Czasopisma Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczy w Lublinie
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Securitization of secularism in military interventions in Türkiye
No full textSosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Ana Bilim Dalı, Siyaset ve Sosyal Bilimler Bilim DalıTürkiye'de devletin temel nitelikleri arasında en çok tartışılan kavramlardan biri laikliktir. Din ve devlet işlerinin birbirinden ayrılması gibi kalıplaşmış tanımlara sığdırılan laiklik, özellikle Cumhuriyetin ilk dönemlerinde dini alanın devlet kontrolü altına alınmasında etkili olmuştur. Osmanlı'da başlayan Cumhuriyet dönemi hız kazanan modernleşme sürecinde, hemen her yenilikte laikliğin izlerini görmek mümkündür. Ancak muhtevası, uygulama alanları ve kapsamı net olarak çizilemeyen laiklik, Türk siyasal hayatında politik ve retorik olarak kullanılabilmiştir. Böylece laiklik kavramı, meşruiyet sağlama aracına dönüştürülmüştür. Bu çalışmanın konusu laikliğin meşruiyet aracına dönüşmesi üzerinden Türk siyasal hayatındaki askeri müdahalelerin güvenlikleştirme teorisi üzerinden irdelenmesidir. Türkiye'de demokrasinin kurumsallaşamamasının hem nedenleri hem sonuçları arasında ele alınabilen askeri müdahalelerde, ordunun gerekçe ve meşruiyet arayışları öne çıkmaktadır. Ordunun siyasal alana doğrudan darbeler yoluyla müdahalesi veya siyasal alanı muhtıralar üzerinden şekillendirme isteği, siyasal alanı çıkmazlara sokmuştur. Bu çalışmada, laikliğin askeri müdahale dönemlerinde nasıl bir siyasal işlev sağladığının ortaya koyulması ve askeri müdahalelerin hareket noktasını doğrudan/dolaylı olarak etkileyen laikliğin, güvenlikleştirme teorisi üzerinden değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Güvenlikleştirme teorisinde öne çıkan unsur ise söylemlerdir. Bu doğrultuda çalışmada askeri müdahale dönemlerinde laikliğin hangi söylemler üzerinden güvenlikleştirildiği analiz edilmiştir. Askeri müdahaleler ve laiklik ilişkisinin güvenlikleştirme teorisi üzerinden ele alınması planlandığı için söylem analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. iv Güvenlikleştirme teorisinde söylemlerin öne çıkması, çalışmanın yönteminin belirlenmesinde esas alınmıştır. Söylem analizi yöntemiyle askeri müdahalelerde laikliğin hangi kavramlar üzerinden ve doğrudan hangi laiklik söylemleri kullanılarak güvenlikleştirildiği ortaya koyulmuştur. Çalışmadaki analizler sonucunda laikliğin askeri müdahalelerde kullanışlı bir alan sunduğu, dini sembol ve ritüeller üzerinden söylemlere konu olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Laiklik, Askeri Müdahale, Güvenlikleştirme.Secularism has been the most debated concept among the basic qualities of the state in Turkey. Secularism, which has been encapsulated in stereotypical definitions such as the separation of religion and state affairs, provided a useful space for bringing the religious sphere under state control, especially in the first periods of the Republic. In the modernization process that started in the Ottoman Empire and accelerated in the Republican period, it is possible to see traces of secularism in almost every innovation. However, secularism, whose content, areas of application and scope could not be clearly defined, was used politically and rhetorically in Turkish political life. Thus, the concept of secularism has been transformed into a means of legitimization. The subject of this study is to examine the military interventions in Turkish political life through the securitization theory through the transformation of secularism into a tool of legitimacy. In military interventions, which can be considered among both the causes and consequences of the failure to institutionalize democracy in Turkey, the military's search for justification and legitimacy stands out. The military's direct intervention in the political sphere through coups or its desire to shape the political sphere through memorandums of memorandums has brought the political sphere to dead ends. This study aims to reveal how secularism provides a political function during periods of military intervention and to evaluate secularism, which directly/indirectly affects the starting point of military interventions, through the securitization theory. The prominent element in securitization theory is discourses. Accordingly, the study analyzed the discourses through which secularism was securitized during periods of military interventions. Since it is planned to examine the relationship between military interventions and secularism through the securitization theory, the discourse analysis method was used. The prominence of discourses in securitization theory was taken as a basis in determining the vi method of the study. The discourse analysis method was used to reveal how secularism was securitized in military interventions through which concepts and which discourses of secularism were used directly. As a result of the analysis in the study, it has been determined that secularism offers a useful space in military interventions and is subject to discourses through religious symbols and rituals. Keywords: Secularism, Military Intervention, Securitization
