Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research (KJAR)
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Incidence of Rod Shaped Gramnegative Hospital Acquired Bacterial Infection and Antibiotic Resistance: A Retrospective Based Population Study
Get PDFThe gram-negative, especially rod shapes vary in the frequencies that they cause the most frequent types of hospital-acquired infection: pneumonia, surgical site infection, urinary tract infection, diabetic infection, burn and bloodstream infection. The presented study determined the microbial spectrum and antimicrobial susceptibility of gram-negative bacteria isolated from various infection sites in hospitalized patients in Sulaimani city. This study included 735 patients who underwent surgical and wound treatment admitted to the hospital. A microbiological standard technique was used for Identification, isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility. The data in this job were scaled into excel sheets and transferred to SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 24.0 software. The significance of associations between variables and predictor done by Chi-square (?2). P-value of <0.05 was regarded significant. Male was the most common cases 52.5%. Patients less than 18 years-old were the most frequently affected 54.3%. Gram negative infection is the most common and most serious complication of burn injuries and it is the majority suspected clinical finding nearly to 60%. The most common bacteria separatedd from wound and sepsis were Pseudomonas aeruginosa 91.91%. Individual pathogens’ incidence differ significantly between location of infection p<0.001. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, only resistant stabled at the lowest rates for Colistine and Imepenim (0.1% and 7.8%) and significant finding was confirmed p<0.001. But highly resistance to Ticarcillin/Clavulanic Acid, Cefepime, Tobramycin, and Gentamicin (85.6%, 80.8%, 79.3%, 79.2%) .In conclusion, these population-based study gram-negative infections predominate in burn wounds. Microbial resistance to the confirmed drugs leads to repeated antimicrobial treatment modifications and long-time of treatments
Efficient Authentication Mechanism For Defending Against Reflection-Based Attacks on Domain Name System
Get PDFDomain Name System (DNS) is one of few services on the Internet which is allowed through every security barrier. It mostly depends on the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) as the transport protocol, which is a connectionless protocol with no built-in authentication mechanism. On top of that, DNS responses are substantially larger than their corresponding requests. These two key features made DNS a fabulous attacking tool for cybercriminals to reflect and amplify a huge volume of requests to consume their victim's resources. Recent incidents revealed how harsh DNS could be when it is abused with great complexity by attackers. Moreover, these events had proven that any defense mechanism with single point deployment couldn’t accurately and efficiently overcome an attack volume with high dynamicity. In this paper, we proposed the Efficient Distributed-based Defense Scheme (EDDS) to overcome the shortcomings of a centralized-based defense mechanism. By using an authentication message exchange, which is a Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)-based authentication mechanism. It is deployed on multiple nodes to determine the legitimacy of the DNS request. Moreover, it significantly reduces the impact of the amplification factor for the fake DNS requests without having any side effects on legitimate ones. Then, a Stateful Packet Inspection (SPI)-based packet filtering is proposed to distinguish legitimate requests from fake ones by considering the results of the authentication procedure. Both authentication-message exchange and SPI-based filtering are introduced to provide detection accuracy without reducing the quality of service for legitimate users. As the simulation results show, the proposed mechanism can efficiently and accurately detect, isolate, and discard the bogus traffic with minimal overhead on the system
The Molecular Diagnosis Protocols of New Coronavirus (COVID-19); Specificity and Sensitivity an Overview
