Czasopisma Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczy w Lublinie
Not a member yet
6232 research outputs found
Sort by
Kübital tünel sendromu tanılı hastalarda vitamin D düzeyi ve reseptör gen polimorfizmi
No full textAmaç: Vitamin D eksikliği birçok hastalıkla ilişkilendirildiği üzere karpal tünel sendromu ve diyabetik periferik nöropati oluşum riski ve semptomlarıyla da ilişkilendirilmiştir. Vitamin D hücresel düzeyde etkilerini VDR'ye bağlanarak göstermektedir. VDR lokasyonundaki genlerde, Vitamin D metabolizmasını modifiye edebilecek ve bazı hastalıklarla ilişkisi olduğu gösterilen yaygın polimorfizmler tanımlanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı kübital tünel sendromlu (KTS) hastalarda vitamin D düzeyi VDR gen polimorfizmlerinden Bsm I ve Apa I arasındaki ilişkinin araştırılmasıdır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışma, 42 KTS hastası ve 42 sağlıklı kontrol üzerinde gerçekleştirildi. KTS'nin şiddeti EMG ile belirlendi ve hastalar hafif, hafif-orta, orta ve şiddetli KTS şeklinde 4 gruba ayrıldı. Tüm katılımcılardan alınan venöz kan örneklerinden öncelikle vitamin D ölçüm parametresi olan serum kalsidiol düzeyleri ölçüldü ve DNA izolasyonu yapıldı, ardından polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu ile Bsm I ve Apa I genotipleri belirlendi. Katılımcıların serum kalsidiol düzeyleri, Bsm I ve Apa I genotipleri ile alel frekansları, ilk olarak KTS ve kontrol grupları arasında karşılaştırıldı. Ardından da vitamin D düzeyi ve polimorfizmlerin KTS grubunda hastalık şiddeti arasındaki ilişki incelendi. Bulgular: KTS grubunun 25'i kadın (%59,5) 17'si ise erkekti (%40,5); kontrol grubu ise 29 kadın (%69,0) ve 13 erkekten (%31,0) oluşmaktaydı. Gruplar arasında cinsiyet dağılımında istatistiksel açından anlamlı bir farklılık yoktu (p=0,495). KTS grubunun yaş ortalaması 47 ± 13,7 şeklindeydi. Sağlıklı kontrol grubunda ise yaş ortalaması 45 ± 19,3 olarak belirlendi. Gruplar arasında yaş dağılımda istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir farklılık görülmedi (p=0,383). KTS grubunun ortalama vitamin D düzeyi 12,3 ng/ml idi. Sağlıklı kontrol grubunda ise ortalama vitamin D düzeyi 28,5 ng/ml bulunmuş olup gruplar arasında istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir farklılık izlendi (p0,05).Sonuçlar: Türk popülasyonunda, KTS ile düşük serum kalsidiol seviyeleri arasında anlamlı ilişki bulunmaktadır. Fakat VDR geni Bsm I ve Apa I polimorfizmleri arasında herhangi biri ilişki bulunmamaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kübital tünel sendromu, polimorfizm, serum kalsidiol düzeyi, vitamin d reseptörüObjective : Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with the risk and symptoms of cubital tunnel syndrome (CTS) and diabetic peripheral neuropathy, as it is associated with many diseases. Vitamin D effects at the cellular level by binding to the VDR. Common polymorphisms have been identified in genes at the VDR locus that can alter vitamin D metabolism and have been shown to be associated with certain diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between vitamin D levels and VDR gene polymorphisms Bsm I and Apa I in patients with CTS. Materials and Method : The study was conducted on 42 patients with cubital tunnel syndrome (CTS) and 42 healthy controls. The severity of CTS was determined by electromyography (EMG), then patients were divided into four groups: mild, mild-moderate, moderate, and severe CTS. Inniality, Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels were measured from venous blood samples taken from all participants. Then DNA isolation was performed and BsmI and ApaI genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Firstly, Serum 25OHD levels, BsmI and ApaI genotypes, and allele frequencies of the participants were compared between the CTS and control groups and then the relationship between vitamin D levels and polymorphisms and disease severity was investigated in the CTS group. Results: The CTS group consisted of 25 females (59.5%) and 17 males (40.5%), while the control group comprised 29 females (69.0%) and 13 males (31.0%). There was no statistically significant difference in gender distribution between the groups (p=0.495). The mean age of the CTS group was 47 ± 13.7 years. In the healthy control group, the mean age was determined to be 45 ± 19.3 years. There was no statistically significant difference in age distribution between the groups (p=0.383). The mean vitamin D level in the CTS group was 12.3 ng/ml. In the healthy control group, the mean vitamin D level was 28.5 ng/ml, and a statistically significant difference was observed between the groups (p0.05). Results: In the Turkish population, there is a significant association between CTS and low serum calcidiol levels. However, there is no association found between VDR gene Bsm I and Apa I polymorphisms. Keywords: Cubital tunnel syndrome, polymorphism, serum calcidiol level, vitamin D recepto
