance of marginal notes, reading certificates (samā'āt) and teaching authorizations (Ijāzāt) gives us precious information about the learning and teaching process and are witnesses of the kind of transmission in the qur'anic field.Les variantes de lecture (qirā'āt) du texte coranique font partie de l'histoire de la transmission du Coran. Dès les premiers siècles de l'Islam, des ouvrages sont composés pour assurer la préservation de ces variantes.À partir du XIe /XIIe siècle, on note l'apparition de programmes d'enseignement méthodique de ces qirā'āt ; leur transmission se fait dès lors systématiquement à travers des manuels que l'on se doit d'apprendre par cœur. Le spécialiste andalou de la discipline, Abū-l-Qāsim al-Šāṭibī (m. 590/1194) est un des principaux protagonistes de ce mouvement grâce à son poème didactique Ḥirz al-amānī qui va connaitre un grand succès dans tout le monde musulman. Il devient le manuel de base de l'enseignement des variantes coraniques jusqu'à nos jours, éliminant de facto les variantes contenues dans les autres traités que la tradition musulmane considère aujourd'hui comme non-canoniques. Nous proposons de démontrer le rôle central que joua ce manuel dans la fixation des lectures coraniques et plus largement de comprendre les mécanismes de transmission régis par ce type de littérature, depuis sa rédaction au XIIe siècle jusqu'au XVe siècle. Une étude du poème nous permet de mettre en lumière l'ingénieuse méthodologie proposée par al-Šāṭibī pour asseoir la légitimité des « sept lectures » selon les versions qu'il choisit. D'autres raisons de son succès sont explorées à travers une mise en contexte historique et sociologique de sa rédaction ainsi qu'une mise en concurrence avec les autres traités de l'époque. Une analyse codicologique d'un corpus de manuscrits inédits nous permet enfin de mieux comprendre les fonctions de ces manuels et les utilisations qui en étaient faites. Les très nombreuses annotations en marge constituent des informations primordiales sur les manières d'apprendre et d'enseigner, de même que les nombreux certificats d'auditions (samāʿāt) et les licences d'enseigner (iǧāzāt) sont autant de témoignages qui permettent de mieux appréhender les mécanismes de transmission à l'œuvre dans l'enseignement coranique
Cracking the neural code for word recognition in convolutional neural networks
No full textLearning to read places a strong challenge on the visual system. Years of expertise lead to a remarkable capacity to separate highly similar letters and encode their relative positions, thus distinguishing words such as FORM and FROM, invariantly over a large range of sizes and absolute positions. How neural circuits achieve invariant word recognition remains unknown. Here, we address this issue by training deep neural network models to recognize written words and then analyzing how reading-specialized units emerge and operate across different layers of the network. With literacy, a small subset of units becomes specialized for word recognition in the learned script, similar to the "visual word form area" of the human brain. We show that these units are sensitive to specific letter identities and their distance from the blank space at the left or right of a word, thus acting as "space bigrams". These units specifically encode ordinal positions and operate by pooling across low and high-frequency detector units from early layers of the network. The proposed neural code provides a mechanistic insight into how information on letter identity and position is extracted and allow for invariant word recognition, and leads to predictions for reading behavior, error patterns, and the neurophysiology of reading
The formation of the TRAPPIST-1 system in two steps during the recession of the disk inner edge
No full textInternational audienceTRAPPIST-1 hosts seven planets. The period ratios of neighbouring pairs are close to the 8:5, 5:3, 3:2, 3:2, 4:3 and 3:2 ratios in increasing distance from the star. The Laplace angles associated with neighbouring triplets are observed to be librating, proving the resonant nature of the system. This compact, resonant configuration is a manifest sign of disk-driven migration; however, the preferred outcome of such evolution is the establishment of first-order resonances, not the high-order resonances observed in the inner system. Here, we explain the observed orbital configuration with a model that is largely independent of the specific disk migration and orbital circularization efficiencies. Together with migration, the two key elements of our model are that the inner border of the protoplanetary disk receded with time and that the system was initially separated into