Get PDFAcute respiratory tract infection is a common public health concern worldwide a new emerging contagious virus (COVID-2019) or SARSC- 2 causing a pandemic pneumonia outbreak, The main transmission route of this virus is through droplets from respiratory made during sneezing or coughing of infected people like the recent viral infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV1) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Many epidemiological factors have a crucial role in promoting the transmission of the COVID-2019 that makes the disease as an emerging and global alarming against this new coronavirus. Early diagnosis of the etiological agents is critical for appropriate management, controlling plan, protection, and treatment. The new outbreak of COVID-19 can be detected by different molecular protocols. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is the recommended technique used with varied sensitivity due to primers variation and specimen type. The reliable, high specific and sensitive diagnosis protocols are necessary for an emerging control plan. This study will review and explore the most available methods of molecular identification and primers for the diagnosis of the new coronavirus (COVID-19). This review will also open the new clues to develop and select appropriate diagnosis panel and specific primers for new coronavirus. In conclusion of this review, the RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and RdRp/Hel protocols will be valuable to distinguish the COVID-19 from the SARS-CoV and the other respiratory viral pathogens
Assessing Walkability in Sulaimani City Center
Get PDFWalkability within urban design and planning context refers to urban environments that are friendly and supportive for the pedestrian. Walkable environments offer many economic, social, health, and environmental benefits and contribute to UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In public places, including city centers, walkability is a major asset for making them vibrant by attracting and maintaining pedestrians, including tourists. It is no coincidence that the top tourist destinations and livable cities as well as popular city centers and streets all share walkability character. Walkability quality in city center streets and any urban environment require planning. Good planning needs to be informed by measuring and assessing the state of walkability in existing streets and environments. While the literature presents systematic walkability assessment studies from different city centers of developed and developing countries, such studies are rare in the context of many other developing regions and countries like the Kurdistan Region and the rest of Iraq. Since walkability character can be contextual and affected by different socio-economic and environmental factors and dynamics, systematic and comprehensive assessment of under-researched environments and city centers are essential. To address this gap in the literature, this study systematically assesses the state of walkability in the city center of Sulaimani, the cultural capital of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, and a UNESCO creative city in literature. This paper report results from assessing and comparing the physical characters of the six major interconnecting streets (Mawlawy, Kawa, Sabunkaran, Peramerd, Goran, and Bekas streets) in the center of Sulaimani city. The assessment considers the five main walkability factors of function, safety, destination, aesthetic, and comfort identified from the literature
Enhanced Recovery Program after Cesarean Section in Sulaimani Maternity Teaching Hospital
Get PDFEnhanced recovery program (ERP) for cesarean section (C/S) is improving patient health and is cost-effective for healthcare providers. We aimed to assess how ERP improves patient satisfaction, ambulation time, severity of pain, decrease hospital stay among patients attending Sulaimani Maternity Teaching Hospital and fetal outcome. A quasi-experimental study was performed on 200 patients in Sulaimani from June 2019 to December 2019. The participants divided into two equal groups. The intervention group was 100 women who underwent elective C/S in Sulaimani Maternity Teaching Hospital and subjected to ERP. While the control group was the other 100 women who were not subjected to the ERP, and they were from the Emergency Department of the same hospital. The women in the intervention group were supervised by anesthetists from preoperatively, intraoperatively, through postoperatively. The intervention group showed significantly better outcome regarding time to ambulate; all patients were able to ambulate 4-5 hours postoperatively. Also, the duration of hospital stay was better in the intervention group; all the patients discharged before 24 hours, but five patients in the control group discharged after 24 hours. Besides, fetal Apgar score after five minutes was also better in the intervention group; at the first minute, the mean±SD (standard deviation) of Apgar score was 8.36±1.38 and 8.08±1.69 for the intervention, and control groups, respectively (P-value = 0.2). While at five minutes, the mean±SD of Apgar score was 9.59±064, and 8.96±1.12 for the intervention, and control groups, respectively (P-value = <0.001). This intervention had favorable outcomes regarding pain, time of ambulation, and fetal Apgar score. We recommend implementing ERP at a broader scale as it gives better outcomes
