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Shoreline Monitoring and Coastal Management : Case Studies in Selected Islands of Oceania
No full textInternational audienceSince reliable shoreline monitoring has been available, a widespread trend of coastal retreat has been observed in many areas. Today, it is estimated that nearly 70% of sandy coasts worldwide are affected by erosion. This situation is even more pronounced for atolls and low-lying islands in the Oceania region, which are particularly exposed to coastal erosion and marine flooding risks. This presentation will focus on a few past and ongoing research projects in New Caledonia, Vanuatu, French Polynesia, and Fiji, which aim to characterize these coastal hazards and their dynamics, while contributing to improved shoreline monitoring knowledge to better account for current changes in coastal management, governance, and protection of coastlines and low-lying islands. Two key points will be emphasized: the implementation of participatory shoreline monitoring by local communities (especially school groups) through beach profile measurements as part of climate change awareness activities, and the use of drones for coastal surveying. Ultimately, these monitoring datasets could serve as the foundation for a genuine coastal observatory to track shoreline changes and trends in response to climate change
Le paludisme en Union des Comores de 1923 à 2023 : une approche géographique pour déterminer l’importance des facteurs environnementaux et sociaux dans son maintien
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Flexibility or uncertainty? A critical assessment of AlphaFold 2 pLDDT
No full textInternational audienceRelease of AlphaFold 2 and subsequent development of AlphaFold 3 had a profound impact on protein structure prediction, providing near-experimental accuracy. However, the utility of AF2’s confidence index (pLDDT) as indicators of protein flexibility remains underexplored and debated. In this large-scale study, we evaluate AF2’s pLDDT as a predictor of protein flexibility by comparing it with flexibility metrics derived from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations from the ATLAS dataset, NMR ensembles, and experimental B-factors. We also assess the efficiency of ESMFold pLDDT and AlphaFold 3 in this context. Our findings reveal that AF2 pLDDT reasonably correlates with MD and NMR-derived flexibility metrics, but fails to capture flexibility in the presence of interacting partners, and therefore need to be cautiously interpreted. Furthermore, AF2 pLDDT appears more relevant than B-factor values for evaluation of protein flexibility. While AF3 shows slight improvements in capturing protein dynamics, MD simulations remain superior for comprehensive flexibility assessment
DCE MANGROVE, UNE APPROCHE INTÉGRATIVE POUR LA CRÉATION D'INDICATEURS
No full textInternational audienceLes forêts de mangroves sont des écosystèmes côtiers emblématiques des territoires français d’Outre-mer. À l’interface entre terre et mer, elles constituent des sentinelles précieuses pour évaluer l’état écologique des masses d’eau environnantes. Lancé en 2015 par l’Office Français pour la Biodiversité, le projet "DCE Mangrove" vise à identifier des bioindicateurs robustes en vue du prochain cycle de la Directive Cadre sur l’Eau en 2028. Les études de terrain de la phase 1 du projet (2017-2019), menées en Guyane, Martinique, Mayotte et Guadeloupe, ont permis d’échantillonner 17 stations et d’identifier des descripteurs sensibles aux différents types et niveaux de pressions anthropiques (pollution urbaine, agricole, industrielle). La phase 2, débutée en 2024, a pour objectif de permettre de distinguer la variabilité naturelle des descripteurs sélectionnés de celle induite par les impacts anthropiques. Pour cela, 59 mangroves aux situations environnementales contrastées (zones polluées et de référence) ont été échantillonnées en Guadeloupe et en Martinique. L’étude repose sur l’analyse de deux compartiments clés de l’écosystème : (i) la strate forestière : identification des espèces de palétuviers, diamètres des troncs, hauteur de la canopée ; (ii) le compartiment sédimentaire : abondance et biomasse de la méiofaune, diversité, abondance et composition du microbiote (analyses moléculaires), détection des signatures biochimiques spécifiques de la communauté par approche métabolomique non ciblée. Cette approche multi-compartiments et multi-descripteurs vise à affiner les outils de surveillance et à garantir le futur suivi écologique des mangroves afin d'évaluer la qualité des masses d'eau et leur conformité aux exigences de la DCE. Les résultats de cette étude contribueront, par ailleurs, directement à la préservation de ces écosystèmes clés en Outre-mer
SIMONE: Semantic Representation of Model Outputs for Scientific Knowledge Graph Enrichment
No full textInternational audienceThe amount of observational data has increased in part due to the more affordable devices and the open satellite data providers. Diverse organisations and working groups have proposed modelling strategies to structure observational data according to their particular purposes. For instance, the ontology I-ADOPT is used to model the detailed description of experiment variables, whereas the ontology SOSA is used to model sensors, instruments and measurements. However, a vast amount of data lies outside the realm of observed data, as is the case with derived, calculated, inferred, predicted, or simulated data. Although both derived outputs and observations share multiple characteristics (e.g., date, value, units, feature of interest, etc.), to our knowledge, there is a lack of a standard model that considers these similarities when describing derived outputs. To fill this gap, this study explores the various representation requirements and introduces SIMONE, a semantic profile based on the semantics of standards such as SOSA and I-ADOPT. We demonstrate the utility of this modelling strategy with a real-life use case concerning the prediction of species coverage for multiple forest areas in Europe.</div
Ecology, Phenology and Conservation Issues of Six Threatened or Remarkable Rubiaceae in the Lesser Antilles
