Czasopisma Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczy w Lublinie
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The role of readmission agreement in combating irregular migration: The Case of Türkiye-European Union
No full textGöç olgusu insanlık tarihiyle varolagelen bir olgu olup, insan ya da insan kitleleri ekonomik, sosyal, siyasi, coğrafik vs nedenlerle yer değiştirmektedir. Düzensiz göç, insanların yasal yollarla bir ülkeden diğerine gitmeden, yasadışı yollardan veya ülkelerinin yasal çıkış sürelerini aşarak diğer ülkelere gitmesi durumudur. Bu, hedef ülke açısından sorunlar yaratabilir, çünkü ülkeye yasadışı yollarla gelen insanların kimliklerinin doğrulanması, iş bulmaları, sağlık hizmetlerine erişimleri, barınmaları ve benzeri gibi noktalarda devletler zorluk yaşamaktadır. Kaynak ülke açısından bakıldığında, insanların kendi ülkelerini terk etmek istediklerinde gidecekleri ülkeye vize, pasaport ve diğer yasal prosedürlere uyarak gitmeleri gerekir. Ancak, bu prosedürlere uyulmadan, yasadışı yollarla ülkeden çıkış yapmak isteyenler, ülkelerinin yasalarını ihlal ederek başka ülkelere gitmek isteyebilirler/gitmektedirler. Bunun birçok nedeni olabilir, örneğin; ekonomik fırsatlar, siyasi baskı, temel hak ve özgürlükler konusunda kaynak ülkenin üzerine düşenleri yerine getirmemesi veya deprem, heyelan, sel gibi yıkım sebepleriyle insanlar ülkelerini terk etmek zorunda kalabilirler. Transit ülke açısından bakıldığında, insanlar hedef ülkeye ulaşmak için transit ülkeleri bir geçiş noktası olarak kullanabilirler. Bu durumda, transit ülkelerdeki insan hakları, sağlık, güvenlik ve benzeri gibi temel ihtiyaçları karşılanmayabilir. Transit ülkelerde insanların kalış süreleri sınırlıdır ve hedef ülkeye gitmek için tekrar yasadışı yollarla seyahat etmeleri gerekebilir. Bu noktada düzensiz göçle mücadelenin en etkili araçlarından biri olan geri kabul anlaşmaları, bir ülkede yasadışı şekilde bulunan insan kitlesi ya da kişilerin anlaşmaya taraf diğer ülkeye ya da bahse konu ülkeye gelirken rotası üzerinde bulunan ülkeye anlaşmada belirtilen koşullarda emniyetli olacak durumda geri gönderilmesini sağlayan bir mekanizmadır. Geri kabul anlaşmalarının amacı, hem kaynak ülkelerin hem de hedef ülkelerin çıkarlarını korumaktır. Kaynak ülkeler, göçmenlerin geri gönderilmesi ile ülkelerindeki nüfus kaybını önlemek isterken, hedef ülkeler de düzensiz göçmenlerin yarattığı toplumsal ve ekonomik sorunları minimize etmek isterler. Düzensiz göçle en önemli mücadele araçlarından birisi olan geri kabul anlaşmaları ele alınan bu çalışma üç bölümden meydana gelmektedir. Birinci bölümde göç kavramına değinilerek göç çeşitleri detaylandırılmaktadır. Ayrıca bu bölümde düzensiz göç kavramı incelenerek konunun kavramsal çerçevesi çizilmektedir. İkinci bölümde geri kabul anlaşmaları, üçüncü bölümde ise Avrupa Birliği'nin Türkiye ile yaptığı geri kabul anlaşmaları değerlendirilecektir. Çalışmanın yazılış amacı litetatürdeki eksiklik göz önünde bulundurularak özellikle 2011 Suriye iç savaşından kaynaklanan düzensiz göçmen akımına hazırlıksız yakalanan Türkiye'nin bu mücadelede Avrupa Birliğiyle yapmış olduğu geri kabul anlaşmaları (18 Mart Mutabakatı gibi) üzerinden neler yaptığını tespit edip; düzensiz göçle mücadelenin Türkiye'nin ve Dünyanın en büyük sorunlarından biri olduğunu izah etmeye çalışmaktır. Anahtar Sözcükler: Düzensiz Göç, Türkiye, Avrupa Birliği, Geri Kabul AnlaşmasıMigration is a phenomenon that has existed throughout history of humanity, and in this study, people or masses of people are displaced due to economic, social, political, geographical etc. reasons. Irregular migration is the situation where people go to other countries illegally or by exceeding the legal exit times of their countries, instead of going from one country to another legally. This may create problems for the country of destination because states face difficulties in verifying the identity of people who come to the country illegally, finding jobs, accessing health services, providing shelter and so on. From the country of origin perspective, when people want to leave their home country, they need to go to the destination country with visas, passports and other legal procedures. However, those who want to leave the country illegally without complying with these procedures may want to go to other countries in violation of the laws of their country, and they do. There can be many causations for this, for example, people may be forced to leave their country