Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne
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Struktura semantyczna pojęć „wolność sumienia i religii”, „wolność sumienia i wyznania” (część I)
No full textThe aim of this paper is to present a general semantic structure of the notions of the “freedom of conscience and religion” and “freedom of conscience and religious denomination.” The text refers to the concept of Ch. L. Stevenson, by means of a differentiation between the descriptive and emotive levels of the notions. The descriptive and emotive senses of both notions are presented vis-à-vis the evolution of the notions of “dignity” and “tolerance”. The persuasive and manipulative potential contained in the notions of the “freedom of conscience and religion” and “freedom of conscience and religious denomination” is also emphasized.The aim of this paper is to present a general semantic structure of the notions of the “freedom of conscience and religion” and “freedom of conscience and religious denomination.” The text refers to the concept of Ch. L. Stevenson, by means of a differentiation between the descriptive and emotive levels of the notions. The descriptive and emotive senses of both notions are presented vis-à-vis the evolution of the notions of “dignity” and “tolerance”. The persuasive and manipulative potential contained in the notions of the “freedom of conscience and religion” and “freedom of conscience and religious denomination” is also emphasized
Kaukaz Północny: elity, reżimy, etnopolityka, bezpieczeństwo, t. VIII, red. T. Bodio; Kaukaz Północny: elity władzy i życie polityczne,t.IX, red. T. Bodio
No full textSz. Kadyrov, O. Brusina, L. Perepelkin, A. Kazankov, I. Skarboro, R. Bobochonov, A. Avdeev, Matrica ètnologii. Oèerki o teorii i metodologii (Matryca etnologii. Eseje o teorii i metodologii), Moskva 2013, ss. 112.
Get PDFMiędzynarodowy znormalizowany numer wydawnictw ciągłych (ISSN)
Get PDFPrzedmiotem o opracowania jest analiza roli i znaczenia numeru ISSN oraz międzynarodowych i krajowych reguł określających procedurę nadawania tego znaku. Powszechnie stosowany jest dziś na egzemplarzach wydawnictw prasowych jak również na ich elektronicznych wersjach, międzynarodowy znormalizowany numer wydawnictw ciągłych (ISSN). Potrzeba opracowania takiego uniwersalnego kodu identyfikującego tego typu wydawnictwa wynikała z konieczności zapewnienia pewności obrotu i wymiany pomiędzy wydawcami, dystrybutorami, bibliotekami, archiwami. Należy opowiedzieć się za poglądem, iż stosowanie ISSN nie jest obowiązkowe, aczkolwiek warto zalecać – z uwagi na możliwość łatwiejszego identyfikowania tytułu pisma a tym samym pewność obrotu – używanie tego znaku. Jeszcze raz należy podkreślić, że w ten sposób nadaje się jedynie niepowtarzalny, unikalny, przyporządkowany każdemu tytułowi numer identyfikacyjny. Dla tożsamości pisma decydujące znaczenie ma tytuł prasowy, a nie znak ISSN, który pełni rolę jedynie pomocniczą w zakresie identyfikacji czasopism. W tym zakr sie, to odpowiedni wpis do rejestru dzienników i czasopism jest tu rozstrzygający. Natomiast trzeba podkreślić, że znak ten nie rozstrzyga w żadnej mierze o prawie do tytułu prasowego, a tym bardziej o tym, czy pismo ukazuje się legalnie.Przedmiotem o opracowania jest analiza roli i znaczenia numeru ISSN oraz międzynarodowych i krajowych reguł określających procedurę nadawania tego znaku. Powszechnie stosowany jest dziś na egzemplarzach wydawnictw prasowych jak również na ich elektronicznych wersjach, międzynarodowy znormalizowany numer wydawnictw ciągłych (ISSN). Potrzeba opracowania takiego uniwersalnego kodu identyfikującego tego typu wydawnictwa wynikała z konieczności zapewnienia pewności obrotu i wymiany pomiędzy wydawcami, dystrybutorami, bibliotekami, archiwami. Należy opowiedzieć się za poglądem, iż stosowanie ISSN nie jest obowiązkowe, aczkolwiek warto zalecać – z uwagi na możliwość łatwiejszego identyfikowania tytułu pisma a tym samym pewność obrotu – używanie tego znaku. Jeszcze raz należy podkreślić, że w ten sposób nadaje się jedynie niepowtarzalny, unikalny, przyporządkowany każdemu tytułowi numer identyfikacyjny. Dla tożsamości pisma decydujące znaczenie ma tytuł prasowy, a nie znak ISSN, który pełni rolę jedynie pomocniczą w zakresie identyfikacji czasopism. W tym zakr sie, to odpowiedni wpis do rejestru dzienników i czasopism jest tu rozstrzygający. Natomiast trzeba podkreślić, że znak ten nie rozstrzyga w żadnej mierze o prawie do tytułu prasowego, a tym bardziej o tym, czy pismo ukazuje się legalnie
Protesty społeczne, modularne rewolucje i demokratyzacja. Wybrane kategorie analizy zjawiska kolorowych rewolucji