Faith - moral relationship in Islamic philosophy
No full textBu tez, İslam felsefesinin temel kavramlarını, tarihsel gelişimini ve İman ile ahlak ilişkisini detaylı bir şekilde ele almaktadır. İlk bölümde, İslam felsefesinin kökenleri, temel akımları ve tarihsel değişimi incelenmektedir. İkinci bölümde, Allah inancının ve ahlak ilişkisinin çeşitli yönleri ele alınmakta olup, Allah'a yönelme yolları, yaratılışın temelinde Allah inancı, inancın toplumsal inşası, akılcı temellendirmeler ve duygu bağlamında iman kavramları üzerinde durulmaktadır. Ayrıca, ahlakın tasviri, ahlakın dinsel ve dindışı yaklaşımlarca temellendirilmesi de tartışılmaktadır. Üçüncü bölümde ise, İslam düşünürlerinin İman ve ahlak anlayışları incelenmektedir; Farabi, İbn-i Sina ve Gazzali'nin hayatları, eserleri ve özellikle ahlak anlayışları üzerinde durulmaktadır. Dördüncü bölümde ise modern dönem toplum ahlakını ele almasıyla öne çıkan Fatma Aliye Hanım'ın erken yaşamı, eserleri ve İslam ile ahlak anlayışı üzerine katkıları ele alınmaktadır. Bu tez, İslam felsefesi ve ahlakı konularında derinlemesine bir anlayış sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: İslam felsefesi, iman, ahlak, Farabi, İbn-i Sina, Gazzali.This thesis comprehensively explores the fundamental concepts of Islamic philosophy, its historical development, and the relationship between belief in Allah and ethics. The first section examines the origins, key currents, and historical evolution of Islamic philosophy. The second section delves into various aspects of belief in Allah and ethics, discussing paths to Allah, the foundational belief in creation, societal construction of belief, rational justifications, and emotional contexts of faith concepts. It also examines the portrayal, foundation, and secular justifications of ethics. The third section focuses on the beliefs about Allah and ethics held by Islamic thinkers, particularly analyzing the lives, works, and ethical perspectives of Farabi, Ibn Sina, and Ghazali. The fourth section discusses the early life, works, and contributions to Islamic ethics by Fatma Aliye Hanım. This thesis aims to provide a profound understanding of Islamic philosophy and ethics. Keywords: Islamic philosophy, faith, ethics, Farabi, Ibn Sina, Ghazali
Liczba chwastów oraz ich skład gatunkowy w uprawie ziemniaka po zastosowaniu herbicydu i biostymulatorów
Get PDFThe field research was carried out in 20188–2020, at the Agricultural Experimental Station in Zawady, belonging to the University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce. The experiment was conducted in three repetitions, in a split-plot arrangement, on slightly acidic soil belonging to the very good rye complex. The study included two factors: the first (first order) – two varieties of edible potato: Oberon and Malaga. Both varieties are medium-early, with a leaf-stalk habit. The second factor (second order) – five methods of potato cultivation with the use of mechanical treatments, herbicide, biostimulants and with the use of herbicide and biostimulants. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of herbicide and its combination with biostimulants on the species composition and number of weeds. Using the frame-weight method, the average number of weeds per 1 m2 and their species composition were determined. The herbicide Avatar 293 ZC and the biostimulants Agro-Sorb Folium and PlonoStart significantly reduced the density of weeds per 1 m2 at the two determination dates, compared to the control object. The application of Avatar 293 ZC herbicide and Agro-Sorb Folium biostimulant reduced to the greatest extent the occurrence of such weed species as: Echinochloa crus-galli, Chenopodium album L., Polygonum aviculare and Viola arvensis Murr. At the first date of weed evaluation, i.e. before the rows were short-circuited, a higher number of weeds was recorded than just before the potato tubers were harvested. Potato varieties had no significant effect on crop weed infestation.Badania polowe przeprowadzono w latach 2018–2020, w Rolniczej Stacji Doświadczalnej w Zawadach, należącej do Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczo-Humanistycznego w Siedlcach. Eksperyment prowadzono w trzech powtórzeniach, w układzie split-plot, na lekko kwaśnej glebie należącej do kompleksu żytniego bardzo dobrego. Badania obejmowały dwa czynniki. Pierwszy czynnik (I rzędu) – dwie odmiany ziemniaka jadalnego: Oberon i Malaga. Obie odmiany należą do średnio wczesnych, o pokroju liściowo łodygowym. Drugi czynnik (II rzędu) – pięć sposobów pielęgnacji