for reasons such as economic opportunities, political oppressions, human rights violations, war or natural disasters. From a country of transit perspective, people may use these countries as a waypoint to reach the country of destination. In this case, their basic needs such as human rights, health, security, etc. may not be catered in country of transit. Irregular migrant's stay in countries of transit is limited and they may need to travel illegally again to reach the country of destination. At this point, readmission agreements, which are one of the most effective means of combating irregular migration, are agreements that ensure the safe return of irregular migrants in a country to the country of origin or the country they last transited through, within the framework of the conditions and rules set in the agreement. The goal of readmission agreements is to protect the interests of both countries of origin and destination. While the countries of origin want to prevent population loss in their countries through the return of migrants, countries of destination want to minimize the social and economic problems caused by irregular migrants. This study, which deals with readmission agreements, one of the most important means to combat irregular migration, consists of three parts. In the first part, the concept of migration is touched on and the types of migration are detailed. In addition, the concept of irregular migration is examined in this part and the conceptual framework of the subject is drawn. In the second part, readmission agreements and in the third part, readmission agreements between the European Union and Türkiye will be evaluated. The aim of the study is to determine what Türkiye, which was caught off guard by the irregular migrant influx arising from the 2011 Syrian Civil War, has done in this combat through readmission agreements (like the March 18 Agreement) with the European Union and to try to explain that the combating irregular migration is one of the biggest problems of Türkiye and the World. Keywords: Irregular Migration, Türkiye, European Union, Readmission Agreemen
Przymrozki wysokie i niskie oraz okres bezprzymrozkowy w Lublinie w kontekście zmian temperatury powietrza w wieloleciu 1960–2019
Get PDFThe main aim of this study was the analysis of thermal conditions in the period 1960–2019 in Lublin-Felin and the comparison the air temperature changes with changes of high (200 cm a.g.l.) and low (5 cm a.g.l.) frosts number and the frost-free period length. There was an increasing trend (0.5°C/10 years) in the average annual air temperature, while at the same time a decrease in number of high frosts (–1.4/10 years) and low frosts (–2.4/10 years) was observed. The frost-free period length was gradually lengthening by around 4 days/10 years. In the future, if the air temperature continue to increase, we could expect the decreasing trend of days with frost, just as the growth of the frost-free period length (it will begin earlier and end later than now).Głównym celem pracy była analiza warunków termicznych w okresie 1960–2019 na stacji pomiarowej Lublin-Felin oraz porównanie zmian temperatury powietrza ze zmianami liczby przymrozków wysokich (200 cm n.p.g) i niskich (5 cm n.p.g.) oraz długości okresu bezprzymrozkowego. Zaobserwowano tendencję wzrostową średniej rocznej temperatury powietrza wynoszącą 0,5°C/10 lat, a jednocześnie spadek liczby przymrozków wysokich w tempie –1,4/10 lat oraz przymrozków niskich o –2,4/10 lat. Długość okresu bezprzymrozkowego na przestrzeni wielolecia ulegała stopniowemu wydłużeniu o ok. 4 dni/10 lat. W przypadku dalszego wzrostu temperatury powietrza można spodziewać się dalszego spadku liczby dni z przymrozkami, jak również wzrostu długości okresu bezprzymrozkowego, który będzie rozpoczynał się wcześniej, a kończył później niż obecnie
Poziom narażenia na hałas związany z cyklinowaniem podłóg w trakcie nominalnego dnia pracy