Unveiling the outstanding full-cell performance of P2-type Na0.67(Mn0.44Ni0.06Fe0.43Ti0.07)O2 cathode active material for Na-ion batteries
No full textIn this study, we unravel the effect of Ni doping on the half-cell and full-cell performances of the Na0.67Mn0.5-xNixFe0.43Ti0.07O2 cathode materials where x varies between 0.02 and 0.1. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis of the half-cells is performed at 10 degrees C, room temperature (RT), and 50 degrees C to elucidate the redox reaction mechanisms at different temperatures. Among the studied cathodes, the highest specific capacity is obtained fox = 0.06 which delivered a specific capacity of 186 mAh g-1 at C/3-rate. The full cell of Na0.67Mn0.44Ni0.06-Fe0.43Ti0.07O2/hard carbon couple is assembled in coin cell format and the specific capacity of the cell at C/2, 1C, and 2C rates are found as 153 mAh g- 1, 125 mAh g-1 and 120 mAh g-1, respectively. At the C/2-rate, the excellent capacity retention of the full cell is around 70% after 500 cycles delivering a specific capacity of 103 mAh g- 1. Along with the conventional physicochemical characterization methods such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Raman and Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopies (FTIR), we also utilize X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to bridge the nexus between the performance and the structure properties of the studied materials. Furthermore, we also employ synchrotron-based X-ray Absorption (XAS) to understand the local geometry of the optimized cathode materials in operando.TUBITAK [225N335]; TENMAK; Afyon Kocatepe University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit [21.FEN. BIL.40]The Authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of TUBITAK under project number 225N335. The Operando XAS analysis was performed at XAS/XRF Beamline in SESAME-Jordan and TENMAK was financially supported to the author during to experiment in SESAME. We would like to thank Dr. Tarik Ozturk who assisted us to obtain Raman spectrums. This study is supported by Afyon Kocatepe University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit. Project Number: 21.FEN. BIL.40
Novel image pixel scrambling technique for efficient color image encryption in resource-constrained IoT devices
No full textIn the digital age, where data is a valuable commodity, securing sensitive information has become a growing concern. Image encryption techniques play an essential role in protecting visual data from unauthorized access and ensuring privacy. However, with limited computing capacity in Internet of Things (IoT) devices, standard encryption algorithms are not feasible, rendering lightweight methods mandatory. This study proposes a novel Corner Traversal algorithm, an alternative to existing pixel scrambling techniques. The proposed algorithm demonstrably outperforms its counterparts in both higher confusion and lower time complexity, making it remarkably efficient. Integrated with chaos-based diffusion methods, this algorithm forms a comprehensive encryption scheme. The proposed lightweight image encryption scheme utilizing the Corner Traversal algorithm successfully passed rigorous statistical and differential security analysis. Compared to similar schemes, the proposed encryption scheme employing the Corner Traversal algorithm in the confusion phase distinguishes itself through exceptional NPCR (99.6093 for Lenna) and UACI (33.4648 for Lenna) values. Combined with other evaluation criteria, this method demonstrably meets the stringent security requirements of IoT systems.Inonu UniversityNo Statement Availabl
P2-type Na0.67Mn0.5-xVxFe0.43Ti0.07O2 powders for Na-ion cathodes: Ex-situ structural analysis and full-cell study