ziemniaka z wykorzystaniem zabiegów mechanicznych, herbicydu, biostymulatorów oraz z zastosowaniem herbicydu i biostymulatorów. Celem pracy było zbadanie wpływu stosowania herbicydu oraz jego kombinacji z biostymulatorami na skład gatunkowy i liczbę chwastów. Przy wykorzystaniu metody ramkowo-wagowej określono średnią liczbę chwastów na 1 m2 oraz ich skład gatunkowy. Herbicyd Avatar 293 ZC i biostymulatory Agro-Sorb Folium oraz PlonoStart istotnie zmniejszyły zagęszczenie chwastów na 1 m2 w dwóch terminach oznaczeń, w porównaniu z obiektem kontrolnym. Zastosowanie herbicydu Avatar 293 ZC i biostymulatora Agro-Sorb Folium w największym stopniu ograniczyło występowanie takich gatunków chwastów, jak: Echinochloa crus-galli (chwastnica jednostronna), Chenopodium album L. (komosa biała), Polygonum aviculare (rdest ptasi) oraz Viola arvensis Murr. (fiołek polny). W pierwszym terminie oceny zachwaszczenia, tj. przed zwarciem rzędów, odnotowano większą liczbę chwastów niż tuż przed zbiorem bulw ziemniaka. Odmiany ziemniaka nie miały istotnego wpływu na zachwaszczenie uprawy
Potencjał obszarów wiejskich do prowadzenia terapii związanych z przyrodą – na przykładzie trzech wybranych placówek
Get PDFThe aim of the work is to try to determine the possibilities offered by the location of a care and rehabilitation center in a rural area for “green care” and to enumerate elements of land development that can be successfully repeated by other similar facilities. The article presents case studies of three healthcare facilities: Stiftung Attl (Germany), Old Moad Garden (England), St. Celestine in Mikoszów (Poland), where the location in rural areas plays a special role. The analysis of the case studies is based on local visions (detailed information cards were prepared, with a location map and photos), available studies and literature on the subject. In addition to traditional forms of care, these facilities offer therapies related to nature (e.g. hortitherapy, hippotherapy, dogotherapy), and use the rural environment in a model way, e.g. the use of interesting elements of small architecture and appropriate land development next to cubature facilities. The centers described below also carry out socially important integration and didactic activities of a strongly local and wider range.Celem niniejszej pracy jest próba określenia możliwości, jakie daje lokalizacja ośrodka opiekuńczo-rehabilitacyjnego na obszarze wiejskim dla „zielonej opieki” (z ang. green care) oraz wypunktowania elementów zagospodarowania terenu, które z powodzeniem mogą być powtórzone przez inne placówki o podobnym charakterze. Artykuł prezentuje studia przypadków trzech placówek opieki zdrowotnej: Stiftung Attl (Niemcy), The Old Moad Garden (Wielka Brytania), Fundacja św. Celestyna w Mikoszowie (Polska), w których szczególną rolę terapeutyczną odgrywa położenie na terenach wiejskich. Analiza opiera się̨ na wizjach lokalnych (sporządzono szczegółowe karty informacyjne, które zostały opatrzone mapą lokalizacyjną i zdjęciami), dostępnych opracowaniach oraz literaturze przedmiotu. Placówki te oferują oprócz tradycyjnych form opieki terapie związane z przyrodą (m.in. hortiterapię, hipoterapię, dogoterapię), również w sposób modelowy wykorzystują otoczenie wiejskie poprzez m.in. wykorzystanie interesujących elementów małej architektury oraz odpowiednie zagospodarowania terenu przy obiektach kubaturowych. Opisane ośrodki prowadzą także ważne społecznie działania integracyjne oraz dydaktyczne o lokalnym i szerszym zasięgu
Grain yield, grain quality and weed infestation of winter wheat after various previous crops
Get PDFGrain yield and quality as well as the weed infestation of winter wheat grown after potatoes, peas and winter wheat were evaluated in the study. The experiment was established in a system of randomized blocks, in three replications. The experimental results were statistically processed via the analysis of variance method. Coefficients of Pearson’s linear correlation between grain yield and its components, grain quality parameters, and the number and air-dry weight of weeds were also calculated. Grain yields of winter wheat were higher when it was grown after potato and pea than after winter wheat. In addition, winter wheat grains harvested from plots with potato and pea as previous crops had a higher total protein content and a higher sedimentation index than those harvested from plots with winter wheat as the previous crop. However, the study years affected the protein, gluten and starch contents of winter wheat grain to a greater extent than the previous crops did. A higher number of weeds with a higher air-dry weight was recorded on the post-winter wheat than on the post-potato and post-pea plots. Negative values of correlation coefficients were computed between the number of weeds and their air-dry weight and grain