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to investigate the noise exposure of employees providing sanding services for wooden floors. The research was conducted during a typical working day. Measurements were made during three basic activities for this type of service – tidying and vacuuming, grinding and polishing, and polishing grinding together with the removal of old coatings. A sonometer, Sonopan DSA-50 class I, was used for the measurements. The highest exceeding of the permissible noise standards during proper scraping was found. Thus, the daily noise exposure level of employees was exceeded. The research showed that the use of hearing protectors, necessary for safe performance of work at this position, is appropriate for employees.Celem pracy było zbadanie narażenia na hałas pracowników świadczących usługi cyklinowania podłóg drewnianych. Badania przeprowadzono w czasie nominalnego dnia pracy. Pomiarów dokonano podczas trzech podstawowych dla tego typu usług czynności – porządkowanie i odkurzanie, szlifowanie i polerowanie oraz szlifowanie polerujące wraz z usuwaniem starych powłok. Do pomiarów wykorzystano sonometr firmy Sonopan DSA-50 klasy I. Wykazano przekroczenie dopuszczalnego poziomu hałasu podczas właściwego cyklinowania. Badania potwierdziły zasadność stosowania przez pracowników ochronników słuchu niezbędnych do bezpiecznego wykonywania pracy na tym stanowisku
Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. leaves from Türkiye
Get PDFJuniper species are especially used in traditional medicine due to their analgesic, diuretic, antibacterial, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and liver-protective effects. The goal of the present study was to investigate the chemical compounds, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of essential oil of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb., a species of juniper with a large spread area in Turkey. Essential oils were extracted by the hydro-distillation method. The components of the hydro distilled oil samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In the study, the essential oil was evaluated for its antibacterial activity against six bacterial strains consisting of two Gram (+) and four Gram (–) by the agar disc diffusion method. Additionally, the antioxidant properties of the oil were determined by TEAC/ABTS+ free radical scavenging assay. As a result, there were 27 compounds in the essential oil of J. excelsa. Of the 27 essential oil components identified, α-pinene (40.59%), α-cedrol (18.15%), β-myrcene (4.53%), and limonene (3.84%) were determined as the main components in total 91.54% of the essential oil. As a result, it was observed that the examined juniper essential oil showed a weak but effective antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains compared to the control agents, and also, the examined oil had low but valuable antioxidant activity.Juniper species are especially used in traditional medicine due to their analgesic, diuretic, antibacterial, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and liver-protective effects. The goal of the present study was to investigate the chemical compounds, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of essential oil of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb., a species of juniper with a large spread area in Turkey. Essential oils were extracted by the hydro-distillation method. The components of the hydro distilled oil samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In the study, the essential oil was evaluated for its antibacterial activity against six bacterial strains consisting of two Gram (+) and four Gram (–) by the agar disc diffusion method. Additionally, the antioxidant properties of the oil were determined by TEAC/ABTS+ free radical scavenging assay. As a result, there were 27 compounds in the essential oil of J. excelsa. Of the 27 essential oil components identified, α-pinene (40.59%), α-cedrol (18.15%), β-myrcene (4.53%), and limonene (3.84%) were determined as the main components in total 91.54% of the essential oil. As a result, it was observed that the examined juniper essential oil showed a weak but effective antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains compared to the control agents, and also, the examined oil had low but valuable antioxidant activity
Changes in physical and chemical characteristics of Syrah grapes in response to timing of cluster thinning
