Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne
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Dynamika zmian migracyjnych przed wejściem Polski do Unii Europejskiej
Get PDFThe migration to and through Poland formed a part of global processes that were shaped by such factors as wars, poverty and the violation of human rights. Since the early 1990s, Poles have become the witnesses to phenomena they never experienced before. Social and political reforms, the opening of Polish borders, liberalization of entrance rules, and the beginning of the negotiations on Poland’s membership in the EU structures brought about irreversible changes in the social, political and economic realms. The migration processes that used to bypass Poland have become a reality. In the beginning of the 21st century we faced new challenges, related to the matters of refugee protection, increased crime rate among foreigners or illegal border crossing.The migration to and through Poland formed a part of global processes that were shaped by such factors as wars, poverty and the violation of human rights. Since the early 1990s, Poles have become the witnesses to phenomena they never experienced before. Social and political reforms, the opening of Polish borders, liberalization of entrance rules, and the beginning of the negotiations on Poland’s membership in the EU structures brought about irreversible changes in the social, political and economic realms. The migration processes that used to bypass Poland have become a reality. In the beginning of the 21st century we faced new challenges, related to the matters of refugee protection, increased crime rate among foreigners or illegal border crossing
Cenzura wojskowa w Izraelu
Get PDFThe main source of legal restrictions of the press is provided by Art. 19 and Art. 20 of the press law. The former stipulates the right of the minister of internal affairs to warn the owner of the periodical, or the editor about a defined piece of press material which – in the minister’s opinion – can be dangerous for the public, or which contains false information or gossip that may provoke alarm or panic. By virtue of Art. 19 item 1, the minister is entitled to consider whether to issue an order to close the periodical if it proceeds with the publication of the incriminated material. Before the minister resorts to such restrictive measures, he or she can, but does not need to, warn the owner, the editor, or both of them. In Art. 19, item 2 the lawmaker defines further steps to be taken by the minister of internal affairs. The publication that – in the opinion of the head of the defense department – should not be released can be removed from the pages of the periodical for an appropriate period; its duration is to be determined by the minister as well. Israeli democracy faces a two-fold challenge with respect to military censorship. Firstly, the challenge of retaining and developing the spirit of liberalism, which is reflected by freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and the right of citizens to be informed. Secondly, this challenge involves suppressing an authoritarian spirit, which frequently emerges to enable the efficient protection of national security.The main source of legal restrictions of the press is provided by Art. 19 and Art. 20 of the press law. The former stipulates the right of the minister of internal affairs to warn the owner of the periodical, or the editor about a defined piece of press material which – in the minister’s opinion – can be dangerous for the public, or which contains false information or gossip that may provoke alarm or panic. By virtue of Art. 19 item 1, the minister is entitled to consider whether to issue an order to close the periodical if it proceeds with the publication of the incriminated material. Before the minister resorts to such restrictive measures, he or she can, but does not need to, warn the owner, the editor, or both of them. In Art. 19, item 2 the lawmaker defines further steps to be taken by the minister of internal affairs. The publication that – in the opinion of the head of the defense department – should not be released can be removed from the pages of the periodical for an appropriate period; its duration is to be determined by the minister as well. Israeli democracy faces a two-fold challenge with respect to military censorship. Firstly, the challenge of retaining and developing the spirit of liberalism, which is reflected by freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and the right of citizens to be informed. Secondly, this challenge involves suppressing an authoritarian spirit, which frequently emerges to enable the efficient protection of national security
Idea Wspólnego Europejskiego Domu a egoizmy narodowe i regionalne: przykład Hiszpanii
Get PDFThe term ‘Common European Home’was coined in 1987 by Mikhail Gorbachev to describe the future policy of the Soviet Union towards Eastern Europe. At present this notion has lost its disquieting tone, which was related to the statement made by the Soviet Political Bureau: ‘a stifling embrace, a suffocating hug’. Nowadays, this idea covers various models of European integration, and is expressed in both the hopes and concerns of the states that participate in this process. The economic and political integration of European states has been a continuous and dynamic process. The question of its further direction has become particularly important after the French said ‘non’ to the European Constitution. This has refueled disputes over existing integration models, which are focused around the opposing concepts of a Federal Europe and a Europe of Homelands as a confederation. It is of significant importance since the process of Europeization has been parallel to the process of regionalization inside the national European states. Regionalization mainly followed from the demands of autonomists, but sometimes was initiated by central governments as part of the process of decentralization. At present, European regions have increased their economic significance and have won more rights and authority inside their states. Consequently, they have aspired to become independent forces for globalization and Europeization. This process can be exemplified by Spain. After forty years of Franco’s dictatorship, where any form of regional autonomy whatsoever was rejected, in 1975 a slow democratization process began.The term ‘Common European Home’was coined in 1987 by Mikhail Gorbachev to describe the future policy of the Soviet Union towards Eastern Europe. At present this notion has lost its disquieting tone, which was related to the statement made by the Soviet Political Bureau: ‘a stifling embrace, a suffocating hug’. Nowadays, this idea covers various models of European integration, and is expressed in both the hopes and concerns of the states that participate in this process. The economic and political integration of European states has been a continuous and dynamic process. The question of its further direction has become particularly important after the French said ‘non’ to the European Constitution. This has refueled disputes over existing integration models, which are focused around the opposing concepts of a Federal Europe and a Europe of Homelands as a confederation. It is of significant importance since the process of Europeization has been parallel to the process of regionalization inside the national European states. Regionalization mainly followed from the demands of autonomists, but sometimes was initiated by central governments as part of the process of decentralization. At present, European regions have increased their economic significance and have won more rights and authority inside their states. Consequently, they have aspired to become independent forces for globalization and Europeization. This process can be exemplified by Spain. After forty years of Franco’s dictatorship, where any form of regional autonomy whatsoever was rejected, in 1975 a slow democratization process began
Zawód korespondenta – misja czy powołanie?