No full textThis study used a modified solid-state synthesis technique to synthesize Na0.67Mn0.5-xVxFe0.43Ti0.07O2 (x = 0.02 0.1) cathode materials. The XRD pattern shows that there are no impurity phases in the samples for x <= 0.06. The granular grain formation was observed in each sample and the largest surface area was obtained for x = 0.06 Vdoped composition. According to XPS analysis of the x = 0.06 sample, the V and Ti ions have three different valence states in the structure and the ratio of V3+/V4+/V5+ ions in the powders was calculated as 13 %/36 %/51 % and the spin splitting binding energy gaps were found as 7.1 eV for each V-ions and they affected by cycling process. The redox mechanism of the half cells was investigated at 10 degrees C and room temperature. The diffusion coefficient values of Na+ were calculated by cycling voltammetry (CV) and GITT techniques for the x = 0.06. Although the highest capacity of the half cells for the V-substituted samples was found to be 188.3 mAh/g for x = 0.02 V-doping in the cells for C/3-rate, the best capacity fade among the cells was obtained for x = 0.06 as 36.9 %. The ex-situ analysis of the electrodes after 100 cycles at the environmental temperatures of 10 degrees C, 50 degrees C, and 60 degrees C was investigated and it was found that the valence state of the elements changed by the cycling process. The artificial solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation on the anode surface was performed by presodiation technique and the full cells were assembled using Na0.67Mn0.44V0.06Fe0.43Ti0.07O2/hard carbon architecture and the obtained first capacity values for C/3-rate were 90.1 mAh/g and 66.6 mAh/g, respectively, and the capacity value decreased with the cycling process up to 60 cycles and then gave a plateau with increasing cycle numbers up to 500 cycles.TUBITAK [225N335]; Inonu University [FYL-2022-3100]The Authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of TUBITAK under project number 225N335. S. Altin and E. Dogan would like to acknowledge the financial support of Inonu University under project number FYL-2022-3100
Addiction in Adolescents from Past to Present: A Bibliometric Analysis
No full textThis research aimed to examine the basic and conceptual structure of the research area about addiction in adolescents by examining studies in an international index (Web of Science (WoS) database: SCI-Expanded, SSCI, AHCI, ESCI) through bibliometric analysis. Research on addiction in adolescents has been examined using bibliometric analysis and mapping techniques. Accordingly, a total of 5558 studies from the WoS database were analyzed in line with the criteria for inclusion. Although there were partial decreases in some years for adolescent studies about addiction, the general progression was increasing. Regarding resource categories, first were addictive behaviors, followed by drug and alcohol dependence. Although smoking is related to substance use, it differs from other types of addiction. In addition, Internet addiction, one of the behavioral addictions, are among the strong research themes. University of Pittsburgh produced most institution-based publications, and the USA was the country with most publications and most cited publications in the world. Research about adolescent addiction focuses mostly on substance abuse/use and psychiatry disciplines. Since publications in the research area are not within the limits of Lotka's law, authors in this research area need more publication productivity for two or more publications
EKOLOJİZM VE ELEŞTİRİLERİ: İDEOLOJİLER ÜZERİNDEN BİR MUKAYESE
No full textModern dönem öncesi insanoğlunun doğayla çift yönlü kurduğu ve uyum içerisinde sürdürdüğü alışveriş ilişkisi, doğa üzerinde bir hâkimiyet kurma düşüncesi meydana getirmemiştir. Aydınlanma dönemi ve sonrasında ise sanayi devriminin etkisiyle birlikte modern dönemde insan, aklını ve çıkarlarını önceleyerek doğayla kurduğu çift yönlü ilişkisini terk etmiştir. Kendisini doğadan ayrı bir yerde konumlandırmaya başlayan insan, doğadan yalnızca kendi çıkarları doğrultusunda yararlanma yoluna gitmiştir. Bu durum zamanla ciddi ekolojik problemlere neden olmuş ve insan, çözüm için parçası olduğu doğayla yeniden çift yönlü kuracağı ilişki zeminini aramaya başlamıştır. Ekolojizm, doğadan ayrıştırılmış insan merkezli yaklaşımlara post-modern bir tepki ve bu yaklaşımların sonucu ortaya çıkan ekolojik sorunların çözümü için arayışın bir yansımasıdır. