Czasopisma Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczy w Lublinie
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Ocena efektów stosowania biostymulatorów w integrowanej uprawie majeranku ogrodowego (Origanum majorana L.)
Get PDFThe field experiment in the village of Trębanów in Świętokrzyskie province, Poland was conducted during the period 2018–2020. The aim of the research was to determine the plants morphological characteristics, size and yields structure and the essential oil content and yield depending on the application of biostimulants in integrated production of sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) Natural biostimulants such as: Viva (2 dm3‧ha–1); Stimplex (1,5 dm3‧ha–1); Megafol (1,5 dm3‧ha–1); Kendal (1 dm3‧ha–1) were used twice as foliar application.
Results indicated that application of the preparations contributed to better plant growing, stimulated forming of aboveground parts and increased raw material yields by 6.8–16.4%. In the three-year research period, Stimplex and Viva application appeared to be the most efficient. There was also an interaction between years and preparations. In 2018, Megafol reduced the adverse reactions of plants to water stress, while Kendal – infestation by fungal diseases in 2019. It was shown that the yield and quality of marjoram were variable in the years of the research. Among compared preparations only biostimulant Stimplex increased essential oil contents in marjoram herb.Badania przeprowadzono w latach 2018–2020, opierając się na eksperymencie polowym założonym w miejscowości Trębanów (woj. świętokrzyskie). Celem doświadczenia było określenie wpływu wybranych biopreparatów w uprawie integrowanej majeranku ogrodowego na cechy morfologiczne roślin, wielkość i strukturę plonu oraz zawartość i wydajność olejku eterycznego. Naturalne biostymulatory takie jak: Viva (2 dm3∙ha–1); Stimplex (1,5 dm3∙ha–1); Megafol (1,5 dm3∙ha–1); Kendal (1 dm3∙ha–1) stosowano dolistnie dwukrotnie w czasie wegetacji.
Wyniki wskazują, że zastosowane preparaty przyczyniły się do lepszego wzrostu roślin, stymulowały tworzenie części nadziemnej majeranku oraz spowodowały zwyżkę plonu surowca o 6,8–16,4%. Spośród porównywanych biostymulatorów w trzyletnim okresie badań najbardziej efektywna okazała się aplikacja Stimplexu i Vivy. Wystąpiła także interakcja między latami badań a preparatami. W 2018 r. zastosowanie Megafolu zmniejszyło niekorzystną reakcje roślin na stres wodny, natomiast Kendalu – porażenie przez choroby grzybowe w 2019 r. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że wielkość i jakość plonu majeranku była zmienna w latach badań. Spośród porównywanych biostymulatorów jedynie Stimplex zwiększył zawartość olejku w zielu majeranku
The role of food trade in the European Single Market in the years 2000-2022
Get PDFThis article examines the role of food in the external trade of the Member States of the European Union. The paper is based on literature and data collected from international databases of the World Bank, EUROSTAT and the Statista service. A statistical-descriptive analysis method was applied to the data on export volumes and their structure, as well as to the comparison of gravity index values and their deviations. The results of the research indicate an upward trend in food trade between EU countries. Between 2000 and 2022, the value of the intarnal market of EU food trade tripled. Four product groups play a dominant role in intra-EU trade: meat products, dairy products, cereals and fruit and vegetables. On the other hand, the Benelux countries, Germany and France have the largest trade flows. Belgium is an exporter with a significant role in trade for all the main food groups. The main intra-EU trade flows take place mainly between the closest neighbours.This article examines the role of food in the external trade of the Member States of the European Union. The paper is based on literature and data collected from international databases of the World Bank, EUROSTAT and the Statista service. A statistical-descriptive analysis method was applied to the data on export volumes and their structure, as well as to the comparison of gravity index values and their deviations. The results of the research indicate an upward trend in food trade between EU countries. Between 2000 and 2022, the value of the intarnal market of EU food trade tripled. Four product groups play a dominant role in intra-EU trade: meat products, dairy products, cereals and fruit and vegetables. On the other hand, the Benelux countries, Germany and France have the largest trade flows. Belgium is an exporter with a significant role in trade for all the main food groups. The main intra-EU trade flows take place mainly between the closest neighbours