yield, number of spikes, grain weight per spike, 1000 grain weight, total protein content of the grain, and the value of sedimentation index as well as between weed number and wet gluten content of the grain.Grain yield and quality as well as the weed infestation of winter wheat grown after potatoes, peas and winter wheat were evaluated in the study. The experiment was established in a system of randomized blocks, in three replications. The experimental results were statistically processed via the analysis of variance method. Coefficients of Pearson’s linear correlation between grain yield and its components, grain quality parameters, and the number and air-dry weight of weeds were also calculated. Grain yields of winter wheat were higher when it was grown after potato and pea than after winter wheat. In addition, winter wheat grains harvested from plots with potato and pea as previous crops had a higher total protein content and a higher sedimentation index than those harvested from plots with winter wheat as the previous crop. However, the study years affected the protein, gluten and starch contents of winter wheat grain to a greater extent than the previous crops did. A higher number of weeds with a higher air-dry weight was recorded on the post-winter wheat than on the post-potato and post-pea plots. Negative values of correlation coefficients were computed between the number of weeds and their air-dry weight and grain yield, number of spikes, grain weight per spike, 1000 grain weight, total protein content of the grain, and the value of sedimentation index as well as between weed number and wet gluten content of the grain
Zmiany zawartości wybranych składników mineralnych w liściach borówki wysokiej (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) w okresie wegetacji
Get PDFThe study of changes in the content of selected nutrients in highbush blueberry leaves during the vegetation period and the nutritional assessment on a very acidic mineral soil developed from loamy sand and low humus content (1.25%) were carried out in years 2012–2014. Statistical analysis of the obtained results showed significant changes in the content of all tested nutrients during the growing season. The content of N, P and K in highbush blueberry leaves decreased, while Mg and Ca increased. Highbush blueberry varieties differed significantly in the content of the tested nutrients at each determination date. On the first date of assessment (Dutch method – mid-June), corresponding to the second date in the experiment, low content of N, P, Mg and Ca was found in the leaves of all assessed cultivars. Only the optimal K content was found, but only for the ‘Ivanhoe’, ‘Northland’ and ‘Spartan’ cultivars. The nutritional status of leaves was also assessed on the third experimental date, which was compared with the limit numbers for the commonly used so-called American method (turn of July/August – after the first harvest of cv. ‘Bluecrop’). The assessment of the nutritional status showed a low P content, optimal in the case of K, while in the case of the remaining nutrients it gave ambiguous results. Regardless of the variety, the N content was at the optimal level, but only for the ‘Bluecrop’, ‘Bluejay’ and ‘Spartan’ cultivars. Magnesium concentration in leaves was low and optimal only for ‘Bluecrop’ and ‘Spartan’ cultivars. Generally, the assessment of Ca content performed at this date showed a low level of it in the leaves, only the ‘Darrow’ and ‘Northland’ cultivars had the optimal content of this nutrient.Badania zmian zawartości wybranych składników mineralnych w liściach borówki wysokiej zachodzących podczas wegetacji oraz ocenę odżywienia przeprowadzono w latach 2012–2014 na bardzo kwaśnej glebie mineralnej wytworzonej z piasku słabogliniastego z niewielkim dodatkiem próchnicy (1,25%). Analiza statystyczna uzyskanych wyników wykazała istotne zmiany zawartości wszystkich badanych składników w okresie wegetacji. Zawartość azotu (N), fosforu (P) i potasu (K) w liściach borówki wysokiej zmniejszała się, natomiast magnezu (Mg) i wapnia (Ca) zwiększała. Odmiany borówki wysokiej różniły się istotnie zawartością badanych składników w każdym terminie oznaczeń. W I terminie oceny (metoda holenderska – połowa VI), odpowiadającym II terminowi w doświadczeniu, stwierdzono niskie wartości N, P, Mg i Ca w liściach wszystkich ocenianych odmian. Zanotowano jedynie optymalną zawartość K, ale tylko dla odmian ‘Ivanhoe’, ‘Northland’ i ‘Spartan’. Ocenie stanu odżywienia poddano także liście w trzecim terminie doświadczalnym, który porównano z liczbami granicznymi dla powszechnie stosowanej metody tzw. amerykańskiej (przełom VII/VIII – po I zbiorze jagód odmiany ‘Bluecrop’). Ocena stanu odżywienia wykazała niską zawartość P, optymalną K, zaś w przypadku pozostałych składników dała niejednoznaczne wyniki. Niezależnie od odmiany zawartość N była na poziomie optymalnym, ale tylko dla odmian ‘Bluecrop’, ‘Bluejay’ oraz ‘Spartan’. Koncentracja Mg w liściach była niska, zaś optymalna tylko dla odmian ‘Bluecrop’, ‘Bluejay’, ‘Northland’ i ‘Spartan’. Generalnie ocena zawartości Ca wykonana w tym terminie wykazała niski jego poziom w liściach, jedynie odmiany ‘Darrow’ i ‘Northland’ miały optymalną zawartość tego składnika