Get PDFCluster thinning was performed on vines of the Syrah variety eight days before the véraison (CTBV) and after the completion of the véraison (CTAV) in the 2019 and 2021 vegetation periods. The differences in physiological and chemical properties between the grapes were investigated to which cluster thinning was applied at two different times and those without cluster thinning. According to the research results, CTBV was more effective in the berry fresh weight, dry weight, berry volume, skin weight, skin surface, cluster width, cluster length, cluster weight, and cluster volume parameters than CTAV. Likewise, the levels of total phenolic compounds, total anthocyanins, and antioxidant capacity increased by 9%, 27%, and 30%, respectively, compared to the control group without cluster thinning. Among the phenolic compounds, trans-resveratrol showed the highest increase of 38%, and petunidin-3-glucoside increased the most (12%) among anthocyanins.Cluster thinning was performed on vines of the Syrah variety eight days before the véraison (CTBV) and after the completion of the véraison (CTAV) in the 2019 and 2021 vegetation periods. The differences in physiological and chemical properties between the grapes were investigated to which cluster thinning was applied at two different times and those without cluster thinning. According to the research results, CTBV was more effective in the berry fresh weight, dry weight, berry volume, skin weight, skin surface, cluster width, cluster length, cluster weight, and cluster volume parameters than CTAV. Likewise, the levels of total phenolic compounds, total anthocyanins, and antioxidant capacity increased by 9%, 27%, and 30%, respectively, compared to the control group without cluster thinning. Among the phenolic compounds, trans-resveratrol showed the highest increase of 38%, and petunidin-3-glucoside increased the most (12%) among anthocyanins
Variations of yield, biochemical and antioxidative responses in sesame with silicon and cytokinin treatments under drought stress
Get PDFDrought is one of the major limiting factors for crops that severely reduce plant growth and productivity. The application of cytokinin (Ck) and silicon (Si) fertilizers can help increase tolerance to drought stress in sesame plants. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of Ck and Si fertilizers on seed yield, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, proline content, and antioxidant enzyme activities in sesame plants under drought-stress conditions. The experiment was conducted as a split plot-factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Firuzkandeh Agricultural Research Station during two crop years of 2020 and 2021. The main plot was three drought stress levels: control, moderate drought stress (MDS), and severe drought stress (SDS), whereas the subplots were three Si application levels: control or non-use of Si, calcium silicate and nano-Si, and two Ck application levels: control or non-use of Ck, Ck application. The results indicated that the sesame seed yield was reduced by 9.3% under MDS and by 32.7% under SDS when compared with control conditions. The highest MDA content and proline accumulation were observed when the plants were subjected to SDS, whereas the higher activity of antioxidant enzymes occurred under MDS. Higher activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduction of MDA content was observed in the plants treated by combined application of Si and Ck under MDS. However, the higher seed yield, greater proline content, and higher antioxidant enzyme activities were obtained from plants treated by nano-Si than calcium silicate. Overall, the results of the present study revealed that the foliar application of nano-Si + Ck can be a promising option for mitigating the negative impacts of drought stress and improving sesame seed yield.Drought is one of the major limiting factors for crops that severely reduce plant growth and productivity. The application of cytokinin (Ck) and silicon (Si) fertilizers can help increase tolerance to drought stress in sesame plants. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of Ck and Si fertilizers on seed yield, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, proline content, and antioxidant enzyme activities in sesame plants under drought-stress conditions. The experiment was conducted as a split plot-factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Firuzkandeh Agricultural Research Station during two crop years of 2020 and 2021. The main plot was three drought stress levels: control, moderate drought stress (MDS), and severe drought stress (SDS), whereas the subplots were three Si application levels: control or non-use of Si, calcium silicate and nano-Si, and two Ck application levels: control or non-use of Ck, Ck application. The results indicated that the sesame seed yield was reduced by 9.3% under MDS and by 32.7% under SDS when compared with control conditions. The highest MDA content and proline accumulation were observed when the plants were subjected to SDS, whereas the higher activity of antioxidant enzymes occurred under MDS. Higher activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduction of MDA content was observed in the plants treated by combined application of Si and Ck under MDS. However, the higher seed yield, greater proline content, and higher antioxidant enzyme activities were obtained from plants treated by nano-Si than calcium silicate. Overall, the results of the present study revealed that the foliar application of nano-Si + Ck can be a promising option for mitigating the negative impacts of drought stress and improving sesame seed yield