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, ekolojizm ile ilişki korelasyonunun yüksek olduğu düşünülen; liberalizm ve sosyalizm gibi meta-ideolojilerin ve muhafazakârlık, anarşizm ve feminizm gibi temel ideolojilerin karşılaştırılması üzerinden ekolojizm vizyonunun anlaşılması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda; ekolojizmin ortaya çıkışı, gelişimi ve çevrecilikle ilişkisi irdelenerek açıklanmaktadır. Ekolojizmin; “özgürlük ve eşitlik”, “egemenlik ve siyasal sistem”, “mülkiyet ve üretim ilişkileri” ve “devlet” gibi siyasal alanın temel konularına yaklaşımı ortaya koyularak ve diğer ideolojilerle ilişkisi eleştirel açıdan tartışılmaktadır. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden literatür incelemesi yöntemine dayalı olarak hazırlanan çalışmada; ekolojizmin insanı doğanın bir parçası olarak konumlandırma ve doğayla eşitlikçi ilişki kurma çabasının diğer ideolojilerden farklı olarak ekolojizmin kurucu niteliği olduğu düşünülmektedir. Ayrıca ekolojizmin ekosentrik aşırılığının, insanı yalnızca sorunların parçası olarak değerlendirmesine, çözümün parçası olabileceğini görmezden gelmesine ve holistik bir anlayıştan uzaklaşarak eko-körlük yaşamasına neden olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır
Determination of treatment compliance, quality of life and affecting factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
No full textSağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Hemşirelik Ana Bilim Dalı, İç Hastalıkları Hemşireliği Bilim DalıAmaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı romatoid artritli hastalarda tedaviye uyum ile yaşam kalitesi arasındaki ilişkiyi ve etkileyen faktörleri incelemektir. Materyal ve metot: Tanımlayıcı ve ilişki arayıcı tipte olan bu araştırmanın evrenini Malatya İnönü Üniversitesi Turgut Özal Tıp Merkezi romatoloji polikliniğine başvuran romatoid artrit hastaları oluşturdu. Araştırmanın örneklem büyüklüğü G power analiziyle 129 olarak hesaplandı ve çalışmamıza 129 hasta dahil edildi. Veriler; Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Tıbbi Tedaviye Uyum Oranı Ölçeği ve Romatoid Artrit Yaşam Kalitesi Ölçeği kullanılarak toplandı. Araştırmadan elde edilen verilerin analizi SPSS 29.0 programı ile değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Eğitim düzeyi, gelir düzeyi, eklemlerde şişlik ve uyku problemi yaşama durumu gibi RA semptomlarının varlığı, tedaviye olan inanç ve RA ilaçlarına bağlı yan etki yaşama durumu RA hastalarında tedaviye uyum ve yaşam kalitesini etkileyen faktörlerdir. Tıbbi tedaviye uyum oranı ölçeğinden alınan toplam puan ortalaması 6,93 iken Romatoid artrit yaşam kalitesi ölçeğinden alınan toplam puan ortalaması 17,36'dır. Tıbbi tedaviye uyum ile romatoid artrit yaşam kalitesi arasında negatif ilişki saptanmıştır (r= -0,179, p<0,05). Tıbbi tedaviye uyumdan alınan puan arttıkça romatoid artrit yaşam kalitesinden alınan puan azalmaktadır. Romatoid artrit yaşam kalitesinden alınan puanın azalması yaşam kalitesinin arttığını göstermektedir. Bu durumda tıbbi tedaviye uyum arttıkça romatoid artrit yaşam kalitesi de artmaktadır. Sonuç: Araştırma bulguları doğrultusunda romatoid artritli hastalarda tedaviye uyumun artmasıyla yaşam kalitesinin de arttığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu bağlamda hastalarla en çok iletişimde bulunan sağlık profesyonelleri olarak hemşirelerin özellikle tedaviye uyumu artırmak için yapacakları hasta eğitimleri önem arz etmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Romatoid Artrit, Tedaviye Uyum, Yaşam Kalitesi.Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between treatment adherence and quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and the confounding factors. Materials and methods: The population of this descriptive and correlational study consisted of rheumatoid arthritis patients who applied to the rheumatology outpatient clinic of Malatya İnönü University Turgut Özal Medical Center. The sample size of the study was calculated as 129 by G power analysis and 129 patients were included in our study. Data were collected using Personal Information Form, Medical Treatment Compliance Rate Scale and Rheumatoid Arthritis Quality of Life Scale. The analysis of the data obtained from