Knowledge of Healthcare Professionals Regarding Hepatitis B in Rania Hospitals
Get PDFHepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health problem worldwide especially for healthcare professionals (HCPs). It is a potentially life-threatening condition because leads to liver infection, and liver cancer. There is a shortage of research on undergraduate students. The main aim of this study was conducted to assess the level of knowledge of health care professionals regarding HBV at Rania hospitals in the Kurdistan region of Iraq during the period of 20th October 2019 to 16th April 2020. Non- probability purposive sample of (303) HCPs; for data collection, the study instrument was constructed and designed through reading literature, books, and articles which included (42) items. Reliability of the instrument was determined through the use of stability reliability (test and retest) approach which was estimated as r = (0.83.)The data were collected through the use of the interview technique then organized and coded into computer files. Statistical approaches were uses for data analysis, which includes: descriptive and inferential statistics and chi-square, data analysis (SPSS version 25). The results indicated that the majority of the study samples were in the age group (? 30)) years and the female participants was more than male, three-quarters of the participants were married, most of them were graduated from institute nursing and less than half of HCPs had 6-10 years of employment, but the majority of the participants were not trained at all, and most of them had not immunized against HBV vaccine. Three-quarters of HCPs had moderate knowledge regarding HBV infection. Also, the current study demonstrated a significant association between the educational level and HCP's knowledge regarding HBV, at a P value less than 0.05. on site other hand, there was no significant association between HCP's age, gender, marital status, years of employment, and training course concerning hepatitis with the level of knowledge regarding HBV. The researchers recommended to the ministry of health and directorate of health in Rania city to complete vaccinate against HBV for all HCPs and participating their staff in healthy scientific issues and symposiums
Effects of Prosopis farcta Root Extract in the Vascular Reactivity of Isolated Goat Coronary Artery
Get PDFProsopis species is a medicinal plant, well-known for its beneficial effects in treating various smooth muscles disorders, and its phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of different bioactive compounds in different parts of the plant, most of which show a great role in reducing cardiovascular risks. In the present study, the cardiovascular effect of Prosopis farcta Root Extract (PFRE) was investigated in vitro for possible mechanisms of the extract effect in the vascular reactivity of isolated goat coronary artery (CA) using Organ bath and PowerLab Data Acquisition system. The results of the recording and analyzing of the effect of the PFRE in isolated CA, showed the negative inotropic activity of the extract in CA rings with intact-endothelium, while in CA ring with hyperglycemic-induced endothelium dysfunction the extract tended to vasodilate the CA ring non-significantly, and the extract induced dose-dependent vasodilation in CA rings pre-constricted with high concentration of (30 mM)KCl and showed no effects on contractions induced by (1X10-3-1X10-5) Phenylephrine PE, which is an indicator for its blockade activity on L-type voltage-dependent Ca+2 channel and non-interfering of the extract with the receptor-operated Ca+2 channel. The mechanical recording of the CA ring activities, revealed different potassium (K+) channels including selective calcium-activated potassium channel, ATP-sensitive potassium channel, and different endothelium-derived relaxing factors (EDRF) including nitric oxide and Prostacyclin (PGI2 ) seems to have no role in the relaxation effects of the extract, while the endothelium derived-hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF); epoxy eicosatrienoic acid (EET) showed significant participation in the vasodilation effects of the extract. On the other hand, the extract tended to relax the CA rings through its antagonizing of Ca+2, reducing and inhibiting Ca+2 influx and release from internal stores and interfering with the voltage-operated Ca+2 channels through its alkaloid and flavonoid active compounds which suggested to be the most predicted mechanisms for the maintenance of vasodilating tone and coronary circulation of the PFRE in coronary artery. 