Get PDFA reporter should look and behave in an ordinary, average way, and should not stand out from the crowd. Then it is easier for him or her to blend in, to not draw attention to themselves, to not stand out or attract anybody’s attention with his or her looks and behavior. One talks to a journalist in a different way than to somebody one has met by chance. Therefore, a reporter should be anonymous and unknown. He or she should be like anyone from the crowd. If reporters lose their anonymity, they also lose an opportunity to write a good reportage. Ryszard Kapuoecinski observed that the profession of a reporter is about overcoming your own feeling of being different – about living in an African or Chinese village, or some place in Latin America, among the Indians in the Andes. A good correspondent needs to identify himself or herself with these people, their way of living, their poverty and difficulties. It is a condition of any work to overcome ‘the Other’ in oneself.A reporter should look and behave in an ordinary, average way, and should not stand out from the crowd. Then it is easier for him or her to blend in, to not draw attention to themselves, to not stand out or attract anybody’s attention with his or her looks and behavior. One talks to a journalist in a different way than to somebody one has met by chance. Therefore, a reporter should be anonymous and unknown. He or she should be like anyone from the crowd. If reporters lose their anonymity, they also lose an opportunity to write a good reportage. Ryszard Kapuoecinski observed that the profession of a reporter is about overcoming your own feeling of being different – about living in an African or Chinese village, or some place in Latin America, among the Indians in the Andes. A good correspondent needs to identify himself or herself with these people, their way of living, their poverty and difficulties. It is a condition of any work to overcome ‘the Other’ in oneself
Prawo i wolność. Studium filozofii politycznej Borysa Wyszesławcewa
Get PDFAccording to Wyszesławcew, the starting point of any moral reflection that would be deserving of the name is the statement that is a philosophical transposition of the Apostle’s words: evil emerges into the world accompanying law. The words should be understood quite literally – it is not that with law we develop the awareness of evil that we have already unconsciously committed. The point is that once established, the law prompts us to evil.Wyszes3awcew’s notion of law is very broad; he understands law as any ethical, customary, religious or legal norm, especially when it assumes the form of prohibition. Therefore, both the order of Moses and the ethics of the Stoics, Roman law and Kant’s categorical imperative are ominous, demoralizing laws.According to Wyszesławcew, the starting point of any moral reflection that would be deserving of the name is the statement that is a philosophical transposition of the Apostle’s words: evil emerges into the world accompanying law. The words should be understood quite literally – it is not that with law we develop the awareness of evil that we have already unconsciously committed. The point is that once established, the law prompts us to evil.Wyszes3awcew’s notion of law is very broad; he understands law as any ethical, customary, religious or legal norm, especially when it assumes the form of prohibition. Therefore, both the order of Moses and the ethics of the Stoics, Roman law and Kant’s categorical imperative are ominous, demoralizing laws
Józef Retinger – polski orędownik zjednoczenia Europy
Get PDFJózef Retinger was a great advocate of the continent’s unity. He had all the skills that are necessary in diplomacy: he spoke foreign languages and knew the customs of foreign countries; therefore he could always behave appropriately. He traveled extensively and thus he established numerous foreign contacts. He lacked only one feature: he could not speak in public and his sparkling personality did not come across during such performances. He was considered to be of gray eminence, a person who did not seek accolades. He would remain in the shadow of great personalities, but not of great events as he was more than their participant – he co-created them. He could always infect great personalities with an idea which would present in a dazzling way. Although he remained in exile until his death he was never indifferent to the fate of Poles under the yoke of Soviet communism.Józef Retinger was a great advocate of the continent’s unity. He had all the skills that are necessary in diplomacy: he spoke foreign languages and knew the customs of foreign countries; therefore he could always behave appropriately. He traveled extensively and thus he established numerous foreign contacts. He lacked only one feature: he could not speak in public and his sparkling personality did not come across during such performances. He was considered to be of gray eminence, a person who did not seek accolades. He would remain in the shadow of great personalities, but not of great events as he was more than their participant – he co-created them. He could always infect great personalities with an idea which would present in a dazzling way. Although he remained in exile until his death he was never indifferent to the fate of Poles under the yoke of Soviet communism
Systemy relacji między państwem a kościołami i związkami wyznaniowymi