Defoliation and water leaf potential effects on oenological properties of Merlot (Vitis vinifera L.) grape must
Get PDFThis research was carried out to determine the effects of leaf water potential and defoliation treatments on the oenological properties of grape must. Merlot/41B graft combination grapevines were cultivated in Chateau Kalpak vineyards in Tekirdağ, Şarköy. The trial was carried out for two consecutive years in the vineyard in the vegetation periods of 2019–2020 and 2020–2021. Leaf water potential treatments were S0 (Control = no irrigation), S1 (–0.3/–0.5 MPa), S2 (–0.5/–0.7 MPa) and S3 (<–0.7 MPa) and defoliation treatments were implemented as; Control(C), Full Window(FW), Right Window(RW) and Left Window (LW). As a result, the S2 (–0.5 MPa and –0.7 MPa) stress level resulted in more balanced responses, as seen in the combination of years in terms of both primary and secondary metabolites. The RW defoliation treatment may cause higher primary and secondary metabolite values in all criteria.This research was carried out to determine the effects of leaf water potential and defoliation treatments on the oenological properties of grape must. Merlot/41B graft combination grapevines were cultivated in Chateau Kalpak vineyards in Tekirdağ, Şarköy. The trial was carried out for two consecutive years in the vineyard in the vegetation periods of 2019–2020 and 2020–2021. Leaf water potential treatments were S0 (Control = no irrigation), S1 (–0.3/–0.5 MPa), S2 (–0.5/–0.7 MPa) and S3 (<–0.7 MPa) and defoliation treatments were implemented as; Control(C), Full Window(FW), Right Window(RW) and Left Window (LW). As a result, the S2 (–0.5 MPa and –0.7 MPa) stress level resulted in more balanced responses, as seen in the combination of years in terms of both primary and secondary metabolites. The RW defoliation treatment may cause higher primary and secondary metabolite values in all criteria
Evaluation of the effect of biological elicitors on the resistance to salinity stress in the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L., cv. Stameran)
Get PDFAn experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with factorial arrangement with three treatments of salinity (0 or check, 150, and 300 mM), and five bacterial elicitors treatments (fungal consortium (bioactive) (BFC), fungal elicitor at 1,000 ppm concentration (EL1), fungal elicitor at 2,000 ppm concentration (EL2), bacteria (BS) (Bacillus safensis), and bacteria (BP) (Bacillus pumilus)) in the Horticultural Science Laboratory to evaluate the effect of biological elicitors, including fungi and bacteria, on resistance to salinity stress in the date palms. The results showed that the lowest hydrogen peroxide content (278 µmol/g) was found in the elicitor of B. safensis at the zero salinity level. Catalase enzyme activity was higher in the treatments of fungal elicitor at 2,000 ppm concentration and the zero salinity level, B. safensis at the 150 mM salinity level, and fungal consortium at the 300 mM salinity level. The hydrogen peroxide content in the plant decreased as the activity of PAL and PPO enzymes increased. Applying an elicitor may reduce the effects of salinity stress in the date palm, but the stress level could determine the impact of each elicitor.To evaluate the effect of biological elicitors, including fungi and bacteria, on resistance to salinity stress in the date palms. The experiment was conducted in a factorial, completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors, i.e., salinity with three levels (0, 150, and 300 mM) and the fungal and bacterial elicitors at five levels. The elicitors treatments were comprised of fungal consortium (BFC), fungal elicitor at 1,000 ppm concentration (EL1), fungal elicitor at 2,000 ppm concentration (EL2), and the bacteria (BS), Bacillus safensis, and Bacillus pumilus. The results showed that the lowest hydrogen peroxide content (278 µmol/g) was found in the seedling treated with elicitor of B. safensis at the zero salinity level. Catalase enzyme activity was higher in plants treated with fungal elicitor at 2,000 ppm concentration and the zero salinity level, B. safensis at the 150 mM salinity level, and fungal consortium at the 300 mM salinity level. The hydrogen peroxide content in the plant decreased as the activity of PAL and PPO enzymes increased. Applying an elicitor may reduce the effects of salinity stress in the date palm, but the stress level could determine the impact of each elicitor