Amigdalina - analiza jej toksycznego i antynowotworowego działania
Get PDFAmygdalin, i.e. a cyanide glycoside present naturally in bitter almonds and seeds of many fruits, is a controversial substance, as it has been shown to be toxic but is used as an adjuvant in the treatment of cancer in alternative medicine. Furthermore, studies have shown that amygdalin has antitussive and diastolic effects and exerts a positive effect on the gastrointestinal system. Unhydrolyzed amygdalin has no toxic effect on the organism, but the decomposition products, mainly hydrogen cyanide, are toxic. It has been shown that amygdalin toxicity related to cyanide release requires microbial activity in the intestinal flora. Owing to the synthesis of such enzymes as rhodanase and hydroxocobalamin, herbivorous animals and humans have the ability to detoxify hydrogen cyanide and transform it into compounds with lower toxicity. The antitumor activity of amygdalin is believed to be associated with the cytotoxic activity of enzymatically released hydrogen cyanide and unhydrolyzed cyanogenic glycosides. Given the proven toxicity as well as the inconclusive and uncertain clinical effects, amygdalin cannot currently be recommended as adjunctive therapy to cancer patients. However, many aspects of the application of amygdalin have not been adequately studied to date; hence, further research is necessary to assess its true therapeutic potential.Amigdalina, glikozyd cyjankowy naturalnie występujący w gorzkich migdałach i pestkach wielu owoców, jest substancją kontrowersyjną, ponieważ udowodniono, że ma właściwości toksyczne, ale jednocześnie używana jest jako substancja wspomagająca leczenie nowotworów w medycynie niekonwencjonalnej. Ponadto badania wykazały, że amigdalina wykazuje działanie przeciwkaszlowe i rozkurczowe, wpływa również pozytywnie na układ pokarmowy. Niezhydrolizowana amigdalina nie wpływa toksycznie na organizm, jednak produkty jej rozpadu, przede wszystkim cyjanowodór, wykazują działanie toksyczne. Wykazano, że toksyczność amigdaliny spowodowana uwalnianiem cyjanku wymaga aktywności mikrobiologicznej flory jelitowej. Zwierzęta roślinożerne oraz ludzie, dzięki syntezie enzymów takich jak rodanaza i hydroksykobalamina, mają zdolność do detoksykacji cyjanowodoru i przekształcania do związków o obniżonej toksyczności. Uważa się, że aktywność przeciwnowotworowa amigdaliny jest związana z działaniem cytotoksycznym enzymatycznie uwalnianego cyjanowodoru i niehydrolizowanych glikozydów cyjanogennych. Biorąc pod uwagę udowodnioną toksyczność oraz nieprzekonujące i niepewne efekty kliniczne, amigdalina nie może być obecnie polecana pacjentom onkologicznym jako leczenie wspomagające. Wiele aspektów stosowania amigdaliny nie zostało jednak jeszcze odpowiednio zbadanych, co czyni dalsze badania niezbędnymi do oceny jej rzeczywistego potencjału terapeutycznego
Effects of hydropriming, halopriming, and hormopriming seed treatments on the subsequent salt stress tolerance of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in Algeria
Get PDFQuinoa, a valuable halophyte, plays a crucial role in ensuring food and nutritional security under climate change. However, high salinity levels can hinder seed germination and subsequent plant growth. The current study aimed to enhance the salinity tolerance of pre-optimized quinoa seeds through various priming techniques: hydropriming (distilled water, 25 °C, 12 hours), halopriming (75 mM CaCl₂, KNO₃, and MgSO₄ at 25 °C for 12 hours), and hormopriming with gibberellic acid (GA₃ 25 mM, 25 °C, 12 hours). The seed germination parameters: germination percentage, relative salt tolerance and salt tolerance index, as well as growth parameters of seedlings as plant height, leaf number, plant fresh weight, root length, root fresh weight, plant height/root length ratio, plant height stress tolerance index, root length stress tolerance index, and chlorophyll content, were evaluated in Giza 02 and Q102 Chenopodium quinoa varieties. Halopriming with KNO₃, hormopriming with GA₃, followed by halopriming with MgSO₄, effectively mitigated the negative impacts of salinity. This priming approach shows promise for enhancing quinoa crop resilience in saline soils and could serve as a model for other salt-sensitive crops.Quinoa, a valuable halophyte, plays a crucial role in ensuring food and nutritional security under climate change. However, high salinity levels can hinder seed germination and subsequent plant growth. The current study aimed to enhance the salinity tolerance of pre-optimized quinoa seeds through various priming techniques: hydropriming (distilled water, 25 °C, 12 hours), halopriming (75 mM CaCl₂, KNO₃, and MgSO₄ at 25 °C for 12 hours), and hormopriming with gibberellic acid (GA₃ 25 mM, 25 °C, 12 hours). The seed germination parameters: germination percentage, relative salt tolerance and salt tolerance index, as well as growth parameters of seedlings as plant height, leaf number, plant fresh weight, root length, root fresh weight, plant height/root length ratio, plant height stress tolerance index, root length stress tolerance index, and chlorophyll content, were evaluated in Giza 02 and Q102 Chenopodium quinoa varieties. Halopriming with KNO₃, hormopriming with GA₃, followed by halopriming with MgSO₄, effectively mitigated the negative impacts of salinity. This priming approach shows promise for enhancing quinoa crop resilience in saline soils and could serve as a model for other salt-sensitive crops
Investigation of the relationship between competition styles and problem behaviors of preschool children
No full textSağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Çocuk Gelişimi Ana Bilim DalıAmaç: Bu araştırma okul öncesi eğitime devam eden 48-72 aylık çocukların rekabet stilleri ile problem davranışları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Materyal ve Metot: Araştırma Malatya il merkezinde MEB'e bağlı resmi ilköğretim okullarının anasınıflarına ve bağımsız anaokullarına devam eden 48-72 aylık 321 çocuk ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veri toplama aracı olarak; Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Anaokulu ve Okul Öncesi Davranış Ölçeği (PKBS-2) ve Okul Öncesi Rekabet Ölçeği (PCQ) kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmadaki verilerin analizi IBM SPSS paket programı ile yapılmıştır. İki grup arasındaki farkları incelemek amacıyla t-testi uygulanmıştır. Gruplar arası farklılıkları değerlendirmek için ANOVA yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Değişkenler arası ilişkiyi belirlemek amacıyla korelasyon analizi, etkileşimi incelemek amacıyla regresyon analizi yapılarak sonuçlar değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Çocukların problem davranış puan ortalamasının cinsiyete ve doğum sırasına göre anlamlı bir fark gösterirken; yaşa, ailenin sahip olduğu çocuk sayısına, anne-babanın eğitim düzeyine göre anlamlı bir farklılık göstermediği tespit edilmiştir. Rekabet stillerinin yaşa ve ailenin sahip olduğu çocuk sayısına göre anlamlı bir farklılık gösterirken; cinsiyete, doğum sırasına ve anne-baba eğitim düzeyine göre anlamlı bir farklılık göstermediği tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç: Yapılan korelasyon ve regresyon analizleri sonucunda problem davranışlar ile rekabet stilleri arasında bir ilişki olmadığı, problem davranışların rekabet stillerini yordamadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Okul Öncesi Dönem, Problem Davranış, Rekabet Stilleri.Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between problem behaviors and competition styles in 48-72 month-old children attending preschool education. Material and Method: The study was conducted with 321 children aged 48-72 months attending kindergarten classes in official primary schools and independent kindergartens affiliated with the Ministry of National Education in the central district of Malatya. The Personal Information Form, The Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scale (PKBS-2), and The Preschool Competition Questionnaire (PCQ) were used as the data collection tool in the study. The relational survey model, a quantitative research method, was used in the study. Data analysis was carried out using the IBM SPSS software package. A t-test was applied to examine the differences between two groups. The ANOVA method was used to evaluate the differences between multiple groups. Correlation analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between variables, and regression analysis was performed to examine the interaction, and the results were evaluated accordingly. Results: It has been found that while the average scores of children's problem behaviours differ in gender and the birth order, they don't differ in age, the number of children in a family and the education level of the parents. On the other hand, competitive styles showed significant differences based on age and the number of children in the family, but not by gender, birth order, or the education level of the parents. Conclusion: Correlation and regression analyses revealed that there is no relationship between problem behaviors and competitive styles, and that problem behaviors do not predict competitive styles. Keywords: Preschool Period, Problem Behaviors, Competitive Styles
Evaluation of possible associated factors for early childhood caries: are preterm birth and birth weight related?
