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Effect of Bio Control Agents on Controlling Root Rot and Damping-off Disease of Cucumber Seedlings Caused by Rhizoctonia solani
Get PDFRoot rot and seedlings damping-off disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani is the most damaging disease of cucumber. This disease causes reducing yield in cucumber. This study conducted laboratory and greenhouse conditions to find out the efficacy of biological control agents, Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus subtilis, the chemical compound Bion, and fungicide revanol. The results of pathogenicity test of R. solani on cucumber seeds showed that R. solanihas led to a significant reduction in the percentage of germination and seed rot compared to the control treatment, which amounted to 100%. The results showed the ability of all control agents used in this study to reduce the incidence of the disease. The Bion (benzothiadiazole) treatment showed significant effect and outperformed the other treatments in increasing the activity of the peroxidase enzyme, which was recorded at 14,440 (unit. minute-1.g wet weight-1). It also achieved the highest significant increase in total phenolics 1.52 (mg -1 . gram wet weight -1). Biological control agent T. harzianum has outperformed on other treatments in causing an increase in the activity of the polyphenol oxidase enzyme, it has recorded 1811.7 (unit. minute - 1 .gram of wet weight - 1 leaf)
Evaluation Of The Use of Monoglycerides In The Manufacture Of Like Margarine: ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????????
Get PDF????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? 25 ?50% ?? ????? ??????????? ???????? (M.G ) ????? ??????? ????? 0.25% ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? 60 ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? , ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? 1/10/2022 ??? 1/2/2023 ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? M.G ???? ??? ?? ??? ????????????? ?????? ????? ????? M.G (3.5 -11.6 )????? ?? ???? ????? ??? (11-13.5 ??? ????? O2/ ?? ???) ??? ?????? ????? M.G ?????? ????? (0.84-1.4 ) ??? ????? ??????? ??? (0.84-1.6 ) ???? KOH/?? ???,????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? 20°????? M.G ?????? ?? 3.4 -5.15 ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? 2-3.25?? ,??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? M.G??? ????? 20° ????? 2 ?? ??? ????? 0.7-1.15 ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? M.G??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????.This study was aimed to manufacture a margarine-like product in which the milk fat was replaced with olive oil at a rate of 25 and 50%, with the addition of monoglycerides (M.G.) as an emulsifying agent at a rate of 0.25%. The product was stored for 60 days. at State the temperature for storage. A cow butter sample was manufactured as control sample, and some properties were estimated, including the peroxide value and The acid value spreadability and hardness. Also, Sensory evaluation was carried out, and the research was conducted in the period from 1/10/2022 to 1/2/2023, The results showed that the M.G sample was lower in peroxide number, as the values for the M.G. sample ranged from 3.5 to 11.6), while in the butter sample it was 11 to 13.5 mEq O2/gm fat. The acid for the M.G. sample ranged between 0.84 and 1.4) and for the butter sample, it ranged between 0.84 and 1.6) mg KOH/gm fat. The spreadability was estimated at 20° for the M.G. sample, and it ranged from 3.4-5.15 cm, while in the butter sample it was between 2-3.25 cm. Hardness was also estimated, as it was about 2 cm in the M.G. sample at 20°, and in the butter, it was 0.7–1.15 cm
Isolation, diagnosis, and antibiotic resistance of the plant pathogen Erwinia tracheiphila
Get PDFThis study was conducted with the aim of identifying the cause of bacterial wilt disease in cucurbits, which is considered one of the most threatening diseases for melon and cucumber production because it causes great losses that can reach up to 75% of the annual production, and the study proved that Erwinia tracheiphila is the main cause of this disease after isolating (50) isolates of it from melons and cucumbers that showed symptoms of infection and performing several chemical tests to diagnose it. (50) isolates were isolated from melons and cucumbers that showed symptoms of infection, and several chemical tests were conducted to diagnose it, and the effect of (6) different types of antibiotics (rifampin, cefotazima, piperacillin, ceftriaxone, tobramycin and ciprofloxacin) on it was studied by the sensitivity test method. The antibiotic ciprofloxacin gave the highest inhibition value, as indicated by the diameter of the inhibition zone around the disc, which reached (35) mm, followed by tobramycin (20) mm and piperacillin (15) mm, while other antibiotics were ineffective due to resistance. This result indicates that this bacterium is resistant to several drugs, but at the same time it can be treated with antibiotics that are sensitive to them, which was indicated in this study for the purpose of controlling its infection of plants, especially cucurbits. The results of this study are therefore very important in terms of promoting the overcoming of its natural resistance to many antibiotics, which limits the possibility of controlling it when resistant strains appear in a particular country.This study was conducted with the aim of identifying the cause of bacterial wilt disease in cucurbits, which is considered one of the most threatening diseases for melon and cucumber production because it causes great losses that can reach up to 75% of the annual production, and the study proved that Erwinia tracheiphila is the main cause of this disease after isolating (50) isolates of it from waterm melons and cucumbers leaves that showed symptoms of infection and performing several chemical tests to diagnose it. The effect of (6) different types of antibiotics (rifampin, cefotazima, piperacillin, ceftriaxone, tobramycin and ciprofloxacin) on it was studied by the sensitivity test method. The antibiotic ciprofloxacin gave the highest inhibition value, as indicated by the diameter of the inhibition zone around the disc, which reached (35) mm, followed by tobramycin (20) mm and piperacillin (15) mm, while other antibiotics were ineffective due to resistance. This result indicates that this bacterium is resistant to several drugs, but at the same time it can be treated with antibiotics. That they are sensitive to them, which was indicated in this study for the purpose of controlling its infection of plants, especially cucurbits. The results of this study are therefore very important in terms of promoting the overcoming of its natural resistance to many antibiotics, which limits the possibility of controlling it when resistant strains appear in a particular country
Identification of the active compounds and estimation of the amount of curcumin in the hot aqueous extract of Curcuma longa roots and evaluation of its inhibitory effectiveness against microorganisms
Get PDFThis study was conducted to detect the bioactive compounds in hot aqueous Turmeric (Curcuma longa) roots extract and study its effectiveness in inhibiting a number of gram-negative and positive bacteria and two types of molds. It was found that the turmeric extract contains a number of active compounds, the most important of which are flavonoids and resins, in addition to volatile oils, while it does not contain The extract contains alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenes, and coumarins, and the total amount of phenolic substances in the extract amounted to 7.20 mg/g of gallic acid, and the percentage of curcumin in the extract amounted to 8.49 mg/g. Turmeric root extract did not show high inhibitory activity at all concentrations against gram-negative bacteria, especially Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia bacteria. On the contrary, gram-positive bacteria had weak resistance to the extract, specifically at concentrations of 150 and 200 mg/ml, as they reached diameters of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria 14.00 and 14.50 mm at concentrations of 150 and 200 mg/ml, respectively, and Bacillus subtilis bacteria 22.50 and 24.50 mm at concentrations of 150 and 200 mg/ml, respectively. The results showed that there were significant differences in the percentage of mold inhibition, and the highest percentage of inhibition reached 85.24 for the turmeric root extract at a concentration of 200 mg/ml for Alternaria alternata mold, and the lowest percentage of inhibition reached 28.57% at a concentration of 50 mg/ml for Aspergillus niger.This study was conducted to detect the bioactive compounds in hot aqueous Turmeric (Curcuma longa) roots extract and study its effectiveness in inhibiting a number of gram-negative and positive bacteria and two types of molds. It was found that the turmeric extract contains a number of active compounds, the most important of which are flavonoids and resins, in addition to volatile oils, while it does not contain The extract contains alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenes, and coumarins, and the total amount of phenolic substances in the extract amounted to 7.20 mg g-1 of gallic acid, and the percentage of curcumin in the extract amounted to 8.49 mg g-1. Turmeric root extract did not show high inhibitory activity at all concentrations against gram-negative bacteria, especially Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia bacteria. On the contrary, gram-positive bacteria had weak resistance to the extract, specifically at concentrations of 150 and 200 mg g-1, as they reached diameters of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria 14.00 and 14.50 mm at concentrations of 150 and 200 mg ml-1, respectively, and Bacillus subtilis bacteria 22.50 and 24.50 mm at concentrations of 150 and 200 mg/ml, respectively. The results showed that there were significant differences in the percentage of mold inhibition, and the highest percentage of inhibition reached 85.24 for the turmeric root extract at a concentration of 200 mg ml-1 for Alternaria alternata mold, and the lowest percentage of inhibition reached 28.57% at a concentration of 50 mg ml-1for Aspergillus niger
The Importance of Using Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L) In Broiler Feeds: A Review
Get PDFThis review emphasizes the significance of fenugreek and its extensive applications in the poultry industry. This information is obtained by providing an explanation of the plant's description, classification, chemical composition, and active elements. Furthermore, it highlights the plant's extensive therapeutic applications, such as its effectiveness as an anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer agent. Additionally, the report examines contemporary methods of injecting eggs with fenugreek extract and analyzes the effects of this practice on the productivity, health, and physiological state of poultry. The promising role of fenugreek in improving poultry health and productivity sheds light on its importance for the poultry industry
An Economic and Analytical Study to Estimate the Water Footprint and Virtual Water Trade for Grain Crops in Iraq
