Portail HAL du Collège de France
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Philosophie de la pensée mathématique
No full textDossier de synthèse présenté au Collège de France pour l’obtention de l’HDR.COMPOSITION DU JURY :Timothy Gowers (correspondant)Jean-Pierre Marquis (rapporteur)Jean-Michel Salanskis (rapporteur)Fernando Zalamea (rapporteur)Mark van AttenPaola CantùValeria GiardinoFrédéric Patra
Le pape François et la littérature: Entretien avec Nathalie Sarthou-Lajus
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Evolution of virulence in emerging epidemics: from theory to experimental evolution and back
No full textInternational audienceThe experimental validation of theoretical predictions is a crucial step in demonstrating the predictive power of a model. While quantitative validations are common in infectious diseases epidemiology, experimental microbiology primarily focuses on the evaluation of a qualitative match between model predictions and experiments. In this study, we develop a method to deepen the quantitative validation process with a polymorphic viral population. We analyse the data from an experiment carried out to monitor the evolution of the temperate bacteriophage λ spreading in continuous cultures of Escherichia coli. This experimental work confirmed the influence of the epidemiological dynamics on the evolution of transmission and virulence of the virus. A variant with larger propensity to lyse bacterial cells was favoured in emerging epidemics (when the density of susceptible cells was large), but counter-selected when most cells were infected. Although this approach qualitatively validated an important theoretical prediction, no attempt was made to fit the model to the data nor to further develop the model to improve the goodness of fit. Here, we show how theoretical analysis—including calculations of the selection gradients—and model fitting can be used to estimate key parameters of the phage life cycle and yield new insights on the evolutionary epidemiology of the phage λ. First, we show that modelling explicitly the infected bacterial cells which will eventually be lysed improves the fit of the transient dynamics of the model to the data. Second, we carry out a theoretical analysis that yields useful approximations that capture at the onset and at the end of an epidemic the effects of epidemiological dynamics on selection and differentiation across distinct life stages of the virus. Finally, we estimate key phenotypic traits characterizing the two strains of the virus used in our experiment such as the rates of prophage reactivation or the probabilities of lysogenization. This study illustrates the synergy between experimental, theoretical, and statistical approaches; and especially how interpreting the temporal variation in the selection gradient and the differentiation across distinct life stages of a novel variant is a powerful tool to elucidate the evolutionary epidemiology of emerging infectious diseases
La littérature est le moyen de penser un ailleurs face à une réalité qui s’écroule: Entretien avec M. Bernier
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Faguo taoqi huitu de lishi 法国陶器绘图的历史
No full textInternational audienceArchaeological drawing is important in recording data, similar to description or photography, and the researcher must learn to understand their rules to exploit them fully. Although it may seem relatively simple, pottery drawing as a recording method has norms that must be followed or at least known, to make full use of the drawing. Yet these norms vary throughout the world. The aim of this paper is to present pottery drawing and the way it has developed in the French archaeological community. It is one model among others that attempts to offer the reader a better understanding of archaeological drawing in the West. The evolution of drawing pottery in France and Europe more broadly can be divided into five major phases. Before the end of the 19th century, ceramics were appreciated mainly for their beautiful appearance, and pottery drawing had no other purpose than to illustrate history. At the end of the 19th century, the potsherd became fundamental for a typochronological reading of archaeological assemblages. Pottery drawing was transformed into a typological tool. Finally, in the 1970s, modern drawing conventions were established to standardize pottery drawings. However, in the 1990s, the development of digital and computer technology revolutionized the production of reports and pottery drawings. During the same period, the chaîne opératoire approach to ceramic assemblages developed. These phenomena have raised new questions for drawing and how to improve its efficacy. The methodological reflections are still in constant progress
Prêcher la république: Les intellectuels et l'éducation populaire dans la Turquie post-génocidaire (1930-1945)