No full textBackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the oral and dental health of preschool children aged 12-71 months living in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey, and to examine the effects of low birth weight (LBW) and preterm, early term and term birth on dental caries.Methods475 participants were included in the study. Intraoral examinations were performed and evaluated for the presence of early childhood caries (ECC). These values are; Relationships such as age, gender, birth weight, week of birth, tooth brushing frequency, cariogenic nutrition, and parental education levels were examined. The obtained data were analyzed statistically (chi-square, t-test, artificial neural network (ANN)).ResultsOf the 475 participants, whose parents agreed to fill out the questionnaire, 250 were female and 225 were male. While the mean age was 49.78 +/- 14.78 months for those with ECC, it was 38.93 +/- 17.96 months for those without. Higher duration of breastfeeding (p = 0.04), education level of parents (p = 0.001), lower socioeconomic level (p = 0.001), and lower brushing frequency (p = 0.001) were also found to be significantly associated with ECC. ECC was seen in 90% of 77 children with a history of preterm birth. In LBW, this rate was 83%. According to the ANN result, in preterm birth; 12.9% affected ECC by LBW.ConclusionAccording to the results of our study, both LBW and preterm delivery were found to be associated with ECC and S-ECC (severe early childhood caries). An additional study on parents of preterm/LBW infants would be beneficial. In the early period, regular dental examination, implementation of preventive and preventive treatments, and nutrition education to parents can make a significant difference in the prevention of ECC
Changes in the Phenolic, Melatonin, Sugar Contents and Antioxidant Capacity, Depending on Ripening Stage in Different Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.) Fruits
No full textCornelian cherry (CC) is a source of bioactive compounds such as phenolics, melatonin and, vitamin C and used as traditional food and in folk medicine. In this study, we analyzed and compared the variation of some bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity in CC fruits depending on ripening and genotype. CC fruit was sampled at different ripening times (unripe, semi-ripe and ripe) and the contents of sugars, vitamin C, melatonin and phenolic compounds were analysed by ultra-fast liquid chromatography (UFLC-PDA). The results showed that the fruits at the unripe samples had a significantly higher chemical components and antioxidant capacity. Chlorogenic acid, catechin, gallic acid and rutin were the four major phenolic compounds identified in all genotypes. Melatonin concentration of unripe fruits was found to be high in all genotypes (ranged from 1664.78-114.60 ng/mL) and a decrease was detected in ripe fruits. Significant increases in vitamin C and individual sugar contents (glucose and fructose) occurred with advancing maturity. The highest vitamin C concentration was determined as 77.38 mg/100 g during the full ripening period. Antioxidant capacity results determined by both methods showed a decreasing tendency with the ripening of the fruits. Concerning antioxidant activity, DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity were maximal at unripe in all CC genotpes. During the development and maturity periods of fruits, important physiological and biochemical changes occured that affect antioxidant capacity, nutritional and chemical composition.by Inonu University Scientifc Researches Unit [TOA-2021-2648]; Inonu University Scientifc Researches UnitThis project was supported by Inonu University Scientifc Researches Unit (No. TOA-2021-2648)
Development of Do Not Resuscitation rules and ethical dilemmas encountered