The effect of general health on the psychological well-being of post-operative liver transplantation patients receiving immunosuppressants
No full textObjectives: This study aims to examine the effect of general health status on the psychological well-being of liver transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive therapy.Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out with the participation of 116 liver transplant recipients at the organ transplant institute of a research and practice hospital. We used personal information form, general health questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12), and psychological well-being (PWB) scale to collect data and performed the data analysis using statistical packed for the social sciences 25.0 by IBM.Results: Of the participants, 50% were women and between the ages of 51-64 and 52.6% had less income than their expenses; 75.9% of the recipients had a chronic disease, 33.6% had diabetes mellitus, and 25.9% had coronary artery disease. The GHQ-12 total score was high for psychiatric disorders, while the PWB scale score was moderate. There was a statistically significant, positive, and strong relationship between general health and PWB (p<0.05, r=0.022).Conclusion: General health and PWB are two important factors that mutually affect each other. Recognizing the poor psychological state of liver transplant patients and improving their general health contributes to a good postoperative period. During the post-operative period, liver recipients should be carefully monitored, and their psychological state should be improved
Effects of chronic core training on serum and erythrocyte oxidative stress parameters in amputee football players
No full textObjective: The positive impact of aerobic exercise on blood oxidative stress parameters is well documented. However, the effect of core exercises on these parameters in amputee football players (AF) remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the impact of core exercises on blood oxidative stress parameters in this population.Methods: Experimental method was adopted in the study. Eleven elite AF players participated in the study. The participants were divided randomly into two groups a core exercise group (CEG) and a control group (CG). Blood measurements were taken before and after the 8-week core exercise program. Blood measurements included erythrocyte Total Oxidant Status (eTOS), erythrocyte Total Antioxidant Status (eTAS), erythrocyte oxidative stress index (eOSI), serum nitric oxide (sNO), serum Total Oxidant Status (sTOS), serum Total Antioxidant Status (sTAS), serum oxidative stress index (sOSI), serum total thiol (sTT), serum native thiol (sNT), and serum disulfide (sDS) parameters were studied.Results: According to the results of the study, a significant difference was found between the 0th and eighth week pre-aerobic training load (ATL) sTOS (p = .028) values of CEG values. A significant difference was found in sTOS (p = .028) and sOSI (p = .028) values after the 0th and eighth-week pre-ATL. A significant difference was found in the sTOS (p = .043) and sOSI values (p = .043) of CG at week 0th and eighth-week pre-ATL.Conclusion: Overall, the results suggest that core exercises had a positive effect on blood oxidative stress parameters in AF players by reducing blood total oxidant levels.Inoenue University Scientific Research Projects [TDK-2020/2317]; European Union; UWB [CZ.02.2.69/0.0/0.0/18_054/0014627]This study was supported by Inoenue University Scientific Research Projects Unit with project number TDK-2020/2317. Published with the financial support of the European Union, as part of the project entitled Development of capacities and environment for boosting the international, inter-sectoral, and interdisciplinary cooperation At UWB, project reg. no. CZ.02.2.69/0.0/0.0/18_054/0014627