Get PDFThe so-called colour revolutions that occurred in Serbia, Ukraine, Georgia and Kyrgyzstan, among others, continue to be a bone of contention for the numerous authors trying to identify the reasons for the outbreaks, the duration and specific nature of these protests. The disputes between scholars mainly concern the detailed enumeration of the factors that caused the outbreak of these so-called colour revolutions and the overthrow of authorities, but all scholars are in agreement that the events under analysis have been caused by a peculiar composition of many factors rather than a single one. This paper concentrates on the role of factors related to two dimensions: domestic and international. The purpose of the paper, however, is not to analyse case studies or compare individual events, seeking similarities or differences between them, but to review the categories applied in the literature on the subject, their operationalisation, and an attempt at the systematisation of the current research trends as regards colour revolutions.Tak zwane kolorowe rewolucje, które miały miejsce w Serbii, Ukrainie, Gruzji, czy Kirgistanie do dziś są przedmiotem sporu wielu autorów, usiłujących ustalić czynniki odpowiedzialne za wybuch, czas trwania i specyficzny charakter protestów. Spory pomiędzy badaczami dotyczą szczegółowej listy czynników odpowiedzialnych za wybuch kolorowych rewolucji oraz obalenie władzy, wszyscy jednak zgadzają się, że za analizowane wydarzenia odpowiada specyficzna konfiguracja różnych czynników, a nie wyłącznie jeden powód. Niniejszy artykuł skupia się na roli czynników pochodzących z dwóch wymiarów: krajowego i międzynarodowego. Zadaniem tekstu nie jest jednak analiza studium przypadku, ani porównanie poszczególnych wydarzeń w poszukiwaniu podobieństw czy różnic. Jest nim natomiast przegląd obecnych w literaturze przedmiotu kategorii oraz ich operacjonalizacji, a także próba systematyzacji istniejących nurtów w badaniach nad kolorowymi rewolucjami
Do ut des, czyli rzecz o darze w dyplomacji. Przypadek siodła z daru sułtana Mustafy II dla posła Stanisława Małachowskiego z 1699 roku
Get PDFThe paper attempts to answer the question of the reasons and consequences of applying the ceremonial custom of exchanging gifts in Polish-Turkish diplomatic relations in the 17th century. The ‘gift’ was understood as an object presented, that was typically valuable and whose acceptance meant entering into a binding agreement. It signified that the recipient obliged himself to perform a defined obligation for the donor, or it acted as a kind of compensation for a favour granted. The exchange of gifts was governed by the reciprocity principle. Therefore, an object that was a diplomatic gift brought about defined international consequences by virtue of having involved the representatives of the authorities of two states. The acts of presenting a gift and its acceptance were a kind of transaction. These considerations on the practice of presenting objects in diplomacy were inspired by the saddle offered by Turkish Sultan Mustafa II to Stanis³aw Ma³achowski, the Polish envoy for peace talks held in Kar³owice in 1698–99. Currently, the saddle is exhibited in the Wawel Royal Castle museum. The subject of the present paper is an episode in the saddle’s “biography” (as named by Igor Kopytoff) related to its role as a diplomatic gift. Telling the story of the given thing, however, it was impossible to pass over the issue of “its ideal ‘biography’” and of what has become of this thing as time went by and it lost its usability. The saddle as a thing, a gift or a museum exhibit illustrates the different statuses of the same object which are determined by the context of its relations with the human, relations that assign meanings to this object. Given the aim of this paper, the first and the last function of the saddle are treated only superficially, whereas the considerations concentrate on the saddle as a thing displaying the property of agency in the ceremonial process of exchanging gifts in Polish-Turkish diplomatic relations.The paper attempts to answer the question of the reasons and consequences of applying the ceremonial custom of exchanging gifts in Polish-Turkish diplomatic relations in the 17th century. The ‘gift’ was understood as an object presented, that was typically valuable and whose acceptance meant entering into a binding agreement. It signified that the recipient obliged himself to perform a defined obligation for the donor, or it acted as a kind of compensation for a favour granted. The exchange of gifts was governed by the reciprocity principle. Therefore, an object that was a diplomatic gift brought about defined international consequences by virtue of having involved the representatives of the authorities of two states. The acts of presenting a gift and its acceptance