No full textThis dissertation examines how the political message of the single-party regime in Turkey spread throughout the provinces between 1930 and 1945, in a post-imperial context shaped by the aftermath of the First World War and the eradication of non-Muslim and non-Turkish populations from Asia Minor. It contributes to the history of the Republican People’s Party (Cumhuriyet Halk Fırkası), which ruled from 1923 to 1950 without true power sharing, by focusing on its provincial organization, specifically the Organization of People’s Preachers (Halk Hatipleri Teşkilâtı), established in September 1931. It explores the political and social conditions of the interwar period, investigating why the party invested in the political education of adults during a time marked by economic challenges and the Great Depression.Analyzing the pedagogical project from 1931 onwards highlights key concepts and social categories such as “münevver” (enlightened) and “halk” (people). It shows how the “enlightened” took the stage, addressed crowds, and educated the rest of the population on behalf of the party and the republic it established. By examining the social trajectories and political careers of the People’s Preachers, this research contributes to the socio-history of political elites in the twentieth century within a post-imperial context.This dissertation’s double analytical movement explores the political communication apparatus established by the Republican People’s Party to gain popular support and the education system focused on political education by the People’s Preachers. It reveals the interconnection between knowledge transmission, incorporating a gendered social ideal, and maintaining order. The research traces the genealogy of the “provincial intellectual” (taşra münevveri) in Turkey, examining the political and social transformations that contributed to its formation. It demonstrates how Turkish provincial intellectuals differed from their European counterparts by their social origins and political functions, such as law enforcement and intimidating dissidents. The research also offers an alternative reading of the history of single-party Turkey, linking its post-imperial nature with its post-genocidal dimension through the social trajectories and activities of the People’s Preachers in the context of demographic and social transformations in Anatolia.Cette thèse examine comment le message politique du régime de parti unique en Turquie s'est diffusé dans les provinces entre 1923 et 1945, dans un contexte post-impérial marqué par les conséquences de la Première Guerre mondiale et l'éradication des populations non musulmanes et non turques d'Asie Mineure. Elle apporte une contribution significative à l'histoire du Parti républicain du peuple (Cumhuriyet Halk Fırkası), qui a gouverné sans partage du pouvoir de 1923 à 1950, en se concentrant sur son organisation provinciale, notamment l'Organisation des prédicateurs du peuple (Halk Hatipleri Teşkilâtı), créée en septembre 1931.La thèse explore les conditions politiques et sociales de l'entre-deux-guerres, cherchant à comprendre pourquoi le parti a investi dans l'éducation politique des adultes à une époque marquée par des défis économiques et la Grande Dépression. L'analyse du projet pédagogique initié en 1931 met en lumière des concepts clés et des catégories sociales telles que les « münevver » (éclairés) et le « halk » (peuple). Elle montre comment les « éclairés » prenaient la parole en public, s'adressant aux foules pour éduquer la population au nom du parti et de la république.En examinant les trajectoires sociales et les carrières politiques des prêcheurs du peuple, cette recherche contribue à la socio-histoire des élites politiques du XXe siècle dans un contexte post-impérial. Le double mouvement analytique de la thèse explore l'appareil de communication politique mis en place par le Parti républicain du peuple pour gagner le soutien populaire, ainsi que le système éducatif axé sur l'éducation politique dispensée par les prédicateurs du peuple.Cette étude révèle l'interconnexion entre la transmission des connaissances, l'intégration d'un idéal social genrée et le maintien de l'ordre. Elle retrace la généalogie de l’« intellectuel de province » (taşra münevveri) en Turquie, en examinant les transformations politiques et sociales ayant contribué à sa formation. Elle montre comment les intellectuels de province turcs se distinguent de leurs homologues européens par leurs origines sociales et leurs fonctions politiques, telles que l'application de la loi et l'intimidation des dissidents. Enfin, la thèse propose une lecture alternative de l'histoire de la Turquie à parti unique, liant sa nature post- impériale à sa dimension post-génocidaire à travers l’étude des trajectoires sociales et les activités des prédicateurs du peuple dans le contexte des bouleversements démographiques et sociaux en Anatolie
Un été avec don Quichotte
No full textInternational audienceSi chacun se retrouve dans Don Quichotte, c’est qu’il s’agit de l’œuvre qui, par excellence, nous permet de faire face à un monde privé de sens. L’ingénieux hidalgo est le symbole de l’homme moderne confronté à un univers dont toutes les structures signifiantes se délitent. Sa réponse : croire sans relâche et faire comme si. Voilà ce que conseille le roman de Cervantès : substituer au monde réel un imaginaire où l’on puisse conserver espoir.Don Quichotte n’est pas un simple personnage, il est aussi auteur, celui de son destin . De toute l’histoire de la littérature, il est le premier personnage à décider de vivre sa vie comme dans les livres. Ce « premier beatnik, la moto en moins » franchit la barrière séparant la fiction de la réalité, faisant de ce roman absolument moderne celui du dévoilement de toutes les apparences et de la transgression de toutes les limites.Aujourd’hui encore, on apprend des efforts comme des revers de ce personnage. Ses épreuves renvoient à quantité d’expériences contemporaines : les mondes virtuels, le complotisme, la nécessité des utopies ou l’importance de l’engagement. La nature comique de ce chef-d’œuvre de la littérature universelle, comme un pied de nez lancé depuis plus de quatre siècles à la face du monde, nous oblige à rire de l’existence plutôt que d’en pleurer