No full textSağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tıp Tarihi ve Etik Ana Bilim DalıÖZET Do Not Resuscitation Kurallarının Gelişimi ve Karşılaşılan Etik İkilemler Amaç: YBÜ (Yoğun Bakım Ünitesi)'de görev yapan anestezi uzmanları, anestezi asistanlarının DNR (Do Not Resuscitation) kurallarının gelişimi ve karşılaşılan etik ikilemler hakkındaki bilgilerini saptamak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Materyal Metod: Çalışma kesitsel ve tanımlayıcı araştırma türünde planlanmıştır. Araştırma, araştırmacı ve etik uzmanları tarafından hazırlanan 18 soruluk anket formu ile Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Hekimleri ile yüz yüze görüşülerek yapılmıştır. Araştırma MEAH (Malatya Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi)'da çalışan Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Hekimlerinin görüşleri alınarak DNR uygulamasının içerebileceği etik ikilemler, Türkiye'deki yasal düzenlemeler ve etik açıdan yaşanan sorunlara çözüm önerileri sunacaktır. Çalışmada evrenin tamamına (20 kişi) ulaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. İstatistik analizlerde Pearson ki-kare testi ve Fisher'in kesin ki-kare testi kullanılmıştır. Uygulanan istatistiksel analizlerde p<0.05 değeri istatistiksel olarak anlamlı kabul edilmiştir. Tüm analizler IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0 kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Anket formundaki MEAH YBÜ'de çalışan anestezi uzmanı ve anestezi asistanlarının yaş karşılaştırmalarında p<0,05'e göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı sonuç çıkmamıştır. Cinsiyet karşılaştırmasında p<0.05 değeri istatistiksel olarak anlamlı kabul edilen; DNR uygulaması yasal olsaydı hastanın özerklik hakkı nedeniyle hasta tarafından tercih edilmişse yapılmalı mıdır? Sorusuna (p=0,028) kadınlar evet, erkekler hayır cevabını vermektedir. Anestezi uzmanları ve Asistanlarının karşılaştırılmasında ''Diğer hastaların YBÜ gereksinimi olsa da mevcut hastalarıma yasal dahi olsa DNR uygulamam'' (p=0,049) ifadesine anestezi uzmanları uygulamam, anestezi asistanları uygularım cevabını vermektedir. Meslek yılları karşılaştırıldığında p<0,05'e göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı sonuç çıkmamıştır. Yoğun bakımda çalışma yıllarına göre verilen cevaplarda anlamlı bir istatistiksel sonuca varılamamıştır. Sonuç: Çalışmamıza katılan anestezi uzmanları ve anestezi asistanlarına uygulanan ankette DNR'nin anlamını bütün çalışanların bildiği ancak, uygulama yöntemi ve uygulama zamanı hakkında net bir fikir birliğine varamadıkları ve etik ikilem yaşadıkları sonucuna varılmıştır. DNR'nin ülkemizde yasal olmaması, DNR uygulama şeklinin yasalarla netleşmemiş olması, çalışanların kendi etik algısına ve tecrübesine göre cevap verdiğini göstermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Do Not Resuscitation, Do Not Resuscitation kuralları, Türkiye'deki yasalar, etik ikilemler, Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon hekimleriABSTRACT Development of Do Not Resuscitation Rules and Ethical Dilemmas Encountered Aim: This study was conducted to determine the knowledge of anesthesiologists and anesthesia assistants working in the ICU (Intensive Care Unit) about the development of DNR (Do Not Resuscitation) rules and the ethical dilemmas encountered. Material Method: The study was planned as a cross-sectional and descriptive research type. The research was conducted by face-to-face interviews with Anesthesiology and Reanimation Physicians with an 18-question survey form prepared by researcher and ethicists. The research will take the opinions of Anesthesiology and Reanimation Physicians working at MEAH (Malatya Training and Research Hospital) and offer solutions to ethical dilemmas that DNR practice may involve, legal regulations in Turkey and ethical problems. In the study, an attempt was made to reach the entire population (20 people). Pearson chi-square test and Fisher's exact chi-square test were used in statistical analyses. In the statistical analysis applied, a p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyzes were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0. Results: No statistically significant