The Effect of Injectable Medication Procedure on the Level of Pain among Early Childhood patients
Get PDFAbstract Children are often exposed to painful procedures during hospitalization. Validated age appropriate scales are available to assess pain among pediatric patients. The aim of this study is to find out the effect of injectable medication procedure on the level of pain among early childhood patients. This descriptive cross -sectional study was designed to assess the physiological and behavioral characteristic of pain using CRIES pain rating scale for both medical and surgical conditions, which contains (cry, spo2, heart rate, facial expression and sleep pattern). The study has been conducted for twelve weeks duration in the pediatric wards at medical and surgical hospitals in the Sulaimani city – Kurdistan region of Iraq between 1st March to 1st Jun 2019. Fifty early childhood aged between (1 month- 3years) were participated and assessed pre injectable medication procedure and after. CRIES pain scales were applied to the children and show that there are highly significant differences between pain and the physiological, behavior characteristics between pre and after the procedure in the p-value < .00001 such as crying was developed from high pitch crying to inconsolable in post-procedure. Consumption of O2 also increased. In terms of heart rate was increased up to 20% than baseline, while, in the post-procedure, the change was more than 20% of the baseline. Facial expression was also changed to contracted face in the post procedure. Sleeping from short interval to absent sleeping was shown. Significant variation between pre and post-procedure were assessed. Further variation between medical and surgical condition for mean score of every scale of CRIES were assessed. The implications of this study will impact on health professional’s education; practice and future research are also recommending
Evaluation of Nurses’ Performance Regarding Personal Protective Equipment at Rania Teaching Hospital
Get PDFPersonal protective equipment (PPE) refers to protective clothing that acts as a barrier between infectious materials such as viral, bacterial contaminants and the skin, mouth, nose, eyes and mucous membranes. It includes gloves, mask, eye goggles and gown. It is a shortage of study of university students. The aim of the current study was performing to provide demographic data and to evaluate nurse’s performance regarding PPE at Rania teaching Hospital in Kurdistan region of Iraq, during the period of 10th October up to 7th of March. A non- probability purposive sample of (72 nurses), data collection of the study instrument was constructed of total (42) items. A professional team that contains of (11) experts were performed validity of the instrument. Reliability of the instrument was determined through the use of Equivalence (inter-rator or inter-observer), the data were collected through the use of evaluation technique then organized and coded into computer files. Statistical approaches were uses for data analyzed, also data analysis by (SPSS version 25). The result has revealed that highest age of the sample was between 30-39 years and most of them were institute nurses and more than half of nurses had less than 10 years of employment but most of them not trained yet. The majority of nurses were performed many nursing procedures such as wound dressing, suturing, suctioning, naso-gastric tube and Foley catheter insertion without using PPE properly and without washing hands before procedures. Also, there was no significant relationship between personal protective equipment and some socio- demographic data. The researchers recommended training course regarding personal protective equipment by the ministry of health/infection control department and participants of symposia
Assessment of Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum L.) Growth and Yield Component by Application of Local Granular Organic Fertilizer, Peat and Inorganic Fertilizer: Comparative Study
Get PDFThis study was conducted to increase the productivity of a local variety of chickpea in the Kurdistan region by amending and improving Bakrajo soil with locally made granular organic fertilizer (GOF) and peat and also optimizing the rate of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer (INR). The experimental design used in this study was randomized complete block design with three replications. In this study, Bakrajo soil was treated with two types of organic fertilizer with different rates which were granular organic fertilizer (GOF) and peat. The treatment combinations were soil amendment (SA) with three different rates which were (Soil + 0, 4 and 8 % granular organic fertilizer (GOF)(w/w)) and (Soil + 0, 4 and 8 % peat (w/w)). The inorganic N fertilizer used in this study was applied in three different rates (0, 30 and 60 ppm INR) in form of Urea in water) each rate of INR was measured according to the weight of the soil in the pot. Growth characteristic and yield components were determined in this research. The growth characteristics included the height of plant, number of branches, days to 50% flowering (days), days to physiological maturity (days) and yield components were: pods number /plant, seed number/plant, seeds weight/plant (g), hundred seed weight (g) and grain yield (kg/ha. The result showed that the main effect of SA gave maximum plant height, number of branches, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/plant, weight of seeds/plant, hundred seeds weight and grain yield was observed when the plant is grown under SA of (Soil + 8% GOF) treatment and application of 60 ppm INR also gave highest value of each of growth characteristic and yield components. While the combination of SA (Soil+8% GOF) with 30 ppm INR illustrated maximum value of growth characteristic and yield component. The result of this study illustrates that amending soil with 8% of GOF optimizes the rate of inorganic N fertilizer