the study was evaluated with SPSS 29.0 program. Results: Education level, income level, presence of RA symptoms such as swelling in the joints and sleep problems, belief in treatment and experiencing side effects due to RA medications are factors affecting treatment compliance and quality of life in RA patients. The mean total score obtained from the rate of compliance with medical treatment scale was 6.93, while the mean total score obtained from the rheumatoid arthritis quality of life scale was 17,36. A negative correlation was found between adherence to medical treatment and RA quality of life (r=0.179, p<0.05). As the score obtained from adherence to medical treatment increased, the score obtained from rheumatoid arthritis quality of life decreased. A decrease in the rheumatoid arthritis quality of life score indicates an increase in quality of life. In this case, as adherence to medical treatment increases, rheumatoid arthritis quality of life also increases. Conclusion: In line with the results of the study, it was concluded that the quality of life of patients with rheumatoid arthritis improved with increased adherence to treatment. In this context, it is important that nurses, as the healthcare professionals who communicate most with patients, provide patient education to increase adherence in RA patients. Keywords: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Treatment Adherence, Quality of Life
Metabolomic analysis of Chinese yam (Dioscorea polystachya Turczaninow) bulbils at different germination stages by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS
Get PDFBulbil germination is crucial to the survival of Chinese yam plants, the preservation of germplasm resources and the worldwide supply of food and natural medicine. There are still some unknowns regarding bulbil biochemical variations associated with germination. The metabolic changes during the germination of Chinese yam (Dioscorea polystachya Turczaninow) bulbils were studied using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) at eight-time points covering all four phases of germination. It was determined that 27 metabolites, including organic acids, amino acids, sugars, lipid metabolites, phenolics and steroids, were responsible for the variation in the Chinese yam bulbil groups. A metabolomics pathway was proposed based on the identified metabolites. The main processes affected during germination were those related to carbohydrate metabolism, the TCA cycle, lipid metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, lipid metabolism and polyphenol metabolism. It is one of the earliest reports on the metabolite identification and profiling of Chinese yam bulbils at different germination stages.Bulbil germination is crucial to the survival of Chinese yam plants, the preservation of germplasm resources and the worldwide supply of food and natural medicine. There are still some unknowns regarding bulbil biochemical variations associated with germination. The metabolic changes during the germination of Chinese yam (Dioscorea polystachya Turczaninow) bulbils were studied using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) at eight-time points covering all four phases of germination. It was determined that 27 metabolites, including organic acids, amino acids, sugars, lipid metabolites, phenolics and steroids, were responsible for the variation in the Chinese yam bulbil groups. A metabolomics pathway was proposed based on the identified metabolites. The main processes affected during germination were those related to carbohydrate metabolism, the TCA cycle, lipid metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, lipid metabolism and polyphenol metabolism. It is one of the earliest reports on the metabolite identification and profiling of Chinese yam bulbils at different germination stages
Ethanol added to washing water delays yellowing in Spinacia oleracea L. cv. ‘Matador’