results were found in the age comparisons of the anesthesiologists and anesthesia assistants working in the MEAH ICU in the survey form, according to p < 0.05. In gender comparison, p<0.05 value is considered statistically significant; If DNR was legal, should it be performed if it was preferred by the patient due to the patient's right to autonomy? To the question (p=0.028), women answer yes and men answer no. In the comparison of anesthesiologists and their assistants, the answer to the statement "I do not apply DNR to my current patients, even if it is legal, even if other patients require ICU" (p=0.049) is answered by anesthesiologists, but anesthesia assistants say I do. When career years were compared, no statistically significant results were found according to p<0.05. No significant statistical result could be reached in the answers given according to the years of working in intensive care. Conclusion: In the survey applied to the anesthesiologists and anesthesia assistants who participated in our study, it was concluded that all employees knew the meaning of DNR, but they could not reach a clear consensus about the application method and application time and experienced an ethical dilemma. The fact that DNR is not legal in our country and the way DNR is implemented is not clarified by law shows that employees respond according to their own ethical perception and experience. Keywords: Do Not Resuscitation, Do Not Resuscitation rules, laws in Turkey, ethical dilemmas, Anesthesiology and Reanimation physician
Eschatology and eschatologic myths in zoroastrianism
No full textZerdüştîlik, antik Pers İmparatorluğu'nda ortaya çıkan ve Zerdüşt (Zoroaster) tarafından kurulan bir din ve felsefi sistemdir. Bu dinîn eskatolojik inançları, insanın varoluşunu, ahlaki sorumluluğunu ve evrendeki yerini anlamada kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Zerdüştîlikte eskatoloji, dünyanın sonu, kıyamet ve insanın nihai kaderi ile ilgili inançları kapsamaktadır. Bu inançlar, Zerdüşt'ün öğretilerinde derin bir şekilde kök salmış olup hem bireysel hem de toplumsal düzeyde ahlaki ve etik değerlerin şekillenmesinde etkili olmaktadır. Zerdüştîlikte iyilik ve kötülük mücadelesi, eskatolojik inançların merkezinde yer alan ve evrenin ontolojik yapısını belirleyen temel bir temadır. Bu mücadele, Ahûra Mazda (iyilik ve düzenin Tanrısı) ve Ehrimen'nin (kötülük ve kaosun ruhu) karşıtlıkları etrafında şekillenmektedir. Zerdüştîlik, kozmik bir çatışma olarak tanımlanan bu ikiliğin, evrenin yaratılışından itibaren var olduğunu ve insanlık tarihinin her döneminde bireylerin ahlaki seçimlerini etkilediğini öne sürmektedir. Eskatolojik bir perspektiften değerlendirildiğinde, bu mücadele, Fraşhakereti döneminde nihai bir sona ulaşacak ve iyiliğin galip geleceği inancı ile sonuçlanacaktır. Bu süreçte, bireylerin yaşamları boyunca gerçekleştirdikleri eylemler, yargı günü geldiğinde belirleyici bir rol oynayacak; iyi eylemler, ruhların cennete kabul edilmesine, kötü eylemler ise cehenneme düşmesine yol açacaktır. Dolayısıyla, Zerdüştîlikteki iyilik ve kötülük mücadelesi, yalnızca bireysel bir ahlaki sorumluluk değil, aynı zamanda evrensel bir düzenin sağlanması için gerekli olan kozmik bir çatışma olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Zerdüştîlikte eskatolojik inançların merkezinde "Fraşhakereti" kavramı yer almaktadır. Bu terim, dünyanın sonundaki yenilenme sürecini ifade etmektedir. Fraşhakereti, evrenin nihai bir düzene kavuşacağı, tüm ruhların yargılanacağı ve kötülerin cezalandırılacağı bir dönemi simgelemektedir. Bu süreçte, bireylerin yaşamları boyunca gerçekleştirdikleri davranışları, iyi ve kötü eylemlerine göre değerlendirileceğine yönelik inanç, Zerdüştîliğin ahlaki çerçevesini oluşturmaktadır. Zerdüştlîlikte eskatolojik inançların önemli bir unsuru, "Soşyânt" figürüdür. Soşyânt, kıyamet sonrası dönemde dünyayı kurtaracak olan bir kurtarıcı olarak kabul edilmektedir. Soşyânt'ın üç kez dünyaya geleceği inancı, bu figürün önemini artırmaktadır. Soşyânt'ın