Comparison of the efficiency of synthetic auxins and biostimulants and two types of substrate in rooting of shoot cuttings in ‘Pi-ku 1’ rootstock
Get PDFThe low-cost propagation of semi-dwarf cherry rootstock is an essential issue in the production of maiden trees of this species. Among the promising rootstocks is ‘Pi-ku 1’, obtained in Germany. However, the possibility of its propagation using shoot cuttings has not been investigated. It was the purpose of this study. Two ways of cuttings treatment before placing them in the substrate were assessed. One used two preparations in powder (Rhizopon AA and Ukorzeniacz AB), and the second used two alcoholic auxin solutions (IAA and IBA). Instead of synthetic auxins, foliar spraying with two biostimulants was performed (Goteo and Bispeed). All the applied treatments increased the rooting percentage of ‘Pi-ku 1’ rootstock cuttings compared to the control from 5% for Rhizopon AA to 18.2% for auxin IBA. The exception was the lack of a positive effect of the Bispeed biostimulant (less than 5.2%). The use of synthetic auxins increased the number of utting roots more than three times (IBA) or almost twice (Ukorzeniacz AB) and their length more than twofold (IAA, Rhizopon AA) in proportion to the control. The effect of synthetic auxin treatments on the remaining growth parameters under study was also positive. Foliar treatment of cuttings with biostimulants did not change their growth. Only in one of the two years of the study did the fresh mass of cuttings improve after using Goteo biostimulant (7.5%). As part of the experiment, the effect of two substrate types – peat mixed with perlite and peat with sand – was also tested. During the two years of research, the cuttings were rooted several percent better in peat and sand (2.7% – 2018 and 4.4% – 2019). Using peat with sand as a rooting substrate significantly improved the number and length of roots (11.90 and 125.10) of Pi-ku 1 rootstock cuttings compared to the second one (9.23 and 109.08, respectively). All treatments applied to cuttings, except two biostimulants, increased the amount of chlorophyll in the leaves.The low-cost propagation of semi-dwarf cherry rootstock is an essential issue in the production of maiden trees of this species. Among the promising rootstocks is ‘Pi-ku 1’, obtained in Germany. However, the possibility of its propagation using shoot cuttings has not been investigated. It was the purpose of this study. Two ways of cuttings treatment before placing them in the substrate were assessed. One used two preparations in powder (Rhizopon AA and Ukorzeniacz AB), and the second used two alcoholic auxin solutions (IAA and IBA). Instead of synthetic auxins, foliar spraying with two biostimulants was performed (Goteo and Bispeed). All the applied treatments increased the rooting percentage of ‘Pi-ku 1’ rootstock cuttings compared to the control from 5% for Rhizopon AA to 18.2% for auxin IBA. The exception was the lack of a positive effect of the Bispeed biostimulant (less than 5.2%). The use of synthetic auxins increased the number of utting roots more than three times (IBA) or almost twice (Ukorzeniacz AB) and their length more than twofold (IAA, Rhizopon AA) in proportion to the control. The effect of synthetic auxin treatments on the remaining growth parameters under study was also positive. Foliar treatment of cuttings with biostimulants did not change their growth. Only in one of the two years of the study did the fresh mass of cuttings improve after using Goteo biostimulant (7.5%). As part of the experiment, the effect of two substrate types – peat mixed with perlite and peat with sand – was also tested. During the two years of research, the cuttings were rooted several percent better in peat and sand (2.7% – 2018 and 4.4% – 2019). Using peat with sand as a rooting substrate significantly improved the number and length of roots (11.90 and 125.10) of Pi-ku 1 rootstock cuttings compared to the second one (9.23 and 109.08, respectively). All treatments applied to cuttings, except two biostimulants, increased the amount of chlorophyll in the leaves
Assessment of the microbial quality of ready-to-eat vegetable salads and berry fruit available on Polish market