Get PDFThe primary quality concern for spinach and other green vegetables during post-harvest handling is preserving the green color, specifically by delaying the yellowing caused by chlorophyll loss. The current study, therefore, aimed to investigate the effect of ethanol added to washing water in low concentrations on yellowing, chlorophyll loss, and the storage quality of spinach. For this purpose, ethanol was added to tap water at 0 µL L–1 (control), 200 µL L–1, 400 µL L–1, and 800 µL L–1, and after pre-washing, the spinach leaves were dipped in these solutions at a temperature of 16–18°C for five minutes. The spinach was stored at 4 ±1°C and at 90–95% RH for 21 days after being drained, dried, and packed, and the quality parameters were recorded at seven-day intervals. As a result of this study, the decline in chlorophyll losses was obtained especially by the application of the 400 µL L–1 ethanol treatment after the first 14 days of storage, and this result was positively correlated with both the color values L*, a*, b*, hue, yellowness index (YI), total color difference (ΔE), and the chlorophyll SPAD (soil-plant analysis development) values. Consequently, adding 400 µL L–1 of ethanol to the washing water was the most effective in delaying yellowing and chlorophyll loss in spinach. However, this effect declined with increasing solution concentrations and was accompanied by weight loss.The primary quality concern for spinach and other green vegetables during post-harvest handling is preserving the green color, specifically by delaying the yellowing caused by chlorophyll loss. The current study, therefore, aimed to investigate the effect of ethanol added to washing water in low concentrations on yellowing, chlorophyll loss, and the storage quality of spinach. For this purpose, ethanol was added to tap water at 0 µL L–1 (control), 200 µL L–1, 400 µL L–1, and 800 µL L–1, and after pre-washing, the spinach leaves were dipped in these solutions at a temperature of 16–18°C for five minutes. The spinach was stored at 4 ±1°C and at 90–95% RH for 21 days after being drained, dried, and packed, and the quality parameters were recorded at seven-day intervals. As a result of this study, the decline in chlorophyll losses was obtained especially by the application of the 400 µL L–1 ethanol treatment after the first 14 days of storage, and this result was positively correlated with both the color values L*, a*, b*, hue, yellowness index (YI), total color difference (ΔE), and the chlorophyll SPAD (soil-plant analysis development) values. Consequently, adding 400 µL L–1 of ethanol to the washing water was the most effective in delaying yellowing and chlorophyll loss in spinach. However, this effect declined with increasing solution concentrations and was accompanied by weight loss
Ekonomiczna i środowiskowa ocena polowych gospodarstw ekologicznych w wybranych krajach Unii Europejskiej
Get PDFThe aim of the study was the economic and environmental assessment of fieldcrops organic farms in selected countries of the European Union. The analysis was carried out for countries located in different Evironmental Zones, i.e. Atlantic/Continetal – Germany, Continental – Poland, Boreal – Finland and Mediterranean – Italy. The basis for the study was data from the FADN database (2016-2018) obtained from the European Commission. The analysis shows that organic fieldcrops farms in these countries differed in production potential resulting from having different resources of land, labor and capital. The structure of crops in the studied farms was adapted to soil and climatic conditions and had an impact on the value of production, economic outcomes and environment. The study showed low production and income inefficiency of field organic farms and their significant dependence on public support.Celem przeprowadzonych badań była ocena ekonomiczna i środowiskowa polowych gospodarstw ekologicznych w wybranych krajach Unii Europejskiej. Przeprowadzona analiza została wykonana dla krajów położonych w różnych strefach środowiskowych tj. atlantycko/kontynentalnej – Niemcy, kontynentalnej – Polska, borealnej – Finlandia i śródziemnomorskiej – Włochy. Podstawę opracowania stanowiły dane z bazy FADN (2016-2018) uzyskane z Komisji Europejskiej. Z przeprowadzonej analizy wynika, że ekologiczne gospodarstwa polowe w tych krajach różniły się potencjałem produkcyjnym, wynikającym z posiadania zróżnicowanych zasobów ziemi, pracy i kapitału. Struktura upraw w badanych gospodarstwach była dostosowana do warunków glebowych i klimatycznych oraz wpływała na wartość produkcji, osiągane wyniki ekonomiczne i na środowisko. Przeprowadzone badanie wykazało niską efektywność produkcyjną i dochodową polowych gospodarstw ekologicznych i ich znaczącą zależność od wsparcia publicznego