Get PDFIraq is one of the most countries in the region and the world that may face a major challenge in front of its water resources, represented by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which are the largest rivers and sources of water due to the policies of the countries sharing with it and the upstream countries due to the construction of water dams on it, the latest of which is the Turkish Ilisu Dam on the Tigris River, which caused a decrease in the rate of A decrease of (-1.2%), The objective of the research is to examine the reality of water footprint indicators and standards and the virtual water trade of grain crops for the period (2003-2021).The results of the research during the study period indicated a decrease in water quantities from (57.38) billion m3 cubic meters in (2003) to (22.95) billion m3 cubic meters in (2021), The average external, internal and college water footprint of the wheat crop was (6.98, 15.18 and 22.18) billion m3, respectively, The average external, internal and total water footprint of the rice crop was (7.49, 4.21 and 13.68) billion m3, respectively, While the average quantity of virtual water imported for wheat crop (6.99) billion m3, the average quantity of virtual water imported for rice crop reached (9.39) billion m3, Researchers recommended that attention be paid to Iraq's water policy and that alternatives be found to avoid the shortage of water contained therein by focusing on the obligation of farmers to water metering, supplementary irrigation, identifying current and future water needs and conducting a comprehensive water supply survey
Preserving Big Data Privacy in Cloud Environments Based on Homomorphic Encryption and Distributed Clustering
Get PDFCloud computing has grown in popularity in recent years because to its efficiency, flexibility, scalability, and the services it provides for data storage and processing. Still, big businesses and organizations have severe concerns about protecting privacy and data security while processing these massive volumes of data.
This paper proposes approach that intends to enhance efficiency in delivering advanced data protection, hence filling security holes, by enhancing data protection from various big data sources. A partial homomorphic encryption system is used to encrypt data created by many sources or users and processed in the cloud without decrypting it, hence protecting data from attackers. Extremely Distributed Clustering (EDC) has also been applied to partition large datasets into many cloud computing node subsets. This method can ensure privacy and protect data while also enhancing the effectiveness and performance of big data analytics. According to the results, the proposed technique was faster and gave improved encryption performance by around 23-28%
A Review of Single Phase Inverter Topologies for Grid-tied Photovoltaic System and Control Strategy Methods
No full textGrid-tied inverters are crucial in distributed generation systems, serving as an interface between renewable energy sources and utility. Transformer-less inverters are increasingly popular due to their higher efficiency, lower cost, and smaller size. The inverter's current control quality impacts the power quality and converter system performance. Inverter connections must meet the following requirements: maximum power point, high efficiency, control power fed into the grid, and low overall harmonic distortion of the grid currents. As a result, the performance of grid-connected inverters is heavily influenced by the control method described in the first section. In distributed power generation (DG) systems, inverters serve several important purposes. These include converting direct current (dc) to alternating current (ac), ensuring the quality of the output power, implementing different protective measures, and controlling the system. The classification of different types of inverters and their topologies is thoroughly studied, defined, and shown in a graphical fashion. A succinct overview of the control techniques for single-phase inverters has also been provided. Furthermore, a range of controllers are utilized for grid-tied inverters
Biosynthesis of MgO Nanoparticles Using Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus
Get PDFIn the present work, a magnesium oxide nanoparticle production process that is inexpensive, ecologically benign, and repeatable is mediated by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. The purpose of this study was to produce magnesium oxide nanoparticles by employing the bacterial culture supernatant of (K. pneumoniae and S. aureus) and to characterize them.The magnesium oxide nanoparticles were created using an environmentally acceptable extracellular bio-synthetic technique. magnesium nitrate was used as a source of MgO NPs. The MgO NPs were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The crystalline metallic MgO NPs' fifth main peaks were visible in the XRD pattern. The MgO K. pneumoniae NPs UV spectrum showed a sharp absorption peak at 330 nm and 334 nm for MgO S. aureus NPs. According to the current study's findings, K. pneumoniae and S.aureus bacteria can create MgO NPs extracellularly
Synthesis and characterization of Mn(II),Co(II), Ni(II),Cu(II) ,Ca(II) complexes with the ligand derived from indomethacin
Get PDFThe 2-(1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N'-(4-methylbenzylidene)acetohydrazide ( (IB) was synthesized through the condensation of hydrazide derived from indomethacin with 4-methyl benzaldehyde. Additionally, the complexes obtained from the ligand were characterized by infrared, UV-visible, 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, atomic absorption, molar conductance, and magnetic susceptibility. Measurements have shown that the ligand behaves as a bidentated ligand and is coordinated to the central metal ion through the oxygen atom for the carbonyl group and the nitrogen atom for the azomethine group. The structure of the ligand and complexes was confirmed. With the exception of the copper complex, which has an octahedral geometry, all of the complexes have adopted a tetrahedral geometry