two subsystems. Specifically, the inner b, c, d and e planets were initially placed in a 3:2 resonance chain and then evolved to the 8:5-5:3 commensurability between planets b, c and d due to the recession of the inner edge of the disk, whereas the outer planets migrated to the inner edge at a later time and established the remaining resonances. Our results pivot on the dynamical role of the presently unobservable recession of the inner edge of protoplanetary disks. They also reveal the role of recurring phases of convergent migration followed by resonant repulsion with associated orbital circularization when resonant chains interact with migration barriers.The dynamical history of the seven-planet TRAPPIST-1 system, which is marked by delicate orbital resonances, is meticulously reconstructed. This study unveils the key physical processes that shaped its formation during and beyond the circumstellar disk phase
Parallel mechanisms signal a hierarchy of sequence structure violations in the auditory cortex
No full textInternational audienceThe brain predicts regularities in sensory inputs at multiple complexity levels, with neuronal mechanisms that remain elusive. Here, we monitored auditory cortex activity during the local-global paradigm, a protocol nesting different regularity levels in sound sequences. We observed that mice encode local predictions based on stimulus occurrence and stimulus transition probabilities, because auditory responses are boosted upon prediction violation. This boosting was due to both short-term adaptation and an adaptation-independent surprise mechanism resisting anesthesia. In parallel, and only in wakefulness, VIP interneurons responded to the omission of the locally expected sound repeat at the sequence ending, thus providing a chunking signal potentially useful for establishing global sequence structure. When this global structure was violated, by either shortening the sequence or ending it with a locally expected but globally unexpected sound transition, activity slightly increased in VIP and PV neurons, respectively. Hence, distinct cellular mechanisms predict different regularity levels in sound sequences
Opening the species box: what parsimonious microscopic models of speciation have to say about macroevolution
No full textInternational audienceIn the last two decades, lineage-based models of diversification, where species are viewed as particles that can divide (speciate) or die (become extinct) at rates depending on some evolving trait, have been very popular tools to study macroevolutionary processes. Here, we argue that this approach cannot be used to break down the inner workings of species diversification and that “opening the species box” is necessary to understand the causes of macroevolution, but that too detailed speciation models also fail to make robust macroevolutionary predictions. We set up a general framework for parsimonious models of speciation that rely on a minimal number of mechanistic principles: (a) reproductive isolation is caused by excessive dissimilarity between genotypes; (b) dissimilarity results from a balance between differentiation processes and homogenizing processes; and (c) dissimilarity can feed back on these processes by decelerating homogenization. We classify such models according to the main homogenizing process: (a) clonal evolution models (ecological drift), (b) models of genetic isolation (gene flow), and (c) models of isolation by distance (spatial drift). We review these models and their specific predictions on macroscopic variables such as species abundances, speciation rates, interfertility relationships, or phylogenetic tree structure. We propose new avenues of research by displaying conceptual questions remaining to be solved and new models to address them: the failure of speciation at secondary contact, the feedback of dissimilarity on homogenization, and the emergence in space of breeding barriers
Preface
No full textGiuseppe Longo. Preface to Angelo Marinucci, Theoretical Principles of Relational Biology. Space, Time, Organization, Springer, 2023, (prefLongo-toMarinucciBook.pdf)International audienceFor more information : https://www.di.ens.fr/users/longo
Saishin gijutsu to hitobito no jōnetsu de yomigaetta Nōtoru Damu taiseidō 最新技術と人々の情熱で蘇ったノートルダム大聖堂
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Marion Sorg, Fibelausstattung und Lebensalter in der Merowingerzeit. Studien zu Abnutzung und Gebrauch frühmittelalterlicher Fibeln, Berlin–Boston, De Gruyter, 2022 ; 1 vol., XIII–301 p. (Ergänzungsbänder zum Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, 129). ISBN : 978-3-11075-380-6.
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