gelişi, evrendeki kaosu sona erdirecek ve insanları kurtaracaktır. Bu kurtuluş, hem bireysel hem de toplumsal düzeyde bir yeniden doğuşu simgelemektedir. Zerdüştîlikte, her bireyin yaşamı boyunca gerçekleştirdiği eylemler, ölümünden sonra yargılanmaya tabi tutulacaktır. Bu yargı süreci, "Çinvat Köprüsü" üzerinden geçişle gerçekleşir. Yargılama sonucuna göre iyi ruhlar, bu köprüden geçerek cennete ulaşırken, kötü ruhlar köprüyü geçemeyerek cehenneme düşerler. Bu yargı süreci, bireyin ahlaki sorumluluğunun ve özgür iradesinin sonucunu ortaya koymaktadır. Zerdüştîlikte eskatolojik inançlar, iyi ile kötü arasındaki sürekli çatışmayı da içermektedir. Ahûra Mazda, iyiliğin ve düzenin temsilcisi olarak, "Âşa" (doğru düzen) kavramıyla ilişkilendirilirken Ehrimen (kötülük ruhu) ise "Druj" (yalan) ile temsil edilmektedir. Bu iki güç arasındaki mücadele, evrenin ve insanlığın kaderini belirlemekte, Zerdüştîlik eskatolojisine göre, bu çatışmanın sonunda iyiliğin galip geleceğine inanılmaktadır. Zerdüştîlikte son zamanlar, evrenin yeniden doğuşunu ve tüm insanların Ahûra Mazda'nın huzuruna kabul edileceği bir dönemi simgeler. Bu dönemde, tüm ruhlar, geçmişteki eylemlerine göre yargılanacak ve nihai bir düzen sağlanacaktır. Bu süreç, hem bireysel hem de toplumsal düzeyde bir dönüşüm ve yenilenme anlamına gelmektedir. Zerdüştîlikteki eskatolojik inançlar, insanın varoluşunu ve evrendeki yerini anlamada kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. İyi ile kötü arasındaki mücadele, bireyin özgür iradesi ve nihai kurtuluş temaları, Zerdüştîliğin temel taşlarını oluşturmaktadır. Bu inançlar, Zerdüştîliğin ahlaki ve etik değerlerini pekiştirirken, aynı zamanda bireylerin yaşamlarına anlam katmaktadır. Zerdüştîlikte eskatoloji, tarihsel ve kültürel bağlamda derin bir etkiye sahiptir. Anahtar kelimeler: Zerdüştîlik, Eskatoloji, Fraşhakereti, Kurtarıcı, Soşyânt.Zoroastrianism is a religion and philosophical system that emerged in the ancient Persian Empire, founded by Zoroaster. The eschatological beliefs of this religion play a critical role in understanding human existence, moral responsibility, and one's place in the universe. In Zoroastrianism, eschatology encompasses beliefs related to the end of the world, the apocalypse, and the ultimate fate of humanity. These beliefs are deeply rooted in the teachings of Zoroaster and significantly influence the formation of moral and ethical values at both individual and societal levels. The struggle between good and evil occupies a central position in Zoroastrian eschatological beliefs and is a fundamental theme that determines the ontological structure of the universe. This struggle is shaped around the opposition between Ahûra Mazda (the God of goodness and order) and Ehrimen (the spirit of evil and chaos). Zoroastrianism posits that this duality, defined as a cosmic conflict, has existed since the creation of the universe and has influenced the moral choices of individuals throughout human history. From an eschatological perspective, this struggle will reach a definitive conclusion during the Frashoakereti period, culminating in the belief that good will ultimately prevail. In this process, the actions individuals perform throughout their lives will play a decisive role on the day of judgment; good deeds will lead to the acceptance of souls into paradise, while bad deeds will result in their descent into hell. Therefore, the struggle between good and evil in Zoroastrianism is regarded not only as an individual moral responsibility but also as a necessary cosmic conflict for the establishment of universal order. At the center of Zoroastrian eschatological beliefs lies the concept of "Frashakereti." This term refers to the process of renewal at the end of the world. Frashakereti symbolizes a period in which the universe will achieve a final order, all souls will be judged, and the wicked will be punished. The belief that individuals will be evaluated based on their good and bad deeds throughout their lives forms the moral framework of