Get PDFThe consumption and sale of ready-to-eat products, i.e., fresh-cut vegetable salads and fruit, have been growing tremendously in the present time. Therefore, the microbial safety of such products is of great concern. In the current study, a survey of general microbiological contamination (mesophilic bacteria, yeasts, molds, Enterobacteriaceae, coli bacteria, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, and Escherichia coli) of fresh-cut vegetable salads and berry-packed fruits available in Polish supermarket was undertaken.In ready-to-eat salads, the high number of mesophilic bacteria ranged from 6.43 to 8.56 log10 cfu g–1, and also Enterobacteriaceae with mean value from 3.45 to 4.08 log10 cfu g–1 was detected. Mesophilic bacteria, yeast, and Enterobacteriaceae were detected in all salad samples. The molds were detected in 45% of salad samples, and their mean number ranged from 0.63 log10 cfu g–1 in salads with carrot or beetroot to 1.80 log10 cfu g–1 in salads with rocket.Berry fruit was also heavily microbiologically contaminated. In particular, the means of mesophilic bacteria, molds, and yeasts were high. The number of molds detected in fruit samples, especially in raspberry samples, could be alarming. Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus, and coli bacteria were detected in a few samples of berry fruit. None of the ready-to-eat salads and fruit samples were contaminated by Escherichia coli.Based on the tests that were conducted, it was found that the microbiological quality was not satisfactory. The findings suggest that following hygienic measures during processing and handling, the microbiological quality of vegetable salads and berry fruit available in Polish markets should be improved.The consumption and sale of ready-to-eat products, i.e., fresh-cut vegetable salads and fruit, have been growing tremendously in the present time. Therefore, the microbial safety of such products is of great concern. In the current study, a survey of general microbiological contamination (mesophilic bacteria, yeasts, molds, Enterobacteriaceae, coli bacteria, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, and Escherichia coli) of fresh-cut vegetable salads and berry-packed fruits available in Polish supermarket was undertaken.In ready-to-eat salads, the high number of mesophilic bacteria ranged from 6.43 to 8.56 log10 cfu g–1, and also Enterobacteriaceae with mean value from 3.45 to 4.08 log10 cfu g–1 was detected. Mesophilic bacteria, yeast, and Enterobacteriaceae were detected in all salad samples. The molds were detected in 45% of salad samples, and their mean number ranged from 0.63 log10 cfu g–1 in salads with carrot or beetroot to 1.80 log10 cfu g–1 in salads with rocket.Berry fruit was also heavily microbiologically contaminated. In particular, the means of mesophilic bacteria, molds, and yeasts were high. The number of molds detected in fruit samples, especially in raspberry samples, could be alarming. Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus, and coli bacteria were detected in a few samples of berry fruit. None of the ready-to-eat salads and fruit samples were contaminated by Escherichia coli.Based on the tests that were conducted, it was found that the microbiological quality was not satisfactory. The findings suggest that following hygienic measures during processing and handling, the microbiological quality of vegetable salads and berry fruit available in Polish markets should be improved
Calcium chloride regulates cellular calcium metabolism during the postharvest senescence of ripe passion fruit
Get PDFThe impact of calcium chloride (CaCl2) treatment and water soaking on the postharvest senescence of the ripened passion fruit was investigated. The physicochemical indexes including weight loss, color change, membrane permeability, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, total phenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid content, peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and distinct forms of calcium of the fruit were determined using the established methods for analysis. The correlation and principal component analyses were also conducted on the experimental data. The results demonstrated that the calcium ions were effective in maintaining the appearance and color of the fruit peel, enhancing its antioxidant capacity, and regulating its nutrient content. This treatment significantly increased the calcium content of the passion fruit peels, extending the fruit’s freshness beyond four days. The correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between the mass loss rate of the passion fruit and the majority of the physicochemical properties examined. The findings indicated that the calcium chloride treatment could effectively maintain fruit storage quality and prolong the shelf life of postharvest passion fruit by several days. It seems reasonable to posit that calcium chloride will become the preferred method for postharvest fruit preservation in the near future.The impact of calcium chloride (CaCl2) treatment and water