were a kind of transaction. These considerations on the practice of presenting objects in diplomacy were inspired by the saddle offered by Turkish Sultan Mustafa II to Stanis³aw Ma³achowski, the Polish envoy for peace talks held in Kar³owice in 1698–99. Currently, the saddle is exhibited in the Wawel Royal Castle museum. The subject of the present paper is an episode in the saddle’s “biography” (as named by Igor Kopytoff) related to its role as a diplomatic gift. Telling the story of the given thing, however, it was impossible to pass over the issue of “its ideal ‘biography’” and of what has become of this thing as time went by and it lost its usability. The saddle as a thing, a gift or a museum exhibit illustrates the different statuses of the same object which are determined by the context of its relations with the human, relations that assign meanings to this object. Given the aim of this paper, the first and the last function of the saddle are treated only superficially, whereas the considerations concentrate on the saddle as a thing displaying the property of agency in the ceremonial process of exchanging gifts in Polish-Turkish diplomatic relations
Роль средств массовой информации в избирательном процессе
No full textThe media play the main role in providing election information to the public. Elections are covered by the media in a free and objective manner. In the national legislative system established after regaining independence, the media play a significant role as an active participant in the electoral process. The analysis of the role of the media in Kazakh electoral campaigns is related to their active involvement in the elections on all levels. The author emphasizes that it is necessary for the media to continue to improve their functioning in the electoral process, by providing a common information space and ensuring a constructive dialogue between the media, government and civic society.Media odgrywają główną rolę w informowaniu o wyborach opinii publicznej. Wybory są relacjonowane przez media w sposób wolny i obiektywny. W stworzonym po odzyskaniu niepodległości systemie ustawodawstwa krajowego media odrywają ważną rolę aktywnego uczestnika procesu wyborczego. Analiza roli mediów w kazachstańskich kampaniach wyborczych związana jest z faktem ich aktywnego zaangażowania w wybory na wszystkich szczeblach. Autor zwraca uwagę, że konieczna jest dalsza poprawa ich funkcjonowania w procesie wyborczym poprzez stworzenie wspólnej przestrzeni informacyjnej oraz zapewnienie konstruktywnego dialogu pomiędzy mediami, rządem i społeczeństwem obywatelskim.The media play the main role in providing election information to the public. Elections are covered by the media in a free and objective manner. In the national legislative system established after regaining independence, the media play a significant role as an active participant in the electoral process. The analysis of the role of the media in Kazakh electoral campaigns is related to their active involvement in the elections on all levels. The author emphasizes that it is necessary for the media to continue to improve their functioning in the electoral process, by providing a common information space and ensuring a constructive dialogue between the media, government and civic society
Plagiat dzieł naukowych
Get PDFThe subject of this study is the analysis of plagiarism of academic work in the light of binding legal regulations, in particular the Law of 4 February 1994 on copyright and related rights. It is worth stressing that the term ‘plagiarism’ is not a normative concept and it has not been applied by any Polish regulations on copyright. Although this term emerges in other legislative acts, for instance in Article 211, section 5, of the Law on higher education, and the Ordinance of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of October 2011 on conducting studies in a given field and level of education. The term plagiarism arouses considerable reservations in legal doctrine, as does that of academic work, which is specific when compared to other kinds of work. Therefore, the paper presents various typologies of these terms. The term ‘plagiarism’ can be highly confusing because its meaning needs to be explained every time it is used. This is not to mean that such practice is admissible whatsoever. Therefore, the further part of the study discusses the consequences brought on by infringing copyright in terms of criminal, disciplinary, employee and civil law liability.The subject of this study is the analysis of plagiarism of academic work in the light of binding legal regulations, in particular the Law of 4 February 1994 on copyright and related rights. It is worth stressing that the term ‘plagiarism’ is not a normative concept