No full textInternational audienceThe study examines the ecology and phenology of six species of the Rubiaceae family, threatened or remarkable within the Lesser Antilles archipelago, with a focus on the island of Martinique. Monthly phenological observations carried out from 2016 to 2020, at the Ethnobotanical Park of the town of Marin in Martinique, were cross-referenced with bibliographic data and more than a hundred floristic inventories carried out between 2015 and 2020 on the island. The Ethnobotanical Park, home to approximately 812 individuals divided into approximately 146 species, 119 genera and 71 families, constitutes a privileged study site for monitoring the cycles of flowering, fruiting and stem growth. The phenological strategies and ecological profiles of Erithalis fruticosa (shrub), Genipa americana (tree), Guettarda scabra (tree), Ixora ferrea (shrub), Randia aculeata (shrub) and Randia nitida (tree) were characterized. The results obtained improve knowledge on the ecological dynamics of these species and can be used for future conservation and ecological restoration strategies in the Lesser Antilles
Une démarche participative pour la co-conception d'une filière porcine à partir du porc féral de la Martinique
No full textInternational audienceSince 2016, the Regional Natural Park of Martinique (PNRM) has led a programme to re-domesticate and use feral pigs, targeting the development of a niche market. This programme experienced several changes in governance, which caused demobilization of stakeholders. Thus, INRAE organised a participatory workshop to define a shared vision for re-domesticating the feral pig population on Martinique (hereafter, “creole”) and co-developing production strategies by involving all relevant stakeholders (farmers, butchers, pig cooperatives, agricultural advisors, PNRM, Chamber of Agriculture, researchers, and scientists). The “Knowledge, Concepts, Proposals” method was used, which includes three phases: i) knowledge sharing, ii) concept exploration, and iii) development of an action plan. The topics and participants were selected based on a previous assessment study. A card game inspired by “Forage Rummy” and adapted to pig farming systems allowed the participants to design three action plans that reconciled both use and preservation approaches for the creole pig population. These production schemes, co-developed by the participants, promote outdoor farming with agroecological practices such basing pig feed on local resources (e.g., sugar cane, banana) and production of high-quality processed products (e.g., dry-cured ham, smoked ham) to be sold through short supply chains. The participants emphasized the need to create a breeding organization for the creole pig on Martinique to ensure recognition of the breed, genetic management, selection and dissemination of reproducers, as well as to create a specific group of creole pig farmers. These proposals contribute to the development of the PNRM’s re-domestication project.Depuis 2016, le Parc Naturel Régional de la Martinique (PNRM) entreprend une démarche de redomestication et de valorisation du porc féral ciblant le développement d’un marché de niche. Ce projet a connu plusieurs changements de gouvernance, conduisant à une démobilisation des parties prenantes. Un atelier participatif a été réalisé par INRAE afin d’accompagner la redéfinition d’une vision commune pour la redomestication du porc féral de la Martinique et de co-construire des stratégies de production en impliquant tous les acteurs concernés (éleveurs, bouchers, coopératives porcines, conseillers agricoles, PNRM, Chambre d’Agriculture et chercheurs). La méthodologie KCP (Knowledge, Concepts, Proposals) a été utilisée, incluant trois phases : i) partage de connaissances, ii) exploration de concepts et iii) élaboration d’un plan d’actions. Les thématiques et les participants ont été choisis sur la base d’une précédente étude diagnostic. Un jeu de cartes inspiré du Rami fourrager adapté à l’élevage porcin, a permis de réaliser trois plans d’actions en conciliant à la fois des démarches de valorisation et préservation de la population porcine créole. Ces schémas de production co-construits par les participants favorisent l’élevage en plein air avec des pratiques agroécologiques comme la promotion de l'alimentation porcine à base de ressources locales (ex. canne-à-sucre, banane), la production de produits finaux transformés de haute qualité (ex. jambon sec, jambon boucané), vendus en circuit court. Les participants ont souligné la nécessité de créer un organisme de sélection du porc créole de Martinique pour la reconnaissance de la race, sa gestion génétique, la sélection et la diffusion des reproducteurs, ainsi que de former un groupement spécifique de producteurs de porcs créoles. Ces propositions contribuent à la construction du projet de redomestication du PNRM
Les promesses de remédiation de la chlordécone aux Antilles françaises : savoir, pratiques et institutions
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Redescription of the Cretaceous species Archaeocerus uenoi Perreau, 2019 based on synchrotron radiation micro-tomography and nano-tomography (Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Catopocerinae)
No full textInternational audienceThe only known extinct species of the subfamily Catopocerinae (Leiodidae), Archaeocerus uenoi Perreau, 2019, is redescribed. The female is described for the first time and the internal morphology (genitalia) of both sexes is described and illustrated using X-ray synchrotron micro-tomography and nano-tomography. These new observations allow a detailed description of the aedeagus, ensuring a complementary comparison with extant genera and confirming the placement of the genus Archaeocerus in the subfamily Catopocerinae
African harps as units of cultural evolution: a cladistic analysis on their morphology
No full textInternational audienceIn Africa, harps exhibit significant morphological diversity, yet their historical trajectory remains largely underexplored. Phylogenetic reconstruction methods o er valuable tools for understanding this diversity and the relationships between groups of harps. This study is among the first to apply one of these methods, cladistics, to the morphology of a musical instrument, analyzing 318 harps and 83 characters. We present a well-resolved phylogenetic tree, which shows several clades corresponding to geo-cultural regions, in alignment with ethnomusicological classifications. We show that this tree robustly represents the patterns of vertical transmission in the cultural evolution of harp morphology across Africa, despite the limited contribution of several tested characters. Additionally, a comparison with previous research reveals that characters coding decorations exert a minimal influence on the vertical evolution of these musical instruments. These findings provide valuable insights into the cultural evolution of harps on a continental scale, o ering a clearer understanding of their diversity and revealing major evolutionary mechanisms