No full textThe systems and models of relationship which are presented lead to a unanimous conclusion that the present globalizing world leaves no room for intolerance; however, the integrist and fundamentalist tendencies keep reviving. The concept of civic society, the state of law, the standards of the EU and Council of Europe provide a clear indication for states to develop such relations with respect to the law on religious denomination that will prevent religious minorities from being, or feeling, discriminated against. The establishment of standards which are friendly for all churches and religious associations is only the beginning, though. The next stage involves political activity and the interpretation of the regulations allowing for the elimination of discrimination from the realm of actual relations.The systems and models of relationship which are presented lead to a unanimous conclusion that the present globalizing world leaves no room for intolerance; however, the integrist and fundamentalist tendencies keep reviving. The concept of civic society, the state of law, the standards of the EU and Council of Europe provide a clear indication for states to develop such relations with respect to the law on religious denomination that will prevent religious minorities from being, or feeling, discriminated against. The establishment of standards which are friendly for all churches and religious associations is only the beginning, though. The next stage involves political activity and the interpretation of the regulations allowing for the elimination of discrimination from the realm of actual relations
Meandry prawne autoryzacji
Get PDFPress law protects the informers of journalists and the persons who collaborate with them and give interviews. This protection not only prohibits the disclosure of details which could help identify the informers, but also imposes other requirements on the journalists with respect to all these people who have decided to speak to them or be interviewed. Particular requirements apply to the issue of authorization. The fundamental function of authorization is to protect the contents of a statement which is treated as an unprotected good by the regulations of copyright law or the civil code with respect to personal interests. At present, authorization is the only legal instrument enabling the author of a statement for publication to ensure its integrity and true meaning. The abandonment of authorization in the system of legal institutions would deprive the persons providing information of protection of their personal interest, i.e. the right to free speech.Press law protects the informers of journalists and the persons who collaborate with them and give interviews. This protection not only prohibits the disclosure of details which could help identify the informers, but also imposes other requirements on the journalists with respect to all these people who have decided to speak to them or be interviewed. Particular requirements apply to the issue of authorization. The fundamental function of authorization is to protect the contents of a statement which is treated as an unprotected good by the regulations of copyright law or the civil code with respect to personal interests. At present, authorization is the only legal instrument enabling the author of a statement for publication to ensure its integrity and true meaning. The abandonment of authorization in the system of legal institutions would deprive the persons providing information of protection of their personal interest, i.e. the right to free speech
Polska polityka azylowa. Ujęcie prawno-instytucjonalne
Get PDFPolish refugee policy dates back to September 26, 1991 when the Republic of Poland ratified the Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugees of 1951 and the New York Additional Protocol of 1967. The adoption of provisions of both these international documents obliged Poland to amend the Law on Foreigners of March 29, 1963. The changes introduced in 1991 have not concluded the matter. Membership of the European Union resulted in the adaptation of Polish legislation to the requirements of the Common European Asylum System. Consequently, persons seeking asylum in Poland can be granted protection in the form of refugee status, temporary protection, asylum (defined as territorial asylum), subsidiary protection and tolerated residence. The dynamics of the European asylum law results from diversified migration situations in the member states, as well as from the necessity to guarantee the security of the EU and to work out a unified approach to asylum problems. All this requires further legal and institutional changes.Polish refugee policy dates back to September 26, 1991 when the Republic of Poland ratified the Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugees of 1951 and the New York Additional Protocol of 1967. The adoption of provisions of both these international documents obliged Poland to amend the Law on Foreigners of March 29, 1963. The changes introduced in 1991 have not concluded the matter. Membership of the European Union resulted in the adaptation of Polish legislation to the requirements of the Common European Asylum System. Consequently, persons seeking asylum in Poland can be granted protection in the form of refugee status, temporary protection, asylum (defined as territorial asylum), subsidiary protection and tolerated residence. The dynamics of the European asylum law results from diversified migration situations in the member states, as well as from the necessity to guarantee the security of the EU and to work out a unified approach to asylum problems. All this requires further legal and institutional changes