and it has not been applied by any Polish regulations on copyright. Although this term emerges in other legislative acts, for instance in Article 211, section 5, of the Law on higher education, and the Ordinance of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of October 2011 on conducting studies in a given field and level of education. The term plagiarism arouses considerable reservations in legal doctrine, as does that of academic work, which is specific when compared to other kinds of work. Therefore, the paper presents various typologies of these terms. The term ‘plagiarism’ can be highly confusing because its meaning needs to be explained every time it is used. This is not to mean that such practice is admissible whatsoever. Therefore, the further part of the study discusses the consequences brought on by infringing copyright in terms of criminal, disciplinary, employee and civil law liability
Z historii kałmuckich elit władzy
No full textThe model of the political elite of the Kalmykia Republic has been strongly affected by the four hundred years of processes that have shaped the nation and the state. Historical archetypes constitute a significant element of Kalmykian political psychology. Their synthesis forms a kind of foundation that to a large extent sets the norms by which the power elite is elected and operates. It is also reflected in the internal divisions of this elite and the relations with the central authority of the federation. The power of this psycho-cultural foundation became apparent immediately after the collapse of the USSR, when ideas of reviving the traditional institutions of power became very popular in the republic. This paper attempts to reconstruct the most important aspects of the formation of the power elite and their operation, and to reveal their role in the processes that were decisive for the formation of the Kalmyk nation, with its own state entity in the form of a republic, under the circumstances of Russian colonization.The model of the political elite of the Kalmykia Republic has been strongly affected by the four hundred years of processes that have shaped the nation and the state. Historical archetypes constitute a significant element of Kalmykian political psychology. Their synthesis forms a kind of foundation that to a large extent sets the norms by which the power elite is elected and operates. It is also reflected in the internal divisions of this elite and the relations with the central authority of the federation. The power of this psycho-cultural foundation became apparent immediately after the collapse of the USSR, when ideas of reviving the traditional institutions of power became very popular in the republic. This paper attempts to reconstruct the most important aspects of the formation of the power elite and their operation, and to reveal their role in the processes that were decisive for the formation of the Kalmyk nation, with its own state entity in the form of a republic, under the circumstances of Russian colonization
Ewolucja ideologiczna Partii Konserwatywnej w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 2005–2012
Get PDFThe ideology of Conservative Party from its own beginning remains full of contradictions. On the one hand, the governments of Benjamin Disraeli and Harold Macmillan realized the conceptions of state intervention, but on the other hand during Margaret Thatcher’s leadership Conservative Party made a strong turn to free market policies based on privatization of various sectors of British economy, and reduce the redistributive tools. After the leadership contest, won by David Cameron, appeared a possibility of rejection of neoliberal ideology in favor of building a civil society based on egalitarian values. However, despite arguments for a change, after coming to power Conservatives returned to criticized policies. An attempt to build communitarian perspective was challenged by the neoliberal solutions.The ideology of Conservative Party from its own beginning remains full of contradictions. On the one hand, the governments of Benjamin Disraeli and Harold Macmillan realized the conceptions of state intervention, but on the other hand during Margaret Thatcher’s leadership Conservative Party made a strong turn to free market policies based on privatization of various sectors of British economy, and reduce the redistributive tools. After the leadership contest, won by David Cameron, appeared a possibility of rejection of neoliberal ideology in favor of building a civil society based on egalitarian values. However, despite arguments for a change, after coming to power Conservatives returned to criticized policies. An attempt to build communitarian perspective was challenged by the neoliberal solutions