soaking on the postharvest senescence of the ripened passion fruit was investigated. The physicochemical indexes including weight loss, color change, membrane permeability, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, total phenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid content, peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and distinct forms of calcium of the fruit were determined using the established methods for analysis. The correlation and principal component analyses were also conducted on the experimental data. The results demonstrated that the calcium ions were effective in maintaining the appearance and color of the fruit peel, enhancing its antioxidant capacity, and regulating its nutrient content. This treatment significantly increased the calcium content of the passion fruit peels, extending the fruit’s freshness beyond four days. The correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between the mass loss rate of the passion fruit and the majority of the physicochemical properties examined. The findings indicated that the calcium chloride treatment could effectively maintain fruit storage quality and prolong the shelf life of postharvest passion fruit by several days. It seems reasonable to posit that calcium chloride will become the preferred method for postharvest fruit preservation in the near future
Histological, hormonal and metabolic response triggered by N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid-induced stem swelling in Solidago canadensis L.
Get PDFThe effect of N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA, 5.0%, w/w in lanolin) on the growth of Solidago canadensis (Canadian goldenrod) stem was studied, focusing on histological analyses, comprehensive analyses of phytohormones and polar metabolites. NPA substantially induced stem swelling at and above the application site and stimulated vascular cambium activity around the area of its application. The cambial zone in the swelling part of the stem was twice as wide as that treated with lanolin only (control). The proliferation of cambial cells increased xylem production and, consequently, vascular bundle thickness. A significant enlargement of parenchymatous pith cells and an increased diameter of the pith were also observed. Comprehensive phytohormone analyses revealed that NPA increased the content of indole-3-propionic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, and indole-3-acetyl-aspartic acid in the swelling part of the stem, as well as trans-zeatin riboside. These results suggest that NPA-induced stem swelling depends on the dynamics of changes in aux-in and cytokinin metabolites. Furthermore, the contents of monosaccharides (glucose, fructose and galactose) as well as malic, succinic, fumaric acids, cyclitols and quinic acid derivatives in-creased markedly in the swelling stem. This may indicate that the site of NPA-induced stem swell-ing is a physiological sink for polar metabolites needed for the growth of this tissue. Thus, it seems that auxins, in interaction with cytokinins, regulate the strength of the sink, controlling the transport of polar metabolites into the swelling part of S. canadensis stem.The effect of N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA, 5.0%, w/w in lanolin) on the growth of Solidago canadensis (Canadian goldenrod) stem was studied, focusing on histological analyses, comprehensive analyses of phytohormones and polar metabolites. NPA substantially induced stem swelling at and above the application site and stimulated vascular cambium activity around the area of its application. The cambial zone in the swelling part of the stem was twice as wide as that treated with lanolin only (control). The proliferation of cambial cells increased xylem production and, consequently, vascular bundle thickness. A significant enlargement of parenchymatous pith cells and an increased diameter of the pith were also observed. Comprehensive phytohormone analyses revealed that NPA increased the content of indole-3-propionic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, and indole-3-acetyl-aspartic acid in the swelling part of the stem, as well as trans-zeatin riboside. These results suggest that NPA-induced stem swelling depends on the dynamics of changes in aux-in and cytokinin metabolites. Furthermore, the contents of monosaccharides (glucose, fructose and galactose) as well as malic, succinic, fumaric acids, cyclitols and quinic acid derivatives in-creased markedly in the swelling stem. This may indicate that the site of NPA-induced stem swell-ing is a physiological sink for polar metabolites needed for the growth of this tissue. Thus, it seems that auxins, in interaction with cytokinins, regulate the strength of the sink, controlling the transport of polar metabolites into the swelling part of S. canadensis stem