Zoroastrianism. An important element of Zoroastrian eschatological beliefs is the figure of the "Saoshyant." The Saoshyant is considered a savior who will redeem the world in the post-apocalyptic era. The belief that the Saoshyant will come to the world three times enhances ix the significance of this figure. The arrival of the Saoshyant will end the chaos in the universe and save humanity. This salvation symbolizes a rebirth at both individual and societal levels. In Zoroastrianism, the actions of each individual throughout their life are judged after death. This judgment process occurs through the passage over the "Chinvat Bridge." Good souls cross this bridge to reach paradise, while bad souls fail to cross and fall into hell. This judgment process highlights the individual's moral responsibility and the consequences of free will. Zoroastrian eschatological beliefs also encompass the ongoing conflict between good and evil. Ahûra Mazda is associated with the concept of "Asha" (truth and order) as the representative of goodness and order, while Ehrimen (the spirit of evil) is represented by "Druj" (lie). The struggle between these two forces determines the fate of the universe and humanity, with Zoroastrian eschatology asserting that good will ultimately triumph in this conflict. The end times in Zoroastrianism symbolize the rebirth of the universe and a period in which all people will be accepted into the presence of Ahûra Mazda. During this time, all souls will be judged based on their past actions, and a final order will be established. This process signifies a transformation and renewal at both individual and societal levels. The eschatological beliefs in Zoroastrianism play a critical role in understanding human existence and one's place in the universe. The struggle between good and evil, the themes of individual free will, and ultimate salvation constitute the foundational elements of Zoroastrianism. These beliefs reinforce the moral and ethical values of Zoroastrianism while also adding meaning to individuals' lives. Zoroastrian eschatology has a profound impact in historical and cultural contexts. Keywords: Zoroastrianism, Eschatology, Frashakereti, Savior, Saoshyant
The relationship between passion and athlete identity in sport: the mediating and moderating role of dedication
No full textBackgroundIn addition to the fact that the concept of passion in sports plays a significant role in the formation of the identity concept of athletes, the dedication of athletes to the sports branches they are interested in also has a significant impact on their passion for the sport they are interested in as well as their identity as an athlete. In this direction, the research aims to investigate the role of dedication as a mediator and moderator in the relationship between athlete identity and passion in sport.MethodsThe research was designed using the quantitative research technique of relational surveying. As data collection instruments for the research, the athlete identity scale, the passion in sport scale, and the sports commitment scale were utilized. 237 amateur and professional athletes, of which 142 were male and 95 were female (Mage = 22.7), participated voluntarily in the study by random sampling. The data were analyzed with the PROCESS and Jamovi programs in order to examine the direct and indirect effects.ResultsSignificant effects of sports passion on commitment and athlete identity were found. Since both dedication and athlete identity had a significant effect on passion for sports, it was determined that passion for sports continues to influence athlete identity through the medium of dedication. The moderator significance of medium, high, and low values of devotion was determined.Ethics approval number226394, date of registration: 03/11/2022.ConclusionOn the basis of the results of the statistical analyses, it was determined that the concept of dedication has a mediating and moderating effect on the relationship between sports passion and athlete identity